Repetition Of Phrases Research Articles

Authorship identification methods in student plagiarism detection

In the modern educational context the problem of plagiarism is urgent and requires the development of effective methods of detection and prevention of this phenomenon. The application of authorship identification methods in the field of student plagiarism detection is considered. Different check, detect and analyze plagiarism approaches in various works are investigated. Both classical methods, which include text comparison and similarity search, and modern methods based on machine learning algorithms, as well as their combination and potential modifications, are considered. The advantages and limitations of each method are also discussed, and recommendations are given for choosing one or another approach according to the specific requirements of the research.Special attention is paid to such modern methods as metadata analysis and the application of neural networks. Stylistic analysis reveals authorial peculiarities such as word choice, preferred wording, and even punctuation. Lexical and syntactic models are used to identify repetitive phrases and structures that may indicate plagiarism. Statistical methods can identify anomalies in the use of words and phrases, and machine learning can create models to calculate the probability of plagiarism based on large amounts of data.Ultimately, an comparison of authorship identification techniques in the field of student plagiarism detection is provided, which aims to provide valuable information about different approaches and their applicability, and to help researchers and educators develop effective strategies for detecting and preventing plagiarism in educational environments.

信阳小调初探

Xinyang is located between the Yangtze River and Huai River basins, and is the center of cultural integration between the north and south. Its folk songs have a wide variety and are widely distributed (including Shangcheng County, Xinxian County, Gushi County, Luoshan County, Xi County, Guangshan County, Huangchuan County, and Huaibin County), with Xinyang minor being the most abundant. Xinyang minor tunes are divided into three categories: singing tunes, folk songs, and seasonal tunes. The themes mostly come from the labor and production of the people, customs and habits, real life, love and marriage, etc. Some reflect the tragic life of the lower-class people in the old society, some reflect folk festivals, and some have strong characteristics of the times. The typical melodic composition types based on ‘decorative tone’, ‘variable rhythm’, ‘progressive and triple jump’, and ‘repetitive phrases’ give Xinyang minor unique characteristics.

Linguistic and Rhetorical Features of Donald Trump’s Communication Style

Abstract: The article analysis Donald Trump’s communication style and political discourse through methodology including methods from linguistics and rhetoric. The research focus is in lexical and syntactic repetitions, elliptical constructions and word order changes used by Donald Trump in his political speeches sending strong signals to his real and potential voters. The assumption is Donald Trump’s communication style has the features of grandiosity, informality and dynamism. These three concepts have strong association with populist rhetoric, which plays a very important role in his political discourse, the first two concepts imply two conflicting trends: a desire to be above all and at the same time a desire to be closer to the audience. The article studies the way how, why, when and where Donald Trump uses the repetitions of words, phrases and sentences, ellipsis and word order changes as the linguistic verbalizations of grandiosity, informality and dynamism in his political discourse. Keywords: Donald Trump, political discourse, rhetoric, lexical and syntactic repetitions, ellipsis, word order change.

Exploring the role of singing, semantics, and amusia screening in speech-in-noise perception in musicians and non-musicians

Sentence repetition has been the focus of extensive psycholinguistic research. The notion that music training can bolster speech perception in adverse auditory conditions has been met with mixed results. In this work, we sought to gauge the effect of babble noise on immediate repetition of spoken and sung phrases of varying semantic content (expository, narrative, and anomalous), initially in 100 English-speaking monolinguals with and without music training. The two cohorts also completed some non-musical cognitive tests and the Montreal Battery of Evaluation of Amusia (MBEA). When disregarding MBEA results, musicians were found to significantly outperform non-musicians in terms of overall repetition accuracy. Sung targets were recalled significantly better than spoken ones across groups in the presence of babble noise. Sung expository targets were recalled better than spoken expository ones, and semantically anomalous content was recalled more poorly in noise. Rerunning the analysis after eliminating thirteen participants who were diagnosed with amusia showed no significant group differences. This suggests that the notion of enhanced speech perception—in noise or otherwise—in musicians needs to be evaluated with caution. Musicianship aside, this study showed for the first time that sung targets presented in babble noise seem to be recalled better than spoken ones. We discuss the present design and the methodological approach of screening for amusia as factors which may partially account for some of the mixed results in the field.

