Repellent Surfaces Research Articles

Electrochemical Surface Characterization of a Femtosecond Laser Treated and Anodized Ti and Ti6Al4V Alloy for Bone and Dental Implants

Pure Titanium (Titanium grade 2) and Ti6Al4V (Titanium grade 5) alloys are commonly used biocompatible materials for medical bone implants and dental protheses. As some implants have to be removed after a certain amount of time after the implantation, the osteo repellent surface is one of the most important property for the removable bone implants such as bone screws and plates. On contrary, for the dental protheses the property of the most importance is osseointegration. Femtosecond laser treatment causes ablation and produces LIPSS (“laser induced periodic surface structures”) which can consist of cones on macro scale and ripples on nano scale which showed structures and roughness similar to that of a bone. Therefore, surface modifications by electrochemical anodization and femtosecond laser could be seen as promising methods for improving both osteo-repellence and osteointegration properties of the bone implants and dental protheses. The aim of this work is electrochemical and surface characterization of the anodized Titanium and Ti6Al4V alloy treated by the femtosecond laser. Firstly, Titanium and Ti6Al4V samples were anodized potentiostaticaly up to 100V in 25% phosphoric acid solution for 120s. Following the potentiostatic anodization, samples were structured with femtosecond laser to produce micro cones and nano ripples on top of the cones. As a final step, laser treated spots were potentiodynamicaly anodized using a SDCM (Scanning Droplet Cell Microscopy) setup. Influence of different potentials, scan rates and electrolytes were studied and optimized, consequently. Morphology and topography were examined by the means of SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy), while crystallography was determined by the XRD (X-Ray Diffraction). Furthermore, the composition of the oxide layer was determined by the XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). Oxide forming factor (kox), a relative permittivity εr, and ECSA (Electrochemical surface area) were obtained from the cyclic voltammograms (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) experimental data. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data was modeled and compared between not preanodized, preanodized and anodized and not anodized after femtosecond laser structuring. Finally, bioassessment with osteoblast was done to examine the growth of the osteoblast cells on the modified surface structures. Value of the oxide forming factor (kox) for the pure Titanium and Titanium grade 5 were successfully calculated and compared with a Scanning Electron Microscopy. Calculated values of the relative permittivity εr are in agreement with the literature values. Finally, obtained results indicate that anodized and subsequently femtosecond laser treated samples could be used as medical bone and dental implants.

Developmental Plasticity of the Amphibious Liverwort Riccia fluitans.

The colonization of land by ancestors of embryophyte plants was one of the most significant evolutionary events in the history of life on earth. The lack of a buffering aquatic environment necessitated adaptations for coping with novel abiotic challenges, particularly high light intensities and desiccation as well as the formation of novel anchoring structures. Bryophytes mark the transition from freshwater to terrestrial habitats and form adaptive features such as rhizoids for soil contact and water uptake, devices for gas exchange along with protective and repellent surface layers. The amphibious liverwort Riccia fluitans can grow as a land form (LF) or water form (WF) and was employed to analyze these critical traits in two different habitats. A combination of light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies was conducted to characterize and compare WF and LF morphologies. A complete phenotypic adaptation of a WF plant to a terrestrial habitat is accomplished within 15 days after the transition. Stable transgenic R. fluitans lines expressing GFP-TUBULIN and mCherry proteins were generated to study cell division and differentiation processes and revealed a higher cell division activity in enlarged meristematic regions at LF apical notches. Morphological studies demonstrated that the R. fluitans WF initiates air pore formation. However, these pores are arrested at an early four cell stage and do not develop further into open pores that could mediate gas exchange. Similarly, also arrested rhizoid initial cells are formed in the WF, which exhibit a distinctive morphology compared to other ventral epidermal cells. Furthermore, we detected that the LF thallus has a reduced surface permeability compared to the WF, likely mediated by formation of thicker LF cell walls and a distinct cuticle compared to the WF. Our R. fluitans developmental plasticity studies can serve as a basis to further investigate in a single genotype the molecular mechanisms of adaptations essential for plants during the conquest of land.

