Repetition In Time Research Articles

Optimal inventorying and monitoring of taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity.

Comparable data is essential to understand biodiversity patterns. While assemblage or community inventorying requires comprehensive sampling, monitoring focuses on as few components as possible to detect changes. Quantifying species, their evolutionary history, and the way they interact requires studying changes in taxonomic (TD), phylogenetic (PD) and functional diversity (FD). Here we propose a method for the optimization of sampling protocols for inventorying and monitoring assemblages or communities across these three diversity dimensions taking sampling costs into account. We used Iberian spiders and Amazonian bats as two case-studies. The optimal combination of methods for inventorying and monitoring required optimizing the accumulation curve of α-diversity and minimizing the difference between sampled and estimated β-diversity (bias), respectively. For Iberian spiders, the optimal combination for TD, PD and FD allowed sampling at least 50% of estimated diversity with 24 person-hours of fieldwork. The optimal combination of six person-hours allowed reaching a bias below 8% for all dimensions. For Amazonian bats, surveying all the 12 sites with mist-nets and 0 or 1 acoustic recorders was the optimal combination for almost all diversity types, resulting in >89% of the diversity and <10% bias with roughly a third of the cost. Only for phylogenetic α-diversity, the best solution was less clear and involved surveying both with mist nets and acoustic recorders. The widespread use of optimized and standardized sampling protocols and regular repetition in time will radically improve global inventory and monitoring of biodiversity. We strongly advocate for the global adoption of sampling protocols for both inventory and monitoring of taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity.

High spatiotemporal resolution analysis on suspended sediment and microplastic transport of a lowland river

The suspended sediment (SS) and microplastic (MP) transport in rivers is quite a complex process, influenced by several spatially and temporally changing factors (e.g., hydrology, sediment availability, human impact). Researchers usually investigate these factors individually and based on limited repetition in space and time. Therefore, this study aims to compare the driving factors of SS and MP transport by applying dense temporal (72 measurements) and spatial monitoring (at 26 sites). This study was performed on the medium-sized Tisza River, Central Europe. The suspended sediment concentration (SSC) was measured by water sampling and estimated based on Sentinel-2 images, while MP concentration was measured by pumping of water (1 m3). The SSC of the Tisza varied between 12.6 and 322.5 g/m3, whereas the MP concentration ranged 0–129 item/m3. Most of the transported particles were fibers (81–98 %), thus, it was assumed that MPs originated from wastewater. The results reflect that the hydrological conditions basically influence the SS and MP concentrations, as a strong positive correlation was found (ρSSC–MP = 0.6) between them during a year; however, the correlation during floods (minor floods: ρ = 0.63; medium floods: ρ = 0.41) was higher than at low stages (ρ = 0.1). It was assumed that run-off and mobilization of channel materials both contribute to increased SS and MP transport during floods. In contrary, the importance of mobilization of channel materials and wastewater input increase during low stages. The repeated measurements revealed that slope and velocity conditions, proximity of sources, tributaries, and dams influence the longitudinal changes in SS and MP concentrations. However, the effects of tributaries and dams are ambiguous (especially for MP) and require further research. The longitudinal measurements were conducted at low stages; hence, moderate negative correlations (ρ2021 = −0.35; ρ2022 = −0.41) were found between the SS and MP concentrations. Therefore, additional monitoring during (overbank) floods and denser spatial sampling are required to precisely reveal the spatiotemporal changes of SS and MP concentrations in rivers.

Efficacy of endophytic wild strains of entomopathogenic fungi against the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in tomato plants

BackgroundTomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a vegetable of great economic value. The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a serious pest of tomato. Its control is difficult due to the protection of the larvae in the galleries they create its fast resistance development too many active ingredients and due to its many generations per year. Many entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) have been reported as endophytes for various plant pathogens and pests. In this study, the endophyticity of Beauveria bassiana Balsamo (Vuillemin) (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) isolated from the soils of Crete against larvae of T. absoluta in tomato plants was examined.ResultsAs a result, the EPF isolates of Crete decreased both the distance of larval travel from the egg to the opening of the gallery and the weight of the T. absoluta larvae, but also colonized the tomato plants. The entomopathogenic fungi were isolated from tomatoes again. Mycelium began to appear 7 days later and had developed completely after 12 days at 25 ± 2 °C and in 95% RH. Interestingly, the period between the hatched egg and the emerged first instar T. absoluta larvae was affected significantly by the different treatments, but not by "repetition" or "plant". Interestingly, the distance was further significantly shortened after treatment with M. anisopliae isolate Crete and B. bassiana isolate Crete and the commercial strain. The development period of T. absoluta larvae varied significantly among the treatments, but not by repetition in time or plant. The treatments caused a significant variation in the weight of T. absoluta pupae. The lowest weight was recorded in the plants colonized by M. anisopliae isolate Crete.ConclusionsThe study demonstrated the ability of the B. bassiana and M. anisopliae from Crete to colonize the tomato plants and the wild strains of Crete affect the distance of larvae. With the presence of endophytic EPF, the period between the hatched egg and the emerged first instar T. absoluta larvae was decreased, as does the weight of the T. absoluta pupae.