Language sample analysis of conversation samples from school-age children who stutter: The role of syntactic factors in stuttering

IntroductionThe purpose of the study was to compare school-age children who stutter (CWS) and age-matched children who do not stutter (CWNS) in syntactic abilities and syntactic performance. MethodsComputerized Language Sample Analysis (LSA) was conducted on the conversation samples obtained from 46 school-age CWS and CWNS between 7 and 16 years (CWS, n = 23). Syntactic abilities were assessed using the Index of Productive Syntax (the IPsyn) and Developmental Sentence Scores (DSS) and mixed effects logistic regression analyses with participants as random effects were conducted to determine if the scores were predictive of group membership. Additionally, the groups were compared in the IPsyn subcategories to assess the use of syntactic structures. Syntactic performance was assessed by: (a) Categorizing the sentences from each conversation sample into high vs. low syntactic complexity categories based on DSS scores and comparing the sentence categories in % stuttered sentences (% SS); and (b) Comparing the groups in the proportion of phrase-level disfluencies (phrase repetitions vs. revisions) that are associated with syntactic planning. ResultsIn terms of syntactic abilities, the IPsyn scores interacted with the number of utterances (sample size) used to compute the scores in predicting group membership. In comparison to the CWNS, the CWS obtained higher scores in the IPsyn and the sentence structure subcategory of the IPsyn that were independent of sample size. In terms of syntactic performance: (a) Significantly more sentences were stuttered in the high compared to the low syntactic sentence category; (b) Compared to the CWNS who demonstrated significantly more phrase revisions, the CWS showed comparable and fewer phrase revisions and repetitions. Additionally, post-hoc analysis showed that the CWS used significantly elaborated noun phrases and a similar trend was evident for verb phrase elaborations. A significant association between verb phrase elaborations and%SS was also obtained. ConclusionsFindings from the IPsyn and the use of elaborate noun phrases, and to some extent verb phrases, suggested that the CWS used more complex syntax even in shorter conversational samples. More stuttered sentences in the high DSS sentence category, the use of fewer phrase revisions, and the association between stuttering and elaborated verb phrases in the CWS are interpreted to suggest the effects of syntactic planning and reformulation demands on fluency during ongoing articulation.

Positive Discourse Analysis of the Presidential Rhetoric at the G20 Summit 2022 in Bali, Indonesia

Abstract. This study aims to uncover the utilization of positive discourse in presidential rhetoric during the G20 Summit 2022. This qualitative study employs a dataset of speeches delivered by the President of Indonesia, obtained from the official website of The Secretary of the Cabinet of the Republic of Indonesia. The speeches were published online between November 14 and 16, 2022. The procedures involve examining the speeches, identifying positive language, categorizing the data into three main themes (i.e., uniting, being optimistic, and maintaining world peace), analyzing rhetorical strategies and interpreting the data using the Positive Discourse Analysis approach. The results show that the President of Indonesia encourages all countries to unite to achieve common goals. Despite a severe toll on the world economy after the pandemic, he spreads optimism to the summit. He also persuades everyone to maintain world peace. These three focal points are conveyed by utilizing personal pronouns ‘we’ to strengthen the sense of collectivity and build unity and ‘I’ to highlight his good leadership quality. Justification for the negative impacts of war is expressed through conditional clauses. Other discursive strategies in his rhetoric include using lexical choices, parallel structures, modals, metaphors, rhetorical questions, and repetitive phrases. The encouragement and uplifting messages in the speeches may boost positive vibes in the meeting. The use of rhetorical techniques can impact international relations, economic cooperation, and how people worldwide work together to address common issues.Keywords: Positive Discourse Analysis, president, indonesia, G20, summit

A Stylistic Study on the Selected Poems of Rupi Kaur’s “Milk and Honey”