Protein Repellent, Surface‐Attached Hydrogels Through Spray Coating

AbstractThis work describes a novel technique for the deposition of surface‐attached hydrogels, which is based on a combination of spray coating and CH‐insertion cross‐linking (CHic) to create a protein repellent surface. To this, hydrogel precursor polymers are spray coated onto the surface to be modified, dried, and photo cross‐linked in the solid state. Spray coating allows the application of the hydrogel precursors in a fast and flexible way, so that even geometrically challenging substrates can be coated, such as the round surfaces present in the inside of blood collection tubes. Characterization of the coatings shows that the layer thickness and roughness can be controlled in the sub micrometer range by varying coating parameters. Interestingly, the ability for the deposited and attached layer to repel proteins is highly affected by these parameters. For layers with an identical chemical composition, protein repellent and adsorbing layers can be formed depending on the spraying conditions. Finally, protein and human serum repellency of spray coated layers in glass blood collection tubes is investigated and show a drastic improvement over uncoated tubes.

Ice adhesion properties of periodic surface microtextured optically transparent superhydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane

There is a need for optically transparent surfaces which repel water and eliminate ice formation in applications, such as solar power generation. Surface microtexture has played an important role in controlling wetting properties and ice adhesion pressure. Here we report the effect of periodic surface microtexture on water wetting properties and ice adhesion pressure for optically transparent Polydimethylsiloxane. Laser ablation was used to produce surface microtexture on an aluminum substrate and was transferred onto a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surface via hot embossing. The control of laser processing patterns with smooth area from 53.8% to 89.6% enabled fine-tuning of the wetting and ice adhesion properties. PDMS with a grid microtexture pattern has proven to be superhydrophobic and exhibited an ice adhesion pressure as low as 60.1 kPa, allowing the achievement of a water repellent and anti-icing surface. The surface wetting and anti-icing properties of the microtextured surfaces were quantified by the measurement of the receding contact angle (RCA), contact angle hysteresis (CAH), and ice adhesion pressure. Various publications have pointed to the ROA, RCA, or CAH as a predictor of low ice adhesion pressures for smooth surfaces. For microtextured surfaces, it was found that the CAH was the most accurate predictor of ice adhesion pressure.

Laser Direct Writing of Dual-Scale 3D Structures for Cell Repelling at High Cellular Density.

The fabrication of complex, reproducible, and accurate micro-and nanostructured interfaces that impede the interaction between material’s surface and different cell types represents an important objective in the development of medical devices. This can be achieved by topographical means such as dual-scale structures, mainly represented by microstructures with surface nanopatterning. Fabrication via laser irradiation of materials seems promising. However, laser-assisted fabrication of dual-scale structures, i.e., ripples relies on stochastic processes deriving from laser–matter interaction, limiting the control over the structures’ topography. In this paper, we report on laser fabrication of cell-repellent dual-scale 3D structures with fully reproducible and high spatial accuracy topographies. Structures were designed as micrometric “mushrooms” decorated with fingerprint-like nanometric features with heights and periodicities close to those of the calamistrum, i.e., 200–300 nm. They were fabricated by Laser Direct Writing via Two-Photon Polymerization of IP-Dip photoresist. Design and laser writing parameters were optimized for conferring cell-repellent properties to the structures, even for high cellular densities in the culture medium. The structures were most efficient in repelling the cells when the fingerprint-like features had periodicities and heights of ≅200 nm, fairly close to the repellent surfaces of the calamistrum. Laser power was the most important parameter for the optimization protocol.

Effects of Normalized Periodic Unit Length of Superhydrophobic Transverse Grooves on Thermal Developing Flow in Tube

The flow dynamics and heat transfer in fully-developed flow region changes significantly with the size of the water-repellent microstructures. It is noted that the hydrophobic coated surface could reduce the wall friction, thereby increasing the mass flow rate through the tube. This leads to the interest in employing this salient surface for heat transfer application. Numerical study is carried out on thermal entrance flow under the influence of textured superhydrophobic surface with transverse grooves and ribs. In this study, the effect of normalized periodic unit length is investigated. Under constant heat transfer rate condition, it is revealed that patterning the water repellent surface along the tube wall can be beneficial for heat transfer application, in particularly in the thermal developing region, with the predicted water temperature to be consistently lower than that of smooth walls.

Quiescence of Human Monocytes after Affinity Purification: A Novel Method Apt for Monocyte Stimulation Assays.