Development of fast response heat transfer measurement technique with thin-film thermocouples

A transition boiling on a high temperature solid beyond the Leidenfrost temperature is characterized by a strong unstable heat transfer. This unstable one brings a rapid temperature change beneath the surface in the solid and causes a repetition in time as well as a space of wet and dry on the surface. Therefore, the development of a fast temperature measurement technique is indispensable to understand this transition phenomenon. The developed temperature sensor has a junction of the end face of chromel fine wire of ϕ0.32 mm diameter, whose position is 3 μm away from the surface of nickel disk of 5 mm thickness and can follow a rapid temperature change within 100 kHz. The heat transfer can be calculated from the measured temperature by using an inverse problem analysis for one-dimensional unsteady heat conduction. Besides, the calculated heat flux is also confirmed to be sufficient to capture the characteristics of unsteady boiling heat transfer in the experiment that a sessile ethanol droplet impacts onto the hot surface.

¿Qué informa la prensa escrita argentina acerca del fenómeno de cyberbullying?

In recent years, the terms “bullying” and “cyberbullying” have been adopted by the Argentinian media, including the written press. These are technical terms that refer to specific problems. The local press has adopted them in order to report about the characteristics, consequences, and possible approaches to these situations. The analysis of the press’ publications on a certain phenomenon enables us to see interesting aspects of the process of dissemination of information, the discourse used and the collective consciousness it creates. Therefore, the general objective of this work is focused on investigating the type of information and contents regarding cyberbullying in the Argentinian press. A qualitative methodological approach was used, which included the use of a thematic and content analysis. It is noted that only a low proportion of journalism articles was found in which the three basic characteristics of the cyberbullying were pointed out (the intentionality, the repetition in time and the existence of an imbalance of power). In addition, it is observed that the written press provides more information related to the characteristics and possible approaches to cyberbullying, and, to a lesser extent, to its detection. The negative consequences of this problem regarding the psychological health of those involved are mentioned, highlighting indicators and individual consequences, but without referring to indicators or to collective, institutional or social consequences. The development of a hostile and unsupportive school environment, the normalization of aggressive behaviors, the positive assessment of violent behavior in order to obtain social success, and the possible consequences for teachers and families are not mentioned by the press. Also, it is observed that the press gives little room to the students’ point of view, who, from their experiences, attitudes and perspectives on this phenomenon, could make important contributions for the development of both prevention strategies and effective boarding tools. The findings obtained are discussed through thematic and content analysis in order to broaden the knowledge about this phenomenon in our local environment. Within the limitations of this study, it is worth mentioning that the different publications began the digitization of their copies in different years, which could affect the total number of articles surveyed and the amount registered for each of the digital portals. Likewise, for this study, only two descriptors were used to carry out the search, so future studies could incorporate other terms in order to broaden and deepen the findings. This could also contribute to generate other analysis categories, in order to record other aspects related to the type and content of information not addressed in this study.

From ‘back’ to ‘again’ in Dutch: The structure of the ‘re’ domain

On the basis of a model-theoretic analysis of the polysemy of the Dutch adverb terug (covering ‘back’ and ‘again’) and its partial synonyms, a semantic map is constructed that (i) explains how backward direction in space relates to repetition in time and what role counterdirectionality plays in that relation, (ii) integrates, in a semantically motivated way, various meanings that have been identified in separate strands of research, and (iii) allows polysemous items living in this domain to have a coherent semantic basis.

