Replacement Of Soybean Meal Protein Research Articles

Partial and Total Replacement of Soybean Meal with Full-Fat Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens L.) Larvae Meal in Broiler Chicken Diets: Impact on Growth Performance, Carcass Quality and Meat Quality.

Simple SummaryThe requirement of valuable protein sources for a continuously growing human population and the simultaneous decrease in available areas suitable for agricultural production present a serious future global challenge. This has prompted many researchers to take action to look for alternative sources of protein—including the use of insects. Among insects, black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L., HI) larvae are a promising alternative for future sustainable nutrient sources as both feed and food. This is a very promising species to be used in poultry nutrition. Unfortunately, the results of the present study reveal that the replacement of soybean meal with high levels (50%, 75% or 100%) of full-fat HI meal in the diets of broiler chickens throughout the rearing period is unfavorable. The results of this study show that broiler chickens fed diets with high inclusion levels of HI larvae meal consumed less feed than birds fed standard diets, which was reflected in lower average daily gain. The replacement of soybean meal protein with HI larvae meal in broiler chicken diets at above 50% significantly deteriorates carcass quality and the sensory quality of meat.The aim of this study was to compare selected growth performance parameters and slaughter characteristics in broiler chickens fed diets with a different content of full-fat Hermetia illucens L. (HI) larvae meal. The experiment was performed on 384 male broiler chickens (Ross 308) reared to 42 d of age and assigned to four dietary treatments (HI0—control diet and diets where soybean meal protein (SBM) was replaced with HI protein in 50%, 75% and 100%, respectively). The final body weights of chickens were as follows: 3010.0 g (HI0), 2650.0 g (HI50), 2590.0 g (HI75) and 2375.0 g (H100, p < 0.05). The carcasses of chickens from the experimental groups contained less meat and more abdominal fat. The feed conversion ratio for the entire experimental period was similar in groups HI0, HI50 and HI75 and more desirable than in group HI100 (p < 0.05). The meat of broiler chickens from groups HI75 and HI100 was characterized by significantly (p < 0.05) lower juiciness and taste intensity than the meat of birds from groups HI0 and HI50. The replacement of SBM protein with full-fat HI larvae meal in broiler diets exceeding 50% significantly compromised the growth performance of birds and the carcass and meat quality.

Effects of gelatin as an alternative protein source and mono-component protease supplementation on growth performance, viscosity, digestibility and microbial population of ileal digesta, digestive tract traits and gut morphology of broiler chickens

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of using gelatin as a partial protein source and protease in broilers diets. The experiment was carried out as a factorial arrangement, containing two levels of protease (0 and 200 gs per ton of diet) and four levels of gelatin (0, 2.82, 4.23 and 5.64% of the diet replacing 12.5, 18.75 and 25% of the SBM protein, respectively) with 6 replicates and 15 chicks in each pen. Body weight, feed intake and FCR were measured at day 7, 21 and 35. Ileal digesta viscosity, ileal morphology and ileal coliform and lactobacilli population were measured at day 35. In addition, apparent protein digestibility was determined between 28 and 35 days of age. Results show that the highest inclusion rate of gelatin decreased body weight and feed intake (P < 0.05) while, addition of enzyme increased both feed intake and body weight (P < 0.05). Gelatin inclusion deteriorated the FCR whereas supplementation of proteases improved it (P < 0.05). Inclusion of gelatin increased ileal viscosity (P < 0.05) and depressed protein digestibility (P < 0.05). Use of the protease decreased viscosity (P < 0.05) and increased protein digestibility (P < 0.05). Treatments containing gelatin showed a reduction of coliform (P < 0.05) and an enhancement of lactobacilli population of ileal digesta (P < 0.05). Using protease had similar effects on microbial population of ileal digesta. Results of this study shows that using gelatin as a partial replacement of soybean meal protein can be recommended if the inclusion levels are limited to 12.5% or less.