Several methods to isolate monocytes from whole blood have been previously published, with different advantages and disadvantages. For the purpose of cytokine release assessment upon external stimulation, the use of monocyte preparations consisting of non-activated cells is prerequisite. Affinity-isolated monocyte preparations from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), obtained via positive or negative selection using magnetic beads, released pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 even without adding external stimuli, hindering any assessment of an effect of bacterial lipoproteins on cell stimulation. Hence, the cell preparation protocol was modified by adding a quiescence step on repellent surface culture plates, dampening any monocyte pre-activation. This protocol now provides a robust method to prepare silent yet fully activatable, pure monocyte populations for further use in stimulus-elicited activation experiments.

Pathogen-Repellent Plastic Warp with Built-In Hierarchical Structuring Prevents the Contamination of Surfaces with Coronaviruses.

Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, it is evident that viral spread is mediated through several different transmission pathways. Reduction of these transmission pathways is urgently needed to control the spread of viruses between infected and susceptible individuals. Herein, we report the use of pathogen-repellent plastic wraps (RepelWrap) with engineered surface structures at multiple length scales (nanoscale to microscale) as a means of reducing the indirect contact transmission of viruses through fomites. To quantify viral repellency, we developed a touch-based viral quantification assay to mimic the interaction of a contaminated human touch with a surface through the modification of traditional viral quantification methods (viral plaque and TCID50 assays). These studies demonstrate that RepelWrap reduced contamination with an enveloped DNA virus as well as the human coronavirus 229E (HuCoV-229E) by more than 4 log 10 (>99.99%) compared to a standard commercially available polyethylene plastic wrap. In addition, RepelWrap maintained its repellent properties after repeated 300 touches and did not show an accumulation in viral titer after multiple contacts with contaminated surfaces, while increases were seen on other commonly used surfaces. These findings show the potential use of repellent surfaces in reducing viral contamination on surfaces, which could, in turn, reduce the surface-based spread and transmission.

Study of repellence on polymeric surfaces with two individually adjustable pore hierarchies

Highly repellent surfaces offer many interesting applications as oil-repellent textiles and self-cleaning coatings, making these surfaces highly sought-after. Engineering these repellent surfaces requires the combination of a low surface energy material with special surface geometries with multiple levels of hierarchy in roughness. Yet, the current approaches for the fabrication of these surfaces have many drawbacks (complex fabrication techniques, fragile nature of the surface features with low abrasion resistances) that preventing their wider application. Here, we present a study of a new double–hierarchical Fluoropor which allows creating a bulk-porous fluorinated polymer foam with two individually tunable pore hierarchies. We combined our previous structuring approach for the micro /nanoscale (addition of an adaptable porogen mixture to the monomer) with sacrificial templating utilizing spherical polystyrene particles to obtain a second micropore hierarchy, resulting in a novel double-hierarchical material. We found that a micro-/nanoporosity with a larger pore structure in combination with a higher volumetric loading of structuring particles was beneficial to increase the repellence. We found the highest repellence for double–hierarchical Fluoropor with a bulk–porosity with 259 nm median pore diameter structured with 50 vol% of 40 µm sized microspheres. These superhydrophobic surface showed high static contact angles for ethylene glycol of 164° with a roll–off angle of 13° and a static contact angle for n–hexadecane of 145°. The material was covalently coated onto technical substrates (glass, copper, steel) and demonstrated good self-clean abilities for inorganic as well for organic contaminants. Abrasion test with 1000 cycles showed the repellence was not affected and persisted.

One‐Step Bottom‐Up Growth of Highly Liquid Repellent Worm‐Like Surfaces on Planar Substrates

AbstractHighly liquid repellent (superhydrophobic, superoleophobic) surfaces are fabricated using mostly top‐down approaches and liquid‐based processing. Top‐down approaches, like lithography and templating, are highly process‐intensive, while liquid‐based processing, like etching and fluoropolymer solution coating, rely on solvents that often damage the substrate. Ultimately, to suppress liquids from spreading, the goal is to create a surface with low surface energy and a hierarchically roughened topology. Here, a bottom‐up approach that achieves these two prerequisite criteria in one single step is demonstrated. Relying on a liquid‐free initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) process, worm‐like protrusions of a semicrystalline fluoropolymer (poly(perfluorodecyl acrylate)) directly grow on flat substrates without prior surface pretreatment. The nano/microworm surfaces display super‐liquid repellency (>150° contact angle) to water and oil. Worm formation (as opposed to conformal thin film formation) is attributed to preferential crystal nucleation, orientation, and growth on the substrate plane.