La violencia bullying en las relaciones de género entre escolares de Navarra

El presente artículo da cuenta de una investigación realizada en Navarra sobre el fenómeno de la violencia bullying en estudiantes de la ESO en edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 16 años, encargada por el Instituto Navarro de la Mujer. Este tipo de agresividad se caracteriza principalmente por ser repetitivo a través del tiempo y a través del mismo agresor y agredido. Además se midieron las relaciones de género dentro del ámbito general de relación entre chicos y chicas, así como las diferenciadas fornias de actuar con violencia bullying de unos y otras. Los resultados revelan que estamos ante un hecho que, lejos de desaparecer, todavía es una práctica importante en la vida cotidiana de los centros escolares en Navarra, cuya resolución no supone una manera uniforme de actuar por parte de profesores, y que se produce en lo que se denomina curriculum oculto

When Virtual Reality Meets Internet of Things in the Gym

With the advent of immersive virtual reality (VR) head-mounted displays (HMD), we envision that immersive VR will revolutionize the personal fitness experience in our daily lives. Toward this vision, we present JARVIS, a virtual exercise assistant that is able to provide an immersive and interactive gym exercise experience to a user. JARVIS is enabled by the synergy between Internet of Things (IoT) and immersive VR. JARVIS employs miniature IoT sensing devices removably attachable to exercise machines to track a multitude of exercise information including exercise types, repetition counts, and progress within each repetition in real time. Based on the tracked exercise information, JARVIS shows the user the proper way of doing the exercise in the virtual exercise environment, thereby helping the user to better focus on the target muscle group. We have conducted both in-lab experiments and a pilot user study to evaluate the performance and effectiveness of JARVIS, respectively. Our in-lab experiments with fifteen participants show that JARVIS is able to segment exercise repetitions with an average accuracy of 97.96% and recognize exercise types with an average accuracy of 99.08%. Our pilot user study with ten participants shows statistically significant improvements in perceived enjoyment, competence, and usefulness with JARVIS compared to a traditional machine exercise setting (p &lt; 0.05). Finally, our surface electromyography (sEMG) signal analysis conducted during the pilot user study shows statistically significant improvement in terms of muscle activation (p &lt; 0.01), indicating the potential of JARVIS in providing an engaging and effective guidance for machine exercises.

Sémantique des énoncés itératifs

This article is about the semantics of iterative statements, expressing repetition in time of a type-eventuality. With these statements are associated frequency properties, quantified by iterative adverbs (often, sometimes, sporadically, n times out of p…). Our purpose is to design a formal representation, with a method allowing to compute it from the text. The interpretation of an iterative statement closely relies on its information structure so that we first study precisely the topic-focus partition for a significant range of configurations. In the formal model, the occurrences of iterative eventualities or circumstants are represented by sequences of intervals. The temporal semantic of a sentence is then formalised as an instanciation of generic formulas using two types of generalised quantifiers.

Kant’s racial mind–body unions

Eric Voegelin’s writings on the historical development of the concept of race in the early 1930s are important to philosophy today in part because they provide a model upon which scholars can further integrate modern philosophy with the critical philosophy of race. In constructing his history, Voegelin’s methodological orientation depends on the centrality of both Kant’s work and the problem of the mind–body union to the concept of race. This essay asks how one might hold these premises if Kant seems to reject the dominant approach to the mind–body union in the mid-eighteenth century, physical influx, and then go on to publish several essays on race that do not thematize that doctrine in any way. I argue that Kant’s racial union of mind and body cannot be understood as an interaction in space, as his contemporaries had presumed. Rather, the union must be approached as a repetition in time. In this way, Kant’s four racial categories are not merely a part of the mind–body problem, but instead each is a veritable mind–body union. This permits the conclusion that ‘race’, as Kant understood it, is a viable solution to the mind–body problem.

Relive the Virtual: an Analysis of Unplugged Performance Installations

Can retro media make us relive the virtual from digital media? Following McLuhan's thesis that the proper characteristics of a medium are revealed through remediation, it could well be that retro media re-enacting digital media can make explicit what the concept ‘virtual’ entails. Two recent works analyzed in this article take as their starting point antique theatrical techniques (the ballet pulley, the panorama) to evoke optical illusions, not to stage another illusion but for other purposes. Both works, which have no actual connection with cyberspace, include non-narrative interplay with antiquated technological installations that generate a challenging experience for the contemporary spectator in a digital era. The performance-installation I / II / III / IIII by Kris Verdonck stages a repetition in time in which the viewer gets trapped. By reviving virtual features into real ones and presenting them in replay-mode, the viewer discovers how a variation of sameness can evoke significant differences, or how identity arises due to a repetition in time. Hans Op de Beeck's installation Location (6) displays an all-round view in a real but generic space that induces the spectator's performative power – like an avatar, able to dwell in the virtuality of personal imagination. Robrecht Vanderbeeken has published on a variety of topics, including metaphysics, philosophy of technology, and aesthetics. Formerly a researcher in the Theory Department of the Jan van Eyck Academy, he now teaches at the Royal Academy of Fine Art at University College Ghent (KASK), and is currently researching the philosophical implications of technological innovations in art and culture.