The emergence of cyberspace and digital means of communicating has resulted in the flourishing of writers who became famous by publishing their literary works online. One of the successful writers with this humble beginning is Rupi Kaur whose style is subjectively described as bizarre, peculiar, an illusion of profoundness, lacks nuance, and unconventional. To avoid jeopardizing the aesthetics and genuine meaning of her poetry, this research aims to explore the objective analysis and interpretation of her 12 micro poems selected from her book “Milk and Honey”. It specifically seeks to stylistically investigate the presence of foregrounded parts found in her poems and their linguistic forms. The obtained verbal data are analyzed through the lens of Geoffrey Leech’s foregrounding theory which focuses on deviation and parallelism. The study reveals that the foregrounded parts in terms of deviation are enjambment, omission of syllable sounds, hyperbaton, the personification of abstract nouns, and metaphorization which are linguistically categorized as graphological, phonological, grammatical, and semantic. In terms of parallelism, they are the repetition of sounds, lexeme, words, and phrases manifested through anadiplosis, epanalepsis, epistrophe, anaphora, and conduplicatio which are lexical, phonological, and syntactic. The foregrounded parts relay Kaur’s message on the importance of equalness among gender and women's empowerment as she retains her sense of heritage, and culture very evident from the interdependence of various semiotic modes that she used in her poetry. It is recommended that the objectivity of literary analysis and interpretation should be discussed intensively for the awareness of language/literature teachers and learners.

Representing Dissent through Poetry: A Study of Select Poems of Maya Angelou

Literature in general and protest poetry in particular have been vocal about human condition and problems. This article examines Maya Angelou’s representation of dissent in selected poems, using the historical and socio-political context of her life as a lens. It analyses how Angelou’s work, including “Still I Rise,” “Caged Bird,” “Phenomenal Woman,” and some others, articulates resistance against racial, gender, and social inequalities. Through her powerful metaphors, repetitive phrases, and vivid imagery, Angelou defied societal norms and called for change. The study concludes by emphasizing Angelou’s enduring impact and legacy, not just in literature, but also in shaping civil rights discourse and inspiring social change. Her poetry exemplifies how art can be a potent instrument of protest. The article employs language for ‘writing back’, questioning norms, resisting atrocities and creating scope for change. Protest poetry, which is deeply embedded in American history, remains a prominent part of English literary corpus, contributing greatly to African American literature. The category of African American protest poetry is large owing to the huge expanse of time during which it has been written and also because of the great number of poets who have contributed to this form of writing. As a result, African American protest poetry is divided into three sub-categories– the first deals with protest during slavery, the second during segregation and Jim Crow Laws and the third after political obstacles to equality were presumably removed. This paper aims to deliberate on the following questions— what are the prominent themes of African American protest poetry? How have the African American poets used this genre of literature variously during different historical epochs? How are the concerns of female poets different from their male counterparts? What role has protest poetry played in political movements against inequality, social injustice, oppression, segregation etc.? The present paper aims to engage with this seemingly broad area of literature from the feminist and racial perspectives. The paper intends to deal with few important African American protest poets from foundational poets to the contemporary ones.

Comparative Analysis of the Temporal Aspects of Word-Final Disfluencies, Stuttering-Like Disfluencies, and Nonstuttering-Like Disfluencies

Purpose: Repetitions at the end of words, known as word-final disfluencies (WFDs), have long been documented in the speech of individuals with and without other communication disorders. Although these disfluencies are often compared to repetitions at the beginning of words observed in stuttering, it has been suggested that WFDs differ from stuttering in their salient features. WFDs have been observed to present more as nonstuttering-like disfluencies (NSLDs; interjections, phrase repetitions, revisions) than as stuttering-like disfluencies (SLDs) in terms of tension and the individual's awareness of their disfluencies. An acoustic comparison of the different types of disfluency has not yet been explored. The purpose of this study was to compare the durational characteristics of repetitions in individuals with WFDs to those in individuals who exhibit SLDs and NSLDs. Method: Speech samples from three school-age boys who presented with WFDs, three school-age boys who stutter, and three preschool-age boys who presented with NSLDs often seen in normal language development were recorded and analyzed. The silent duration between the parent word and the repetition unit of each participant's disfluencies were measured using acoustic analysis software and compared across groups. Results: Results indicated that the silent duration between the word and the repeated segment of the disfluencies produced by each group was significantly different from each other. Conclusion: Descriptively, the silent duration of WFDs was closer to that of NSLDs than to that of SLDs, suggesting that WFDs may be more closely related to the disfluencies of developing language than to those of stuttering.

