Repetitive Measurements Research Articles

Botulinum Toxin Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Pain in Patients with Bruxism

Bruxism is a parafunctional habit, usually performed in sleep, by rhythmic and involuntary teeth being squeezed or squeaked. The most common methods of treatment are the use of occlusal splints. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of occlusal splinting with botulinum toxin administration in the treatment of TMJ pain. For this purpose, 40 patients with bruxism were divided into two groups and one group was treated with occlusal splint and the other group received masseter muscle botulinum toxin injection. Then, the participants in both groups were evaluated in terms of pain, functional movement, and maximum bite force change at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months. Mann-Whitney U test was used to examine the differences between two independent groups. While Friedman test was used for differences between dependent groups, the Wilcoxon test was used for the differences between two repetitive measurements. Chi-square test was used to examine the relationship between categorical variables. Results: When pain was evaluated, both methods were effective in pain reduction, botulinum toxin injection was found to be less effective in reducing pain but no difference was found between the two methods. The maximum bite force decreased in the 2nd and 6th weeks and increased in the 3rd and 6th months in patients receiving botulinum toxin. In patients using occlusal splints, there was no change until the 3rd month and an increase was seen in the 6th month. In this study, it was observed that low dose BTX-A and occlusal splint use were effective in eliminating bruxism-related pain but not superior to each other. According to these results, low dose botulinum toxin can be considered as an alternative treatment in patients who cannot use occlusal splint for various reasons.

Measuring knowledge and action changes in the light of urban climate resilience

Climate resilience has gained an essential role in research as well as in international policies. An increasing number of cities are adapting to climate change to enhance their climate resilience. Given the complexity of urban systems in combination with the acceleration of climate and social change, it is challenging to measure the success of resilience-rising activities. To manage and accelerate the learning process and the transformation process, monitoring and evaluation of implemented adaptation measures are crucial. Most of the currently used indicator sets are dealing with system-focused changes. However, actor-focused changes are less addressed in holistic indicator sets, even if individual agency assumes an important role in the transformation process. This research was intended to design a framework for individual climate resilience agency and operationalise it in a composite indicator set. The indicator set is implemented in a survey with 14 research projects in Germany. Finally, the indicator set is verified using statistical and empirical validation. The study presents an applicable indicator set, which reveals more in-depth insights into the individual climate resilience agency and changes within adaptation measurements. Further, the set can be applied in both one-time assessments and repetitive measurement. Therefore, the tool can be implemented as a monitoring tool, as well as a formative evaluation tool, in the climate resilience adaptation context.

The effect of functional and supportive classic strength trainings in basketball players on aerobic strength, dynamic balance and body composition

Background and Study Aim. It has been aimed to investigate the effects of functional and supportive classic strength trainings in basketball players on aerobic strength, dynamic balance and body composition. Material and Methods. In the study, the test group has performed functional + supportive classic strength training (n=15; 20, 8 ± 1,7 year) three days in a week for eight weeks. Within the process, test and control groups have also continued basketball technical tactics trainings two days in a week. The control group (n=15; 21, 06 ± 1,9 year) has not performed any strength training. The participants have been tested in terms of height, body weight, skinfold calipers, watt bike pro ramp aerobic capacity test and libra see saw balancing board test. When identifying the percentage of body fat, lunge formula has been used. The data has been evaluated with Repetitive Measurements Anova Test. Results. In comparing the group x time interaction, while the developmental difference in the values of VO2max Estimate (mg/kg/min), MET, the percentage of body fat and Left foot lateral balance test has been found out statistically substantial in test and control groups, no significant difference in lateral balance on both feet, right foot lateral balance the measurements and transfer balance measurements on both feet has been found out. Conclusions. As a consequence, it has been seen that functional and supportive strength trainings have contributed to the percentage of body fat, aerobic capacity and dynamic balance. In the planning of yearly training it has been seen that functional strength trainings in preparation phase will contribute to the development levels of basketball players.

A Reproducible Intensive Care Unit-Oriented Endotoxin Model in Rats.