"Cien años de participación:" Magical Realism and Italian History in Antonio Tabucchi's &lt;em&gt;Piazza d'Italia&lt;/em&gt;

“Cien anos de participacion:” Magical Realism and Italian History in Antonio Tabucchi’s Piazza d’Italia Monica Hanna CUNY Graduate Center Cosa vuoi che me ne importi dell’Italia, con questo ghi- accio. Ho chiesto ai compagni se a loro gliene importa e tutti la pensano come me. Il capitano mi ha diffidato di sovversione. 1 In Antonio Tabucchi’s 1975 novel Piazza d’Italia. Favola popolare in tre tempi, un epilogo e un’appendice, 2 the main character fights for Italy during World War I. In a letter to his beloved, he describes the harsh physical conditions he suffers in the trenches. “Cosa vuoi che me ne importi dell’Italia, con questo ghiaccio,” he asks, explaining that his fellow sol- diers feel the same way. This questioning of the power of nationalism is typical in the novel. Piazza d’Italia surveys important moments of Italian national history as experienced by a family of rebels who often oppose the forces of the nation in their fictional Tuscan town of Borgo. Tabucchi’s novel begins with an epilogue and travels backward and forward in time in order to relate one hundred years of Italian history, from the Risorgimento through the two world wars to the establishment of the Italian republic, compressed into a narrative of one hundred fifty pages. The family and their friends are skeptical of the representation of national history as one of progress, instead noting the many negative reverberations of that national history in the lives of the protagonists of the novel. The narrative structure of the text mirrors this skepticism, veering away from a traditional representation of historical progress to one of fragmentation, repetition, and shifts in time. Tabucchi employs a variety of methods to re-structure historical representation. One prominent structural method employed by the novel is that of magical realism, which allows for the representation of a cyclical, rather than linear or progressive, history. The text also draws on Carte italiane, Vol. 5 (2009) 199

The ubiquitous mountain hare mitochondria: multiple introgressive hybridization in hares, genusLepus

Climatic oscillations during the glaciations forced dramatic changes in species distributions, such that some presently temperate regions were alternately occupied by temperate and arctic species. These species could have met and hybridized during climatic transitions. This phenomenon happened for three hare species present in Iberia (Lepus granatensis, Lepus europaeus and Lepus castroviejoi), which display high frequencies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from Lepus timidus, an arctic/boreal species presently extinct in Iberia. Here, we extend our previous geographical survey to determine whether the distribution of this mtDNA lineage extends beyond the northern half of the Iberian Peninsula, where it is found at high frequencies. We also review the taxonomy, distribution and molecular phylogeny of the genus Lepus. The phylogenetic inference reveals the presence of L. timidus-like mtDNA in several other hare species in Asia and North America, suggesting that the mitochondrial introgression observed in Iberia might be generalized. Comparison with the available nuclear gene phylogenies suggests that introgression could have happened repeatedly, possibly during different climatic transitions. We discuss demographic and adaptive scenarios that could account for the repetition in time and space of this spectacular phenomenon and suggest ways to improve our understanding of its determinants and consequences. Such high levels of introgressive hybridization should discourage attempts to revise hare taxonomy based solely on mtDNA.