O RENDIMENTO DE CARCAÇA E QUALIDADE DA CARNE DO PEITO DE FRANGOS CAIPIRA ALIMENTADOS COM TORTA DE ALGODÃO

Os alimentos utilizados na criação de frangos caipira representam a potencialidade de constatação de resultados relacionados ao seu crescimento e à qualidade de suas carnes. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar o rendimento da carcaça e dos parâmetros físico-químicos da carne do peito de frango caipira da linguagem pescoço pelado mediante a substituição da proteína do farelo de soja pela proteína da torta de algodão. Para tanto, os experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (0, 10, 20, 30 e 40% de substituição), seis repetições e quinze aves por repetição. Por conseguinte, foi avaliado o peso relativo da carcaça, dos cortes nobres (peito, coxa e sobrecoxa), das vísceras comestíveis, do intestino delgado, e o comprimento do intestino delgado. Os resultados indicaram que não houve influência da dieta nos parâmetros avaliados, com exceção da composição química em que houve redução linear do teor de gordura da carne do peito de frangos caipira à medida que aumentou o nível de substituição da proteína do farelo de soja pela proteína da torta de algodão. Desse modo, e sob o foco de aspectos conclusivos, os resultados das variáveis de peso relativo e da composição físico-química da carne do peito revelaram a possibilidade de substituição de até 40% da proteína do farelo de soja pela proteína da torta de algodão para a criação de frangos caipira.&#x0D;

The effect of partial replacement of soybean meal protein with guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) meal protein on the cost-effectiveness of pig fattening

The effect of partial replacement of soybean meal protein with guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) meal protein on the cost-effectiveness of pig fattening

Desempenho e características de carcaça de codornas de corte alimentadas com farelo de crambe

RESUMO O farelo de crambe é um resíduo que tem sido estudado como fonte proteica alternativa ao farelo de soja. O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a inclusão do farelo de crambe na alimentação de codornas de corte. Foram utilizadas 390 codornas, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos, seis repetições de 13 aves por parcela. As fases experimentais foram: inicial (8 a 21 dias), crescimento (22 a 35 dias) e total (8 a 35 dias). Os tratamentos consistiram de uma ração testemunha sem o farelo de crambe e os demais pela inclusão da proteína do farelo de crambe em substituição a do farelo de soja nos níveis de 0, 3, 6, 9 e 12%. Avaliou-se o consumo de ração, o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar. O rendimento de carcaça, cortes e análise de rentabilidade econômica foram avaliados aos 35 dias de idade. Não houve diferença significativa sobre o desempenho das codornas alimentadas com rações em que houve inclusão do farelo de crambe para todas as fases avaliadas. Da mesma forma, em relação às características de carcaça não se observou efeito da inclusão do farelo de crambe nas rações. Portanto, recomenda-se a inclusão do farelo de crambe nas rações de codornas em até 12% do nível de proteína, por não influenciar negativamente no desempenho das aves. Para o estudo da análise de rentabilidade econômica, o tratamento que apresentou o melhor índice foi o de 6% de inclusão da proteína do farelo de crambe.

Corn gluten meal in pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus diets: effects on growth, haematology, and meat quality

Corn gluten meal (CGM) has a high protein content and absence of antinutrients. However, it has high levels of carotenoids that can cause a yellowing of fish fillets and impair further commercialisation. Graded levels of CGM were incorporated in pacu diets to replace soybean meal (SM) protein. The experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (220 g kg−1 digestible protein) and isoenergetic (13.4 MJ kg−1 digestible energy) with 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 % replacement of SM protein by CGM protein over a 60-day period. One hundred fish (32.79 ± 3.43 g) were randomly distributed in 20 experimental cages (70 L) placed within five (1000 L) aquaria with continuous water renewal. The experimental design was completely randomised with five treatments and four replicates. A quadratic effect (P 0.05) for blood parameters, proximal composition, water-holding capacity, pH, lipid oxidation, and a* value of fillets. The L* and b* values of fillets showed differences (P < 0.05). Replacement between 21.95 and 38.75 % of SM protein by CGM protein (5.37 and 9.48 % of inclusion in the diet) improves the growth performance and body yield of pacu juveniles without altering blood parameters or affecting the fillet quality.

CRAMBE CAKE (Crambe abyssinica hochst) ON LAMB DIETS

The use of alternative feedstuffs in animal diet, such as residues derived from the biodiesel production aims to increase productivity and reduce costs in animal production. Them aim of this study was to evaluate the substitution effect of 0, 22, 44 and 64% of soybean meal protein by Crambe cake (Crambe abyssinica Hochst) protein in lamb diet. In the in vivo experiment, 20 lambs were used and evaluated the apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance and voluntary DM intake. The replacement of the protein resulted in a linear decrease in apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE), gross energy (GE), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), cellulose (CEL) and the percentage of total digestible nutrients (TDN), which resulted in decreased daily DM intake. The blood level of urea, glucose, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were not affected. In vitro gas production technique (GP) evaluation of diets showed a significantly decrease (P&lt;0.05) of the total gas and methane production without altering the true degradability of DM and OM and the partition factor (PF). Replacement of soybean meal protein by the Crambe cake protein decreased digestibility of the fiber fraction of the diet, the voluntary intake of DM and methane, without altering rumen fermentation. Crambe cake can be utilized as lamb's food, because, despite reduced intake, assure a large energy intake and similarity to soybean meal protein.