Sepsis and septic shock remain the leading cause of death in intensive care units. Despite significant improvements in sepsis management, mortality still ranges between 20 and 30%. Novel treatment approaches in order to reduce sepsis-related multiorgan failure and death are urgently needed. Robust animal models allow for one or multiple treatment approaches as well as for testing their effect on physiological and molecular parameters. In this article, a simple animal model is presented. First, general anesthesia is induced in animals either with the use of volatile or by intraperitoneal anesthesia. After placement of an intravenous catheter (tail vein), tracheostomy, and insertion of an intraarterial catheter (tail artery), mechanical ventilation is started. Baseline values of mean arterial blood pressure, arterial blood oxygen saturation, and heart rate are recorded. The injection of lipopolysaccharides (1 milligram/kilogram body weight) dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline induces a strong and reproducible inflammatory response via the toll-like receptor 4. Fluid corrections as well as the application of norepinephrine are performed based on well-established protocols. The animal model presented in this article is easy to learn and strongly oriented towards clinical sepsis treatment in an intensive care unit with sedation, mechanical ventilation, continuous blood pressure monitoring, and repetitive blood sampling. Also, the model is reliable, allowing for reproducible data with a limited number of animals in accordance with the 3R (reduce, replace, refine) principles of animal research. While animal experiments in sepsis research cannot easily replaced, repetitive measurements allow for a reduction of animals and keeping septic animals anesthetized diminishes suffering.

Responses of thallus anatomy and chlorophyll fluorescence-based photosynthetic characteristics of two Antarctic species of genus Usnea to low temperature

Biometrical parameters of two fruticose lichens from Antarctica (Usnea aurantiaco-atra, U. sphacelata) were studied using thallus cross-sections at basal, middle, and apical parts of thallus. The thallus diameter (TD), the thickness of the upper cortex (UCT), distribution of symbiotic alga (Trebouxia sp.) in the algal layer, the thickness of medulla (MT), central cord diameter, and area (CCD, CCA) were measured. U. sphacelata had comparable relative UCT (0.080-0.110, relative to diameter) to U. aurantiaco-atra (0.085-0.130). The relative MT was higher in U. sphacelata (0.240-0.300) than U. aurantiaco-atra (0.080-0.180). In U. aurantiaco-atra, the CCA was two times larger than that in U. sphacelata. Rapid freezing of thalli in liquid nitrogen led to an increase in TD, UCT, CCD because of intrathalline ice crystals formation. Cultivation of symbiotic alga at different temperatures (1.5, 6.0, 15.0, 22.0, and 28.0°C) with repetitive chlorophyll fluorescence parameters measurements showed growth optimum of 15.0°C for potential and effective quantum yield.

Peer-led exercise program for ageing adults to improve physical functions - a randomized trial

BackgroundA peer-led exercise program is one way to empower people sharing similar characteristics to encourage others to be active, but there is a lack of evidence that these programs have physical function and other benefits when delivered to ageing adults.MethodsThis randomized controlled trial lasting 12 weeks proposed an exercise peer-led program offered to 31 adults aged 50 and above, twice a week, by a trained leader of the same age from March to May 2019. The program was offered for free with limited space and equipment. Valid tests of physical function (e.g., 30-s chair stand, 6-min walk test) were used to assess the functional benefits. Psychosocial outcomes were assessed using self-reported questionnaires and metabolic outcomes via a fasted blood draw.ResultsA significant difference was found between pre-and post-values in most physical function tests in the intervention group (all p < 0.05). When adjusted for potential confounders, the intervention group was significantly associated with a more significant improvement on the chair stand test (ß = .26; p < 0.001; r2 = 0.26), the arm curl (ß = .29; p < 0.001; r2 = 0.49), as well as the 6-min walk test (ß = -.14; p < 0.001; r2 = 0.62) compared with the control group. Using repetitive measures generalized linear model, the interaction between the changes and the group was significant for all three tests. Benefits were also observed for participants’ stress level and perceived health in the intervention group compared to the control. Finally, no significant difference was observed between groups for metabolic health.ConclusionsThe current work suggests that a 12-week peer-led exercise program can improve physical function for adults age 50 and above.Trial registrationNCT03799952(ClinicalTrials.gov) 12/20/2018.

Alignment method for the accurate and precise quantification of tip-surface forces

We introduce a procedure to determine accurate and precise force-distance curves in dynamic force measurements utilizing a sharp tip. While single force curves are prone to systematic, often unnoticed errors, we present their self-consistent retrieval by an alignment procedure using repetitive measurements with the force probe oscillating at varied amplitude. By processing model data, we show that the procedure provides the valid force curve, the actual oscillation amplitude, and fully compensates thermal drift. The benefit of the method is demonstrated by application to experimental data.