Keigo Learning in Building Omotenashi no Kokoro through a Communicative Language Teaching Approach

In building interpersonal relationships through omotenashi no kokoro (Excellent Service), Keigo is a crucial aspect to consider when communicating in Japanese. Keigo, both in terms of grammar and its usage concept, is quite complicated. Therefore, the role of instructors in delivering Keigo learning materials is expected to motivate students to improve their communication skills while mastering the art of creating interpersonal connections. Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) is chosen as the teaching method. This research aims to provide an alternative teaching experience focusing on omotenashi no kokoro. The research method used is descriptive with a qualitative approach. The research subjects are students of the Japanese Language Program at Universitas Teknologi Yogyakarta (UTY) taking the hospitality course. The research is conducted through observation by analyzing CLT-based learning activities using three steps: mechanical practice, meaningful practice, and communicative practice. The study results indicate that with the CLT method, students can use Keigo through word or phrase repetition, understand the meaning of words and expressions in sentences, and freely actualize themselves through improvisation and exploration of conversational contexts. A new finding from this research is that the CLT teaching method is effective when applied to the hospitality course, emphasizing building interpersonal relationships through omotenashi no kokoro.

Destigmatizing disfluency

Background: Typically understood as a symptom of a speech disorder, stuttering is the verbal repetition of sounds, words, or phrases that suspend the progression of a speaker’s turn. Method: Using conversation analysis, over 180 phrasal multisyllabic stutters were found in audio recordings of peer telephone support in the United States. Results: Most phrasal stutters arise from early, within-turn indicators of potential sequential, semantic, or syntactic trouble. Typically produced with quick pacing, the stutters are varied, including the latching of sounds across words, abbreviated words, word blends, and/or unintelligible sounds. Elongated or cut-off sounds often indicate the seeming end of a stutter, with either abandonment or a typically fluent completion of a current turn occurring upon a stutter’s conclusion. Importantly, the other interactant never interrupts or completes the stutter. Discussion/conclusion: These findings contradict prior conversation analytic studies of stutters and describe stuttering as a normalized everyday action, where speakers can successfully navigate disfluency to reach eventual fluency.

Comparative analysis of various feature extraction techniques for classification of speech disfluencies

Speech plays a vital role in communication, from expressing oneself, to utilizing speech-based platforms, speech is a necessity. Any disruption in speech is referred to as disfluency, and can impact one's quality of life. This paper presents an experimental study on various techniques for the detection and classification of speech disfluencies. Six different types of disfluencies are examined in this paper, namely Interjection, Sound Repetition, Word Repetition, Phrase Repetition, Revision and Prolongation (6 classes). However, this paper also goes a step further by including the clean speech signals as an added class alongside the six disfluencies, thereby making this work more robust with 7 classes. Various machine learning approaches have been investigated on the University College London Archive of Stuttered Speech (UCLASS) dataset; a standard disfluency dataset generated by University College London (UCL). Five different feature extraction techniques viz. Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC), Linear Predictive Cepstral Coefficients (LPCC), Gammatone Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (GFCC), Mel-filterbank energy features, and Spectrograms have been used. Comparative analysis of various classifiers shows that MFCC, GFCC, and Spectrograms achieved greater than 90% accuracy on both 6 and 7 classes with the kNN classifier. As a future scope to this study, the authors aim to focus on tackling the challenges of detecting multiple disfluencies present simultaneously in a speech sample.

A Comprehensive Analysis of Speech Disfluencies in Autistic Young Adults and Control Young Adults: Group Differences in Typical, Stuttering-Like, and Atypical Disfluencies.

The purpose of this study was to examine the nature of speech disfluencies in autistic young adults and controls by using a wide-range disfluency classification of typical disfluencies (TD; i.e., filled pauses, revisions, abandoned utterances, and multisyllable word and phrase repetitions), stuttering-like disfluencies (SLD; i.e., sound and syllable repetitions, monosyllable word repetitions, prolongations, blocks, and broken words), and atypical disfluencies (AD; i.e., word-final prolongations and repetitions and atypical insertions). Thirty-two autistic young adults and 35 controls completed a narrative telling task based on socially complex events. Frequencies of total disfluencies, TD, SLD, AD and stuttering severity were compared between groups. The overall frequency of disfluencies was significantly higher in the autistic group and significant between-group differences were found for all disfluency categories. The autistic group produced significantly more revisions, filled pauses, and abandoned utterances, and each subtype of SLD and AD than the control group. In total, approximately every fourth autistic participants scored at least a very mild severity of stuttering, and every fifth produced more than three SLD per 100 syllables. Disfluent speech can be challenging for effective communication. This study revealed that the speech of autistic young adults was highly more disfluent than that of the controls. The findings provide information on speech disfluency characteristics in autistic young adults and highlight the importance of evaluating speech disfluency with a wide-range disfluency classification in autistic persons in order to understand their role in overall communication. The results of this study offer tools for SLPs to evaluate and understand the nature of disfluencies in autistic persons.