Fermentação ruminal e produção de metano in vitro de dietas contendo torta de algodão

This study evaluated the effect of replacement of soybean meal protein by protein from cottonseed cake in diets for beef cattle on their carbohydrate and protein fractions, in vitro rumen fermentation kinetics and methane production. The cottonseed cake protein replaced 0,0; 0,25; 0,5; 0,75 and 1 kg kg-1 CP of soybean meal protein in diets with forage:concentrate ratio of 60:40. In vitro gas production technique was used. Variations in the composition of carbohydrates and protein fractions from formulated diets supported the discussion of results of the rumen fermentation and methane production. Although fibrous carbohydrates degradation rate has presented a quadratic effect to treatment, the final gas volume produced by its degradation was not affected. Non-fiber carbohydrates degradation kinetics was not influenced by replacement of soybean meal protein by cottonseed cake protein, since their degradation rates and final gas volume had no significant effect on treatments, as well as, the lag time. Between zero and 12 hours of incubation the treatments affected both, production and proportion of methane, with a negative quadratic effect. The highest incubation times, between 12 and 24 hours, produced on average 73% of the amount of total methane, without effect of treatments. As a result of methanogenesis observed for all diets after 12 hours of incubation, there was no difference in total methane production in the DM incubated and amount of digestible energy (DE) between treatments, in other words, there was no mitigation or increase in methanogenesis by any inclusion level of cottonseed cake compared to the control treatment. Meat or milk come from animal production systems using co-products of biodiesel produced from oleaginous seeds, such as, soybean and cotton have similar environmental performance as enteric methane emissions.

EFFECT OF GRADED LEVELS OF HIGH GLUCOSINOLATE MUSTARD (BRASSICA JÚNCEA) MEAL INCLUSION ON NUTRIENT UTILIZATION, GROWTH PERFORMANCE,ORGAN WEIGHT, AND CARCASS COMPOSITION OF GROWING RABBITS

Mustard (Brassica juncea) meal (MM) was incorporated at the levels of 80, 160 and 245 g/kg of rabbit diets in replacement of soybean meal (SBM) and compared with a SBM based diet. The three levels of incorporated MM contributed total glucosinolate (TGLS) 3.6, 8.0 and 11.5 g/kg DM respectively. Forty-four weaning rabbits (4 weeks old, 314 + 24 g live weight) of Soviet Chinchilla and White Giant breed comprising 24 males and 16 females were balanced for weight and sex, and randomly allocated to the four experimental diets. The feed intake and growth of the rabbits were monitored in an 8-week long growth study. The nutrient utilization was determined at the middle of the study. The MM used in the experimental diets contained 58 g TGLS/kg. MM incorporated diets had higher ME content ranging from 11.05 to 11.48 MJ/kg DM. The replacement of SBM protein at 33% amounting to incorporation of 8% MM in diet increased (P<0.05) the apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, ADF and GE. Quadratic increase was observed for nutrient digestibility except for GE, which showed both linear and quadratic increase. The MM incorporation in growing rabbit diets linearly reduced protein and increased fat content in muscle. The liver weight increased due to MM incorporation. Rabbits fed MM diets reduced feed intake whereas feed conversion efficiency was improved, which showed linear and quadratic effects. Average daily gain of rabbits reduced linearly (P<0.05) on MM diets. Further, rabbits in the present experiment tolerated up to 3.6 g TGLS/kg diet DM during active growth phase without any apparent effect on health and growth performance. It is concluded that MM cannot replace SBM in growing rabbit feeding due to growth and feed intake depression which could be attributed to the TGLS presence, depressing the liver function and affecting the muscle nutrient accretion pattern. However, partial replacement of SBM amounting to 80 g MM/kg diet could not have apparent adverse effects on growth and health of growing rabbits.