The Friction Angle of the Leiyang Marble Surface after Exposure to High Temperature

There is a lack of information about the temperature-dependent nature of the rock surface, which is one of the essential parameters to predict the surface friction. In the present study, we experimentally study the effect of temperature on the basic friction angle of the marble surface through the direct shear test under the low normal loading condition and tilting test (Stimpson/disk tilt test). The basic friction angle gradually decreases with the increase in temperature from 20°C to 600°C for the two kinds of the tilting test. The results indicate that the Stimpson test on samples with the length-to-diameter ratio of 2 can be more reliable to estimate the basic friction angle of the rock surface after exposure to high temperatures. The results illustrate that the sliding angle depends on the surface condition. With the increase in the repetitive measurements, the sliding angle decreases as the marble surface is cleaned, and the parameter increases as the marble surface is not cleaned.

A highly sensitive electrochemiluminescence cytosensor for detection of SKBR-3 cells as metastatic breast cancer cell line: A constructive phase in early and precise diagnosis

Ultrasensitive monitoring of cancer cells, especially metastatic ones, has a great interest in human medicine. Despite the early diagnosis of diseases, there is an essential need for any prediction in the severity of side effects for therapeutic outcomes like metastasis. Therefore, the inhibition of cancer cells metastasis to other organs is of utmost importance for cancer suffering patients. In this regard, we developed an electrochemiluminescence (ECL)-based cytosensor for the quantification of metastatic breast cancer cells, namely SKBR-3. Silica-based mesoporous materials have a great potential for application in ECL biosensors due to their high loading capacity and mechanical strength. Herein, a silica-based electrode was prepared via in situ electrosyntheses of mesoporous silica as an environmentally friendly approach. In this protocol, luminol (as luminophore) was combined with chitosan (as attachment biomolecule) to produce a stable lumino-composite film on the electrode surface. At the optimum experimental conditions, the lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) and linear dynamic range (LDR) were obtained as 20 cells/mL and 20 to 2000 cells/mL, individually. The specificity was desirably examined in the presence of other breast cancer cell lines such as MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, as a model of early-stage and invasive phases of breast cancer cells. The repeatability was successfully examined for five repetitive measurements and the acceptable relative standard deviation (RSD) was calculated as about 1.6% for 500 cells/mL. As a proof of concept, the presented cytosensor has a high ability to use in clinical laboratories for the detection and separation of metastatic cells via the combination with microfluidic systems.

The emerging role of radionuclide molecular imaging of HER2 expression in breast cancer.

Targeting of human epidermal growth factor type 2 (HER2) using monoclonal antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates and tyrosine kinase inhibitors extends survival of patients with HER2-expressing metastatic breast cancer. High expression of HER2 is a predictive biomarker for such specific treatment. Accurate determination of HER2 expression level is necessary for stratification of patients to targeted therapy. Non-invasive in vivo radionuclide molecular imaging of HER2 has a potential of repetitive measurements, addressing issues of heterogeneous expression and conversion of HER2 status during disease progression or in response to therapy. Imaging probes based of several classes of targeting proteins are currently in preclinical and early clinical development. Both preclinical and clinical data suggest that the most promising are imaging agents based on small proteins, such as single domain antibodies or engineered scaffold proteins. These agents permit a very specific high-contrast imaging at the day of injection.

Title: efficacy of intravitreal dexamethasone implant on hard exudate in diabetic macular edema

BackgroundTo investigate the effect of intravitreal dexamethasone implant (DEX implant) on hard exudate (HE) accompanying diabetic macular edema (DME).MethodsThis study was a non-comparative non-randomized 1-year prospective interventional study. Patients with DME and HE were treated using DEX implant two or three times. Color fundus photography and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed at every visit. HE area was measured semi-automatically from the fundus photographs.ResultsThirty-five patients completed the study. Eleven patients (31.4%) received two injections, while the remaining received three times. HE area (primary outcome) significantly decreased from 1.404±2.094 mm2 (baseline) to 0.212±0.592 mm2 (last visit), which was 24% of the baseline HE area (P<0.001). HE1500 (HE within 1500 μm from the fovea) area also decreased significantly from 0.382±0.467 mm2 to 0.066±0.126 mm2 (P<0.001). Furthermore, anaverage best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improvement of 4.4 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) letters was observed (from 49.9±18.3 to 54.3±20.4 letters) (P= 0.008). Central macular thickness (CMT) decreased from 455.8±23.6 μm to 366.8±31.1 μm (P=0.009). Repetitive measurements for entire study duration was analyzed using generalized estimating equations (GEE), where BCVA was related to age, CMT, and HE1500 area in multivariate analyses.ConclusionDEX implant could reduce and suppress HE in DME for one year with two or three injections. And centrally located HE area (HE1500 area) is related to vision.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02399657, Registered 26 March 2015.