Development and In-Depth Characterization of Bacteria Repellent and Bacteria Adhesive Antibody-Coated Surfaces Using Optical Waveguide Biosensing.

Bacteria repellent surfaces and antibody-based coatings for bacterial assays have shown a growing demand in the field of biosensors, and have crucial importance in the design of biomedical devices. However, in-depth investigations and comparisons of possible solutions are still missing. The optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy (OWLS) technique offers label-free, non-invasive, in situ characterization of protein and bacterial adsorption. Moreover, it has excellent flexibility for testing various surface coatings. Here, we describe an OWLS-based method supporting the development of bacteria repellent surfaces and characterize the layer structures and affinities of different antibody-based coatings for bacterial assays. In order to test nonspecific binding blocking agents against bacteria, OWLS chips were coated with bovine serum albumin (BSA), I-block, PAcrAM-g-(PMOXA, NH2, Si), (PAcrAM-P) and PLL-g-PEG (PP) (with different coating temperatures), and subsequent Escherichia coli adhesion was monitored. We found that the best performing blocking agents could inhibit bacterial adhesion from samples with bacteria concentrations of up to 107 cells/mL. Various immobilization methods were applied to graft a wide range of selected antibodies onto the biosensor’s surface. Simple physisorption, Mix&Go (AnteoBind) (MG) films, covalently immobilized protein A and avidin–biotin based surface chemistries were all fabricated and tested. The surface adsorbed mass densities of deposited antibodies were determined, and the biosensor;s kinetic data were evaluated to divine the possible orientations of the bacteria-capturing antibodies and determine the rate constants and footprints of the binding events. The development of affinity layers was supported by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) measurements in order to test the bacteria binding capabilities of the antibodies. The best performance in the biosensor measurements was achieved by employing a polyclonal antibody in combination with protein A-based immobilization and PAcrAM-P blocking of nonspecific binding. Using this setting, a surface sensitivity of 70 cells/mm2 was demonstrated.

Producing Fluorine- and Lubricant-Free Flexible Pathogen- and Blood-Repellent Surfaces Using Polysiloxane-Based Hierarchical Structures.

High-touch surfaces are known to be a major route for the spread of pathogens in healthcare and public settings. Antimicrobial coatings have, therefore, garnered significant attention to help mitigate the transmission of infectious diseases via the surface route. Among antimicrobial coatings, pathogen-repellent surfaces provide unique advantages in terms of safety in public settings such as instant repellency, affordability, biocompatibility, and long-term stability. While there have been many advances in the fabrication of biorepellent surfaces in the past two decades, this area of research continues to suffer challenges in scalability, cost, compatibility with high-touch applications, and performance for pathogen repellency. These features are critical for high-touch surfaces to be used in public settings. Additionally, the environmental impact of manufacturing repellent surfaces remains a challenge, mainly due to the use of fluorinated coatings. Here, we present a flexible hierarchical coating with straightforward and cost-effective manufacturing without the use of fluorine or a lubricant. Hierarchical surfaces were prepared through the growth of polysiloxane nanostructures using n-propyltrichlorosilane (n-PTCS) on activated polyolefin (PO), followed by heat shrinking to induce microscale wrinkles. The developed coatings demonstrated repellency, with contact angles over 153° and sliding angles <1°. In assays mimicking touch, these hierarchical surfaces demonstrated a 97.5% reduction in transmission of Escherichia coli (E.coli), demonstrating their potential as antimicrobial coatings to mitigate the spread of infectious diseases. Additionally, the developed surfaces displayed a 93% reduction in blood staining after incubation with human whole blood, confirming repellent properties that reduce bacterial deposition.

Driving Droplets on Liquid Repellent Surfaces via Light‐Driven Marangoni Propulsion

AbstractMarangoni flow, a surface shear flow, is a promising option for propulsion when controlling liquid droplet motion on solid substrates. However, the applicability of Marangoni flow induced by heating the substrate for droplet manipulation is limited by low precision of motion control and a narrow range of substrate types. Herein, a novel noncontact light‐driven droplet manipulation method by using photothermally active droplets is introduced. Marangoni flow is induced by local photothermal heating via near‐infrared (NIR) irradiation resulting in an internal flow that drives the droplets. The photothermally active droplets slide away from the NIR light and the direction of motion can be precisely controlled by changing the irradiation position remotely. In addition, it is demonstrated that the addition of a miscible liquid to the droplets can reverse the direction of motion. Moreover, the authors show that spherical droplets on conventional liquid repellent surfaces move through a rolling mechanism instead of sliding. It is believed that this droplet manipulation method can provide a general way of droplet transportation on solid surfaces.