Studies on the incorporation of velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens var. utilis) as an alternative protein source in poultry feed and its effect on growth performance of broiler chickens

The effect of replacement of soybean meal by the velvet bean meal as an alternative protein ingredient on the growth performance of broiler chickens was investigated. The raw seeds of velvet bean [Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. utilis (Wall. ex Wight) Baker ex Burck], an under-utilized food legume collected from South India, was found to contain appreciable levels of crude protein (273.2 g/kg DM), lipid (60.61 g/kg DM), neutral detergent fiber (84.3 g/kg DM), and ash content (56.04 g/kg DM). Soaking in 0.2% sodium bicarbonate solution + autoclaving treatment caused a substantial reduction on the levels of various antinutritional compounds such as tannins (84%), L: -Dopa (79%), phytic acid (87%), raffinose (93%), stachyose (83%), verbascose (73%), haemagglutinating activity (84%), trypsin inhibitor activity (77%), and alpha-amylase inhibitor activity (78%) without affecting the nutritional quality of velvet bean seeds. The processed velvet bean meal was incorporated as an alternative protein source by replacing soybean meal protein at 0, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% levels in the broiler diets. Replacement of soybean meal protein up to 40% level, which corresponds to the inclusion of velvet bean meal up to 15.7% and 11% in the starter and finisher phase poultry feeds, respectively, exhibited better growth performance of broiler birds without any adverse effects.

Effect of partial replacement of soybean meal protein with dehydrated alfalfa meal (Medicago sativa L.) on growth performance and feed utilization of male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) fingerlings reared in tanks.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of replacement of soybean meal with alfalfa meat at 0.25.50 and 75% levels on growth performance, feed utilization and the whole body chemical composition. Theexperiment was conducted in fiberglass tanks belouging to the Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. Four dietary treatments were performed, each in three replicates, where male Nile tilapia with an initialweight of 27.50g were stocked in fiber glass tanks 50 fish / tank (1m3 total volume) and fed on diets contianing 0.25.50 and 75% alfalfameat in replacement with soybean meal. The experiment lasted 16 weeks after start. Fish were fed onthe experiment diets at a rate of 3 % of the tank biomass. Results obtained are summarized as follows:1-Final weight decreased significantly at substitution levels 50 and 75% ofAlfalfa while the substitution level of 25% released no significant effects onfinal weight compared to the control group.2-The same trend was observed with weight gain daily gain, specific growth rateand condition factor.3-Final body length, protein efficiency ratio, energy efficiency ratio, proteinproductive value, total feed intake; protein intake and energy intake weresignificantly (P<005) decreased as the increase substitution levels of alfafameal in the diets.4-Feed conversion ratio was best for control group, followed the group fed25.0% (T2) alfalfa meal; while groups fed T3 (50%) and T4 (75%) showed theworst feed conversion ratio.5-Insignificant differences were observed for mortality rate of fishes feddifferent levels of alfalfa meal or control group.6-The group fed 25.0 % of alfalfa meal consumed more feed as compared withcontrol or other dietary treatments.7-Insignificant differences were observed for water temperature, pH value forgroups of fishes fed different levels of alfalfa meal, while dissolved oxygenwas significantly (P<0.05) decreased by the increase of substitution levels inthe diets. 8-Ammonium, nitrite and nitrate concentrations mg/L significantly (P<0.05)increased by the increase of alfalfa meal in diets.9-Crude protein was increased in flesh of fish by the increase of alfalfa meal inthe diet; while the opposite trend was observed for ether extract; ash % andgross energy (Kcal/kg) where they decrease as the substitution levels of alfalfameal increased in the diets.10-The profit index was higher for group of fish fed (75.0%) substitution levelin compared with other treatments including control group.

Desempenho de leitões submetidos a diferentes níveis de substituição da proteína do farelo de soja pela proteína do ovo desidratado

This study aimed to determine the average daily weight gain, daily feed intake and the feed conversion ratio of pigs in initial phase (15 to 30 kg of weight) fed with four different levels of substitution (0, 3, 6 and 9%) of soybean meal protein by dehydrated egg protein. Thirty-two pigs (16 castrated males and 16 females) were used in a completely randomized blocks statistical design, with four treatments and four repetitions each; the experimental unit was composed by a male and a female. The treatments were 0, 3, 6 and 9% of dehydrated egg protein in replacement of soybean meal protein. The data obtained were subjected to linear regression for the levels 3, 6 and 9% of dehydrated egg; the witness (0%) was compared with the other treatments applying Dunnett’s test at 5% probability. The replacement levels of soybean meal protein by dehydrated egg protein did not influence the performance variables of the animals in the initial phase, up to 9%. However, when evaluating the cost-benefit ratio, the control treatment was the most profitable one.