Stochastic electric polarization of nanocrystalline Pr1-xCaxMnO3 near half doping (x = 0.5)

The ferroelectric response of nanocrystalline Pr1-xCaxMnO3 near half doping is discussed. The remanent electric polarization values indicate a stochastic behavior, which depend on measurements. Repetitive measurements and histogram analysis suggest, unique most probable value of remanent electric polarization below the charge ordering transition (TCO). Above TCO, polarization diminishes gradually suggesting a strong correlation between charge ordering and ferroelectricity.

Internet addiction theory-based intervention among university students: A case of health belief model.

BACKGROUND:The phenomenon of Internet addiction has increased due to the delay between Internet technology and the culture of using it. According to the high prevalence of Internet addiction among students and its associated complications, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of education based on the health belief model on Internet addiction status among students in Tehran, Iran.MATERIALS AND METHODS:In this interventional study, two dormitories were divided into two groups of control and intervention in a completely random manner using the random cluster sampling method from a total of eight dormitories. Then 134 girls in each group answer two questionnaires of Young (about Internet addiction) and health belief model-based scale. After the need assessments of the primary results, intervention was performed in the experimental group in a way that a textbook based on the health belief model and ten educational text messages were sent to the students’ E-mail. Two months later, questionnaires were again given to both groups. The results were analyzed with the help of independent t-test, Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, Mann–Whitney test, analysis of covariance, and logistic regression with repetitive measures with GEE approach.RESULTS:The average scores of knowledge (P < 0.001), perceived susceptibility (P < 0.001), perceived severity (P = 0.006), perceived barriers (P < 0.001), and self-efficacy (P = 0.002) between the two groups, had a significant difference after the intervention. The average scores of perceived benefits (P = 0.6), Internet addiction behavior (P = 0.11), and the frequency of Internet addiction (P = 0.63) after intervention did not have a significant difference in the two groups.CONCLUSIONS:The results of this study show the effectiveness of educational intervention design based on the structures of health belief model on reducing the frequency of Internet addiction and adopting preventive behaviors.

Our newborn hearing screening results.

OBJECTIVE:The aim of the study was to evaluate the results of neonatal hearing screening in our hospital with the help of literature and to question and reveal the risk factors to gain healthy individuals and to raise awareness for all health workers and the public who are interested in this subject.METHODS:A total of 16,388 newborn infants were evaluated between October 2009 and January 2018. All newborns were screened with transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) test. Risk factors were investigated. The test repetition and auditory brainstem response (ABR) measurements were performed on newborns who could not pass the TEOAE test and the newborns in the risky group after 15 days.RESULTS:A total of 116 newborns (0.7%) were suspected to have hearing loss. Twenty-seven newborns (0.16%) were found to be in intensive care unit. Twelve newborns (0.07%) had permanent hearing loss. Then, in order: 9 newborns (0.05%) had received phototherapy and 7 newborns (0.04%) were born to consanguineous marriages. In addition, 3 newborns (0.02%) had a low birth weight and 1 newborn (0.006%) had a history of fever.CONCLUSION:Screening tests should be performed in all newborns for early detection of hearing loss. Even though frequency of hearing loss is higher in newborns with risk factors, the treatment should be started within 6 months, the latest, and newborns should be referred for rehabilitation and training.

Learning effect and repeatability of stabilometric measurements: "standard" vs. usual foot placement.