DETERMINING NATURAL SCALES OF ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

A key issue in ecology is to identify the appropriate scale(s) at which to observe trends in ecosystem behavior. The characteristic length scale (CLS) is a natural scale of a system at which the underlying deterministic dynamics are most clearly observed. Any approach to estimating CLSs of a natural system must be able to accommodate complex nonlinear dynamics and must have realistic requirements for data. Here, we compare the robustness of two methods to estimate CLSs of dynamical systems, both of which use attractor reconstruction to account for the complex oscillatory dynamics of ecological systems. We apply these techniques to estimate CLSs of spatial multispecies systems of varying complexity, and show that both methods are robust for the simplest system, but as model complexity increases, the Pascual and Levin metric is more robust than that of Keeling et al. Both methods demonstrate some sensitivity to the choice of species used in the analysis, with closely connected species producing more similar CLSs than loosely connected species. In this context, connectivity is determined both by the topology of the interaction network and spatial organization in the system. Notably, systems showing complex spatial self‐organization can yield multiple CLSs, with larger length scales indicating the emergent dynamics of interactions between patches. While the prediction r2 metric of Pascual and Levin is suitable to estimate CLSs of complex systems, their method is not suitable to apply to most real ecosystems because of the requirement of long time series for attractor reconstruction. We offer two alternatives, both based on prediction r2, but where repetition in space is largely (the “short time series” method) or wholly (the “sliding window” method) substituted for repetition in time in attractor reconstruction. Both methods, and in particular the short time series based on only three or four sequential observations of a system, are robust in detecting the primary length scale of complex systems. We conclude that the modified techniques are suitable for application to natural systems. Thus they offer, for the first time, an opportunity to estimate natural scales of real ecosystems, providing objectivity in important decisions about scaling in ecology.

Expressing Time Intervals and Repetition Within a Formalization of Calendars

We investigate a formal representation of time units, calendars, and time unit instances as restricted temporal entities for reasoning about repeated events. We generalize Allen's interval relations to a class level, and based on interval classes we define time units. We examine characteristics of time units, and provide a categorization of the hierarchical relations among them. Hence we define an abstract hierarchical unit structure (a calendar structure) that expresses specific relations and properties among the units that compose it. Specific objects in the time line are represented based on this formalism, including nonconvex intervals corresponding to repeated events. A goal of this research is to be able to represent and reason efficiently about repetition in time.

Episodic Dynamics of Tar Spot of Annual Lespedeza Within and Among Years

The temporal and spatial dynamics of six tar spot epidemics were examined at two sites in mid-Missouri during 1990 to 1992. The sites, 48 km apart, differed in topography (flat versus slope), soil texture (silt loam versus silty-clay loam), and cropping history (orchard versus row crops). Temporal dynamics of disease incidence differed more among years than between sites. During 1990, temporal dynamics of the two epidemics followed a classic monotonic increase, whereas disease increase was episodic for the four epidemics observed during 1991 and 1992. Disease increase was associated with shading of the plant canopy or with the presence of dodder. Disease increase was related inversely to intercepted photosynthetically active radiation. Taken together, these observations suggest that factors that increase shading in the lespedeza canopy also increase tar spot incidence. For only two of the six epidemics was there a significant relationship between disease incidence (proportion of leaflets diseased) and disease severity (proportion of leaflet area diseased), with disease severity rarely exceeding 10%. These observations suggest that relatively low tar spot incidence may result in significant leaf losses, which would reduce lespedeza hay quality and yield. Further, this study demonstrates the importance of experimental repetition in both space and time to fully appreciate the range of disease dynamics for a single pathosystem.

The Eighteenth Brumaire of Karl Marx as Symbolic Action

The meticulous self-consciousness which characterizes Karl Marx's presentation and interpretation of the events in France between 1848 and 1851 is evident in the famous first paragraph of The Eighteenth Brumaire: remarks somewhere that all facts and personages of great importance in world history occur, as it were, twice. He forgot to add: the first time as tragedy, the second as farce. Caussidiere for Danton, Louis Blanc for Robespierre, the Montagne of 1848 to 1851 for the Montagne of 1793 to 1795, the Nephew for the Uncle. And the same caricature occurs in the circumstances attending the second edition of the eighteenth Brumaire!1 This passage is self-reflexive in its focus on the relationship of Marx's writing to a philosophical tradition, to a literary tradition of genres, and to a repetition in time. In it Marx simultaneously revises Hegel and provides a literary perspective for understanding the repetition. At the outset of The Eighteenth Brumaire Marx establishes for himself the role of an active commentator aware that, by his revision of the past, he makes history and partially remakes the events he narrates. The overlap between the writing of history and the events themselves is suggested in the second paragraph: Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly encountered, given and transmitted from the past.2 This sentence may be read as a comment on the nature of writing history as well as on the nature of events. To write the text of history is to act within a tradition defined by earlier writings, which each new text partially recapitulates and transforms. Marx weaves into the fabric of his narrative the parallel between the making of history as events and the making of this text about those events.