Substituição da proteína do farelo de soja pela proteína do glúten de milho em rações para alevinos de tilápia do Nilo

The research was carried out aiming to evaluate the replacement of soybean meal protein by corn gluten meal protein in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L. (Cichlidae) diets. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of replacement of soybean protein by corn gluten meal protein and 4 replicates. The used levels corresponded to 11.75%, 23%, 35.78% and 42.28% of corn gluten meal inclusion in diets, formulated to be isoproteic in digestible protein (DP), isocaloric in digestible energy (DE) and with the same amount of crude fiber, lysine and methionine. One hundred fingerlings were used with average weight 7.47&plusmn;1.61g, distributed in 20 aquaria (250L), in recirculating water system with controlled temperature. It was observed quadratic effect on weight gain, feed conversion rate and protein efficiency rate, whose optimum values were respectively 30.69%; 48% and 46.25%, of replacement of soybean meal protein by corn gluten meal protein and linear effect to feed consumption. According to the average of the referent estimate values to different parameters evaluated, it was concluded that corn gluten meal protein can be replaced until 42.00% (19.82% of inclusion in diet) of soybean meal protein in Nile tilapia diets fingerlings.

Crystalline lysine and threonine supplementation of soft red winter wheat or triticale, low-protein diets for growing-finishing swine.

Five trials, with five treatments each, involving a total of 240 pigs were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of supplementation of soft red winter wheat- or triticale-based diets with crystalline lysine and threonine for growing and finishing pigs (25 to 110 kg). Within each trial, wheat- or triticale-based diets were supplemented with soybean meal to meet the requirement of the first- (lysine) or third- (isoleucine/methionine + cystine) limiting amino acid. Diets formulated to the third-limiting amino acid also were supplemented with feed grade L-lysine. HCl and L-threonine to meet the requirements of the first- and second-limiting amino acids. A cornsoybean meal diet was included in each trial as a positive control treatment resulting in the five dietary treatments. Three different crop years of soft red winter wheat and triticale were utilized. Three of the trials, conducted in successive years with each using a different crop year of grain, were done at Marianna, and the other two, conducted in successive years using yr 1 and 2 crops, respectively, were done at Gainesville. In all trials, growing diets (.82% lysine) were fed from 29 (Marianna) or 25 kg (Gainesville) to 55 kg average BW and finishing diets (.64% lysine) to 110 or 100 kg. Over the three crop years, the wheat and triticale averaged 11.3 and 11.0% crude protein, .36 and .38% lysine, and .36 and .37% threonine, respectively. Overall, at either location, growth rate and carcass lean content were not affected by grain source (P > .10). At Marianna, gain:feed was 2 to 3% lower for pigs fed the triticale diets than for pigs fed wheat (P = .15) or corn (P < .10); gain:feed was not affected by grain source at Gainesville (P > .10). At both locations, substantial replacement of soybean meal protein with crystalline lysine and threonine did not affect pig growth or carcass lean content (P > .10), even when the diet contained very little or no soybean meal as occurred for finishing pigs (55 to 110 kg) fed diets containing triticale.

Sunflower Seed Meal as a Replacement for Soybean Meal Protein in Laying Hen Rations ,

Sunflower seed meal (SSM) processed from oilseed varieties was evaluated as a replacement for soybean meal (SBM) in corn-SBM rations for laying hens. Two experiments were conducted in which the major variables were commercial source of SSM, replacement level of SSM and supplemental lysine. Generally speaking, SSM replaced 50% of the SBM protein without adversely affecting hen performance. However, 100% replacement of SBM protein with SSM resulted in decreased egg production and feed efficiency. Although the two SSM’s generally produced similar effects, the SSM of highest fiber content resulted in increased feed consumption when used at the 100% replacement level in mash rations. Lysine supplementation did not consistently improve utilization of the diets used.Characteristic egg shell stains that developed after egg laying when SSM was used in mash rations were markedly reduced when similar rations were fed in crumble form. A phenolic compound (chlorogenic acid) present in sunflower seeds apparently is responsible for these stains.Metabolizable energy values of 2,205 and 2,139 kcal./kg. (D. M. basis) were obtained for the two SSM’s used in this study.