Some Facts of the Usages of Rhetorical Devices (Zeugma) In Speech and Writing

Syntactic units, word combinations and speech fragments are used to strengthen the effect of speech during communication, and they are considered to be rhetoric figures. Such of these figures may be metaphor, anaphora, antithesis, asyndeton, inversion, metonymy, repetition, ellipsis, epiphora, zeugma, syllepsis, pun, etc. The following explanation may demonstrate the definitions of some of the rhetorical devices: a) Metaphor: It shows some comparison achieved through a figurative use of words. It also covers a word that is used not in its literal sense, but in one similar to it. The given example may illustrate our point of view: Life’s but a walking shadow; a poor player, That struts and frets his hour upon the stage. (W.Shakespeare from Macbeth) b) Anaphora: It took its origin from the Greek word “carried again”. It is necessary to mention that this stylistic device may also be called epanaphora. It covers the intentional repetition of beginning clauses that to put some artistic effects on the writing or speech; it may demonstrate the repetition of words, phrases, or clauses at the beginning of word settings that are used orderly. The example used by W.Churchill once may explain its definition clearly: “We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on the end. We shall fight in France. We shall fight on the seas and oceans. We shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air. We shall defend our island, whatever the cost shall be”. (https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/938857-we-shall-not-flag-nor-fail-weshall- go-n#:~:text=We%20shall%20go%20on%20to%20the%20end.,streets%20and%20on%20the%20hills).c) Antithesis: It exemplifies the arrangement of setting off words, phrases, clauses, or sentences side by side. For examples: “I burn and I freeze,’ or ‘Her character is white as sunlight, black as midnight.’ d) Asyndeton: It is used to show the absence of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words such as “We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardships, support any friend, and oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty”. (https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-f-kennedy-speeches/inaugural-address-19610120) e) Inversion: It means the performance of converting the correct order of words for the sake of emphasis. For example: He had hardly entered the room when his wife shouted (correct word order). Hardly had he entered the room when his wife shouted (inversion). f) Metonymy: It is a figure of speech that is used to cite some objects related to that object. For example: king or queen; Black tent or Tent of Infinity for Men, etc. g) Repetition: When a word or a phrase is used many times in order to give some effect to the speech or writing, then it may be understood as repetition. It emphasizes a word or a phrase that is repeated. For example: You need to practice your daily routines over and over and over again that they become your habits. h) Ellipsis: It refers to the artful omission of a word. For instance, “The Armenian soldiers killed many women during The Khojaly massacre, and the Russian many.” i) Epiphora: This device is known to be a correct (exact) equivalent of anaphora. Anaphora means the reiteration of beginning part of sequential sentences, phrases though the reiteration of epiphora comes in the final (last) part of sequential sentences, phrases. For example: “Every day, every week, every morning, every evening she is thinking about him and getting worse and worse”. j) Zeugma: This device is spoken about and explained widely in the article, so only example is preferred to be given such as “He masters her heart and her wealth”; “Kill the enemy and the weapon”. k) Syllepsis: A word may be used with two other words in this device though each of the words is perceive variously. B. Franklin’s famous quote can be given as example of syllepsis: “We must all hang together or assuredly we will all hang separately”. (Benjamin Franklin) l) Pun: In short is can be accepted as a play on two words close in sound though opposed in meaning. For example: These couple are said to have been pianists, and they had a good marriage. They are known to be in a chord. The list of the rhetorical devices may be enlarged, but it is not the aim of this article to analyze each of them. In conversation as well as in writing, each of these figures has its own purpose, place and advantages. With the presence of a rhetorical figure, which can be observed with a wide advantage in both writing and speech, especially in writing and artistic style, it seems that writing and speech are given an image, liveliness, and a clear understanding. In order to distinguish the meanings and the purposes of these devices, it is necessary to analyze some of them.