Estudio de materiales compuestos multifuncionales de matriz epoxi con nanopartículas cerámicas

The research about multifunctional materials has gained special relevance in recent years. In this sense, properties such as hydrophobicity, due to their potential applications (water repellent surfaces, self-cleaning, anti-icing, protective against corrosion, etc.) in combination with others, such as thermal conductivity or electrical insulation, can lead to new materials and coatings suitable for use in the field of energy and electronics.The present work focuses on the development of multifunctional materials of epoxy resins with inorganic nanoparticles with hydrophobic properties and better heat transfer capacity. To achieve this goal, nano-reinforcements of zinc and titanium oxides of different sizes and morphologies have been selected to obtain hydrophobicity, in addition to boron nitride platelets to improve the thermal conductivity of the nanocomposites coating.Among the possible applications of these coatings would be their use as electrical insulators for high voltage applications, such as self-cleaning surfaces, scratch resistance, etc. The addition of hydrophobic coatings, which also achieve a remarkable mechanical and thermal stability, could lead to new designs of greater reliability and durability in their functions.

Super liquid repellent surfaces for anti-foaming and froth management

Wet and dry foams are prevalent in many industries, ranging from the food processing and commercial cosmetic sectors to industries such as chemical and oil-refining. Uncontrolled foaming results in product losses, equipment downtime or damage and cleanup costs. To speed up defoaming or enable anti-foaming, liquid oil or hydrophobic particles are usually added. However, such additives may need to be later separated and removed for environmental reasons and product quality. Here, we show that passive defoaming or active anti-foaming is possible simply by the interaction of foam with chemically or morphologically modified surfaces, of which the superamphiphobic variant exhibits superior performance. They significantly improve retraction of highly stable wet foams and prevention of growing dry foams, as quantified for beer and aqueous soap solution as model systems. Microscopic imaging reveals that amphiphobic nano-protrusions directly destabilize contacting foam bubbles, which can favorably vent through air gaps warranted by a Cassie wetting state. This mode of interfacial destabilization offers untapped potential for developing efficient, low-power and sustainable foam and froth management.

Design and applications of surfaces that control the accretion of matter.

Surfaces that provide control over liquid, solid, or vapor accretion provide an evolutionary advantage to numerous plants, insects, and animals. Synthetic surfaces inspired by these natural surfaces can have a substantial impact on diverse commercial applications. Engineered liquid and solid repellent surfaces are often designed to impart control over a single state of matter, phase, or fouling length scale. However, surfaces used in diverse real-world applications need to effectively control the accrual of matter across multiple phases and fouling length scales. We discuss the surface design strategies aimed at controlling the accretion of different states of matter, particularly those that work across multiple length scales and different foulants. We also highlight notable applications, as well as challenges associated with these designer surfaces' scale-up and commercialization.

Slippery surfaces: A decade of progress

Slippery surfaces have received great attention for more than a quarter-century. In particular, during the last decade, interest has increased exponentially, resulting in thousands of articles concerning three types of slippery surfaces: superhydrophobic, superoleophobic, and omniphobic. This review focuses on recent developments and significant findings in naturally inspired slippery surfaces. Superhydrophobicity can be characterized by water droplets beading on a surface at significantly high static contact angles and low contact-angle hystereses. Microscopically rough hydrophobic surfaces could entrap air in their pores, resulting in a portion of a submerged surface with an air–water interface, which is responsible for the slip effect and drag reduction. Suberhydrophobicity enhances the mobility of droplets on lotus leaves for self-cleaning purposes, the so-called lotus effect. Surface hydrophobicity can be advanced to repel low-surface-tension liquids, i.e., become superoleophobic. Another kind of slippery coating is the slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPS), which are omniphobic coatings. Certain plants such as the carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher inspired SLIPS. Their interior surfaces have microstructural roughness, which can lock in place an infused lubricating liquid. The lubricant is then utilized as a repellent surface for other liquids or substances such as water, blood, crude oil, ice, insects, and bio-fouling. In this review, we discuss different slippery mechanisms in nature. We also cover recent advances in manufacturing, texturing, and controlling slippery surface at the micro- and nanoscales. We further discuss the performance, sustainability, and longevity of such surfaces under different environmental conditions. Very-recent techniques used to characterize the surfaces are also detailed.