The existence of a learning effect by which subjects progressively reduce body sway over the course of repetitive stabilometric measurements is currently debated. Also, the position and orientation of the feet on the platform can have a substantial influence on the outcome measurements. The aim of the present work was to assess the effect of feet positions on mean total velocity (V) of the center of pressure and the area (AR) covered by its displacements during quiet standing. A group of 35 healthy young subjects was examined during two successive sessions consisting of five recordings with their feet placed either in the recommended (standard, SP) or their usual most comfortable (UP) position. Results show a slight decreasing trend that failed to be statistically significant checked with Friedman's ANOVA (SP AR, χ2(4)=6.10, p=0.19 and V, χ2(4)=8.66, p=0.07 and UP AR, χ2(4)=2.32, p=0.68 and V, χ2(4)=1.19, p=0.88). Nonetheless, values of AR and V showed a notable decrement especially evident in the SP exam reaching, respectively, 24% and 11% from baseline, whereas variability measured by the coefficient of variation was the same in the two exams. Given the results, a learning effect should not be ruled out with confidence. Also, usual foot placement would be preferable to avoid this effect. Further research is needed to take into consideration the great variability of stabilometric measurements and the fact that different subjects could adapt more readily to the test conditions than others.

Towards Real-Time Detection of Auditory Steady-State Responses: A Comparative Study

To objectively evaluate weak neural responses such as auditory steady-state responses (ASSRs) often involves repetitive measurements, after which the accumulated trials are averaged or analyzed by statistical methods to detect a significant response. Such detection methods are often performed off-line on all measured trials. However, the number of required trials, and therefore the measurement time, is often heuristically chosen, and might be suboptimal. In this work, we compared three real-time signal-detection algorithms that could yield improved detection performance, at reduced measurement time. The classical Neyman-Pearson (NP) detector was evaluated by quantifying the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and detection probability of ASSRs, as a function of accumulated trial number. We also analyzed the performance of the Bayes factor (BF) to detect ASSRs at different thresholds. Finally, we modified the sequential probability ratio test (SPRT), with a cropped maximum likelihood (ML) estimator, such that it can detect ASSRs (with unknown SNRs) sequentially. We compared the three real-time detectors by using Monte Carlo simulation, and evaluated their performance on detecting ASSRs, generated from the superposition of a pair of amplitude-modulated (AM) tones near 40 Hz in the EEG of nine subjects with normal hearing. The low-order ASSRs (i.e., envelope frequency-following responses) have been sufficiently evaluated in the literature. However, the higher-order ASSRs might reflect further nonlinear mechanisms in the upper ascending auditory pathway. Results show that the real-time detectors can detect not only all low-order ASSRs but also higher-order ASSRs at frequencies with lower SNR. The NP detector yielded the best simulation and actual detection performance. For all subjects, the second-order ASSRs could already be detected with the NP and BF detectors within five trials, but more trials were needed for the modified SPRT detector. In general, higher-order ASSRs require more trials to detect, with the exception of ASSRs near 40 Hz and 80 Hz. In conclusion, compared with traditional off-line detectors, both (real-time) NP and BF detectors showed improved detection performance, and their application in EEG experiments can save valuable measurement time.

Effect of Diluted Vasopressin vs Saline on Intraoperative Blood Loss during Vaginal Hysterectomy- A Randomised Controlled Trial

Introduction: Vasopressin has been used to control blood loss in gynaecological surgeries such as in myomectomy, abdominal hysterectomy etc. Only few studies have demonstrated its efficacy in Vaginal Hysterectomy (VH) in reducing intraoperative blood loss. VH is frequently performed gynaecological surgery in safe lower dose of vasopressin. There is no consensus on dose of infiltration. Aim: To compare submucosal vasopressin vs saline infiltration during VH and assess surgical parameters i.e., intraoperative blood loss, postinfiltration vitals, ease of dissection, use of electrocautery, need of blood transfusion and complications. Materials and Methods: This randomised controlled trial was done in department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in collaboration with Department of Anaesthesia from November 2017 to April 2019. Low risk women aged &lt;65 years with Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification-Stage (POP-Q stage) III/IV prolapse were recruited from Outpatient Department (OPD). They were randomised into two groups. Group I (n=35) patients received submucosal infiltration with diluted vasopressin (40mL vasopressin of 0.1U/mL, total 4U), prior to the incision. Group II (n=35) patients received 40cc of normal saline. Vitals were checked at one and five minutes postinfiltration. All the qualitative parameters were compared between the two groups by chi-square test and quantitative parameters by unpaired t-test. Inter and intragroup comparison was done by Repetitive Measure ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. For the parameters, which did not follow the Gaussian distribution, were compared by non-parametric Mann-Whitney test between the two groups. A p-value &lt;0.05 was considered as significant. All the data analysis was carried out in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Results: The mean estimated blood loss from incision till creation of flaps was half in vasopressin group as compared to saline group (21.33 mL vs 49.67 mL, p-value=0.001). Vasopressin group had less use of electrocautery, whereas ease of dissection was more in saline group. There was no significant difference in duration of surgery till flap creation and need of blood transfusion. There was fall in pulse rate and Blood Pressure (BP) in both groups which did not require medical intervention and was likely due to neuraxial anaesthesia. Conclusion: Vasopressin appears to be safe and effective in VH at infiltration dose of four units in dilution. However further studies on larger sample size are recommended to gather more evidence in this regard.