Language reorganization patterns in global aphasia-evidence from fNIRS.

Exploring the brain reorganization patterns associated with language recovery would promote the treatment of global aphasia. While functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has been widely used in the study of speech and language impairment, its application in the field of global aphasia is still limited. We aimed to identify cortical activation patterns of patients with global aphasia during naming and repetition tasks. We recruited patients with post-stroke aphasia from the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine at Huashan Hospital. These individuals were diagnosed with global aphasia without cognitive impairments, as assessed by speech-language pathology evaluations. Age- and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited from the greater Shanghai area. During fNIRS measurement, patients and healthy controls completed the picture-naming and phrase repetition task. Cortical activation patterns on each of these language tasks were then compared between groups. A total of nine patients with global aphasia and 14 healthy controls were included in this study. Compared with the healthy subjects, patients with global aphasia showed increased activation in the left Broca's area, middle temporal gyrus (MTG), superior temporal gyrus (STG), and pre-motor and supplementary motor cortex (SMA) (p < 0.05) in the picture-naming task. Furthermore, the latency of the oxyhemoglobin (HbO) concentration in the left supramarginal gyrus (SMG) region had a strong negative correlation with their score of the naming task (p < 0.01). In the phrase repetition task, decreased activation was detected in the left SMA and SMG (p < 0.05) of patients relative to controls. The left SMG plays a critical role in the language function of patients with global aphasia, especially in their abilities to name and repeat. fNIRS is a promising approach to revealing the changes in brain activities in patients with aphasia, and we believe it will contribute to a deeper understanding of the neurological mechanisms and the establishment of a novel treatment approach for global aphasia.

메타픽션과 독자 참여: 커트 보네것의 『제5도살장』과 수잔 최의 『신뢰 연습』을 중심으로

In metafiction, the author’s interference is the biggest feature that is capable of making readers face an uncomfortable reality through fiction. For this purpose, the author puts himself/herself forward and uses unconventional narrative techniques. The author’s uncomfortable intervention is to make readers recognize the gap between fiction and reality, intentionally disrupting readers’ focus on the novel. In this process, readers can perceive the unrealistic reality, not explicitly exhibited in reality, leading them to be more interested in social issues. In this study, the techniques Kurt Vonnegut and Susan Choi used in their works are analyzed. First, in Slaughterhouse-Five, the techniques Vonnegut uses are teleportation in time and space, the author’s role as a character and the narrator of the novel, and repetitive phrases. These metafictional techniques make readers look at the reality objectively and realize the brutal reality of war. In this work, Vonnegut leads readers to denounce war and pursue peace. In Trust Exercise, Choi uses a modified frame narrative structure, authorial interference, and features of drama to make readers recognize the imbalance of power in a relationship. Choi focuses on the situation of women with three female protagonists making readers pursue truth following scattered clues. Through this process, Choi urges readers to participate in finding a solution to the imbalance of power in society. Using these various metafiction techniques, the authors successfully intervene in their readers’ process of reading and can lead them to participate in changing society for the future.

A Cognitive Approach to A Dead Rose by Elizabeth Barrett Browning

The mind of the human being is a highly complex organ that is still under investigation and exploration. A lot has been discovered about its normal functions. Sciences that study matters related to the mind are highly related to concepts, logic, and cognitive linguistics. The goal of cognitive linguistics is to explain how the mind works in matters related to language. Cognitive stylistics is an important branch of cognitive linguistics that takes into consideration the cognitive processes by which readers react to particular aspects of texts. This research aims to analyze the selected poem A Dead Rose by Elizabeth Barrett Browning using a cognitive stylistic approach. The aim is to analyze the poem stylistically using a cognitive approach to reach a better and more comprehensive understanding of the poem. The purpose is to grasp the theme of the poem cognitively. The reason for selecting this particular poem is that it is considered one of the mostfor selecting this particular poem because it is considered one of themost-read pieces of English literature through the ages and it is rich data for such analysis. One of the conclusions arrived at is that the use and repetition of phrases and clauses add to Browning’s writing style, highlighting the brilliant use of language and how she can transfer us as readers to the landmark of the poem. Through this we are able to know that the poem is a love poem where the lover is either the rose or the speaker