Highly durable amphiphobic coatings and surfaces: A comparative step-by-step exploration of the design variables

The design and production of amphiphobic surfaces with enhanced durability is increasingly considered a hot topic. It is well known that the material's repellence against liquids is regulated by morphological and chemical features of the working interfaces under different conditions. In this work the approach to the fabrication of highly repellent surfaces against both water and low surface tension oils is presented for a better understanding of the role played by different variables, e.g. the substrate surface finishing when multicomponent hybrid coatings with a different structural organization and chemistry are deposited. As suggested by biomimetic criteria, hierarchical features, when coupled with low surface energy moieties, are able to provide liquid repellence for different practical scopes. This work has been focused on coating processes applied to aluminum alloys with different surface roughness by deposition of nanostructured ceramic oxide (Al2O3, SiO2 and TiO2) and fluoro-polymers (fluoroalkylsilane or acrylic resin). It was found that the relevance of the substrate/coating variables involved in maximizing the static and dynamic liquid repellency follows the order: morphology of the inorganic layer > substrate roughness at microscale > nature of organic fluoropolymer. Both flower- and spherical-like inorganic nanostructures actually promote a significant improvement of the repellence with respect to the organic layer alone, with Al2O3flower-like nanostructure being the most performant. Generally speaking, most hybrid-coated surfaces showed a good ability to withstand severe environments, the different response depending on the composition of the inorganic layers and not from the overall coating morphology. The step-by-step comparison of results suggests that the perspective for the application of such a kind of surfaces is related in a complex way to textural and chemical variables influencing the final performances which could stay unchanged or vary depending on the exposure environment and conditions.

Fabrication of cross-like ZIF-L structures with water repellency and self-cleaning property via a simple in-situ growth strategy

Inspired by the “lotus effect’’, more and more attention has been paid to the water repellent and self-cleaning surface. Due to its excellent properties, Mg alloy is considered to be one of the most promising engineering materials so far. However, the humid and corrosive environment makes Mg alloy susceptible to corrosion, which greatly limits its wide application. So it is very necessary to improve the properties of Mg alloy through surface treatment. Because of good chemical stability, thermostability and easy preparation, Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIFs) materials have been applied in the field of superhydrophobicity. In addition, in-situ growth has advantages of simple method, convenient operation and no need for expensive experimental equipment. Therefore, in this work, the superhydrophobic coating with cross-like Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-L (ZIF-L) structure is fabricated on Mg alloy surface via a simple in-situ growth and low energy modification. The superhydrophobic ZIF-L coating on the Mg alloy substrate has excellent water repellency and self-cleaning property, and the stability test results show that it has good performance in thermostability and durability. Besides, the coating keeps superhydrophobic state after being immersed in an alkaline solution for 112 h, showing excellent resistance to alkaline solution. Therefore, the superhydrophobic coating prepared in this work can expand the application of Mg alloy in different service environments and provide a novel way for Mg alloy applying into more fields.

Recent advances in the mechanical durability of superamphiphobic surfaces: A review

Superamphiphobic (water and oil repellent) surfaces have distinct application areas such as anti-corrosion, anti-friction, anti-icing, self-cleaning, etc. To fabricate these types of surfaces, the base material must have low surface energy and dual-scale roughness (micro and nano levels). The durability of such surfaces is indicated by the duration up to which they remain stable and effective. When mechanical forces interact with these surfaces, it deteriorates the surface integrity and ultimately degrades its superamphiphobic property. Hence, these surfaces have very limited mechanical wear sturdiness and long-term durability. Therefore, in this article, efforts have been made to review the different types of mechanical durability tests performed on superamphiphobic metallic and non-metallic surfaces. Moreover, various kinds of surface texturing techniques in context with durability of such surfaces have been discussed. Finally, from the reported literature, critical conclusions, challenges, and scopes for future work have also been presented.