Kinetic gait analysis in healthy dogs and dogs with osteoarthritis: An evaluation of precision and overlap performance of a pressure-sensitive walkway and the use of symmetry indices.

In veterinary practice, a thorough gait examination is essential in the clinical workup of any orthopedic patient, including the large population of dogs with chronic pain as a result of osteoarthritis. The traditional visual gait examination is, however, a subjective discipline, and systems for kinetic gait analysis may potentially offer an objective alternative for gait assessment by the measurement of ground reaction forces. In order to avoid unnecessary testing of patients, a thorough, stepwise evaluation of the diagnostic performance of each system is recommended before clinical use for diagnostic purposes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the Tekscan pressure-sensitive walkway system by assessing precision (agreement between repetitive measurements in individual dogs) and overlap performance (the ability to distinguish dogs with lameness due to osteoarthritis from clinically healthy dogs). Direction of travel over the walkway was investigated as a possible bias. Symmetry indices are commonly used to assess lameness by comparing ground reaction forces across different combinations of limbs in each dog. However, SIs can be calculated in several different ways and specific recommendations for optimal use of individual indices are currently lacking. Therefore the present study also compared indices in order to recommend a specific index preferable for future studies of canine osteoarthritis. Forty-one clinically healthy dogs and 21 dogs with osteoarthritis were included in the study. High precision was demonstrated. The direction of travel over the walkway was excluded as a possible bias. A significant overlap was observed when comparing ground reaction forces measured in dogs with osteoarthritis compared to clinically healthy dogs. In some affected dogs, symmetry indices comparing contralateral limbs differed from clinically healthy dogs, but in general, the overlap performance was insufficient and, consequently, general use of this method for diagnostic purposes in dogs with osteoarthritis cannot be recommended.

To study the efficacy of zolpidem in inducing daytime sleep and maintaining mental alertness subsequent to awakening

Introduction: In operational environment, naps in the daytime could help in maintaining alertness and hence performance. However, due to operational constraints and circadian effect, an aircrew may not get good quantity and quality sleep during the day, even though adequate sleep window is available. In such situations, zolpidem could be effectively utilized to induce sleep. This study intended to examine the beneficial effects of zolpidem 5 mg and 10 mg in inducing daytime sleep and maintaining mental alertness in the subsequent awake period. Material and Methods: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, repetitive measure design, 20 healthy male volunteers were longitudinally evaluated for their mental alertness and subjective perception of quality of sleep, sleepiness, and fatigue for a period of 12 h following zolpidem-induced daytime sleep. In addition, feedback was obtained on known untoward effects of zolpidem. Results: Zolpidem, in doses of both 5 mg and 10 mg, could induce daytime sleep in all participants. Quality of sleep induced by zolpidem was similar to that of night sleep quality. With 5 mg zolpidem, the alertness was maintained soon after awake from daytime sleep, whereas participants perceived sleepiness for a period of 1–2 h with 10 mg zolpidem. Following awakening, there was a significant increase in the number of lapses with time in the placebo group, which was not found significant with administration of zolpidem. The occurrence of untoward effects with 10 mg zolpidem was more than 5 mg zolpidem. Conclusion: Zolpidem 5 mg and 10 mg were found to be effective in inducing daytime sleep and maintaining performance subsequent to arousal. The sleepiness following arousal as well as adverse effects was found to be more for zolpidem 10 mg as compared to 5 mg. A mandatory ground observation of minimum of 8 h should be ensured following intake of zolpidem before undertaking any flying duties.

ExoNet Database: Wearable Camera Images of Human Locomotion Environments.

ExoNet Database: Wearable Camera Images of Human Locomotion Environments.