Time–frequency recurrent transformer with diversity constraint for dense video captioning

Describing a long video using multiple sentences, i.e., dense video captioning, is a very challenging task. Existing methods neglect the important fact that the actions of several tempos (a.k.a., frequencies) evolve with the time in video, and do not well handle the phrase repetition issue. Therefore, we propose a Time-Frequency recurrent Transformer with Diversity constraint (TFTD) for dense video captioning. Its basic idea is to develop a time–frequency memory module, which not only stores the history of the past sentences and corresponding video segments to consider the temporal relations, but also models the motion dependency of action patterns with different frequencies. This contributes to producing more coherent sentences that well describe the video content. Moreover, we adopt the Determinantal Point Processes (DDP) for designing the diversity loss imposed to the objective function as constraint, such that the generated sentences are diverse with less redundancy. Extensive experiments on two benchmark datasets have verified the superior performance of our approach, e.g., it achieves 11.36, 16.56, 26.16, and 3.77, in terms of BLEU@4, METEOR, CIDEr-D, and R@4, respectively, on ActivityNet Captions (20,000 videos). Besides, TFTD outperforms the most competitive alternative by 8.0% on ActivityNet Captions and 9.8% on YouCookII (2,000 videos) in terms of coherence for human evaluation.

A Comparison of Speech Dysfluencies Before and After Sports-Related Concussion

<h3>Research Objectives</h3> The purpose of this study is to compare the number and type of speech disfluencies that occur in college-aged athletes at baseline compared to after a sports-related concussion. <h3>Design</h3> Pre-post (repeated measures). <h3>Setting</h3> University. <h3>Participants</h3> A total of 230 Division I student athletes participated in pre-season speech testing. Twelve students (18-22 years) who sustained a concussion participated in speech testing in the days following concussion. Picture description speech samples were independently coded by three trained raters for 17 error types in the traditional categories of errors defined in fluency analysis. <h3>Interventions</h3> Not Applicable. <h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3> Error types were sorted into three categories: stuttering-like dysfluencies (part-word repetition, single-syllable whole-word repetition, prolongation, block), articulation errors (substitution, distortion, addition, omission), and other dysfluencies (multisyllable whole-word repetition, revision, abandoned or incomplete segment, interjection, filler, phrase repetition, pauses). <h3>Results</h3> Within-subjects analysis comparing the difference in percent error scores at baseline and post-concussion revealed significant differences for interjections (t(11)=-2.678, p< .05). The Other Disfluency category was also significantly different (t(11)= -2.735, p< .05), with more errors occurring after a concussion. No change in the Stuttering-Like Disfluency (t(11)= -0.799, p>.05) or Articulation Error category (t(11)=-0.045, p>.05) was found. <h3>Conclusions</h3> As predicted, pre-post comparisons demonstrated an overall increase in total number of speech errors after a concussion (Mean Baseline = 11.5 errors; Mean Concussion = 15.9 errors). Results demonstrate that specific speech fluency changes occur following mild sports-related concussions. Future studies should consider speech as a diagnostic tool for concussion. <h3>Author(s) Disclosures</h3> Funding for this work is through an internal grant by Seton Hall University. No other relevant disclosures.

Assessing the effectiveness of diarization algorithms in costa rican children-adult speech according to age group and gender

Speaker diarization is the task of automatically identifying speaker identities and detecting their speaking times in an audio recording. Several algorithms have shown improvements in the performance of this task during the past years. However, it still has performance challenges in interaction scenarios, such as between a child and adult, where interruptions, fillers, laughs and other elements may affect the detection and clustering of the segments.&#x0D; In this work, we perform an exploratory study with two diarization algorithms in children-adult interactions within a recording studio and assess the effectiveness of the algorithms in different age groups and genders. All participants are native Costa Rican Spanish speakers. The children have ages between 3 to 14 years, and the interaction combines guided repetition of words or short phrases, as well as natural speech.&#x0D; The results demonstrate how the age affects the diarization performance, both in cluster purity and speaker purity, in a direct but non-linear fashion.