Repellency Rate Research Articles

Terpene produced by coexpression of the TPS and P450 genes from Lavandula angustifolia protects plants from herbivore attacks during budding stages

To deter herbivore attacks, plants employ a diverse array of volatile compounds, particularly during the early developmental stages. The highly expressed genes LaTPS7, LaTPS8, and LaCYP71D582 were identified during the budding phases of Lavandula angustifolia. In vitro studies revealed that LaTPS7 generated nine distinct compounds, including camphene, myrcene, and limonene. LaTPS8 enzymatically converted eight volatiles by utilizing geranyl diphosphate and nerolidyl diphosphate as substrates. Overexpression of plastid-localized LaTPS7 in Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in the production of limonene. Furthermore, the endoplasmic reticulum-associated enzyme LaCYP71D582 potentially converted limonene into carveol. In N. benthamiana, LaTPS8 is responsible for the synthesis of α-pinene and sylvestrene. Furthermore, leaves transfected with LaTPS7 and leaves cotransfected with LaTPS7 and LaCYP71D582 exhibited a repellent effect on aphids, with an approximate rate of 70%. In comparison, leaves with an empty vector displayed a repellent rate of approximately 20%. Conversely, tobacco leaves expressing LaTPS7 attracted ladybugs at a rate of 48.33%, while leaves coexpressing LaTPS7 and LaCYP71D582 attracted ladybugs at a slightly higher rate of 58.33%. Subsequent authentic standard tests confirmed that limonene and carveol repel Myzus persicae while attracting Harmonia axyridis. The promoter activity of LaTPS7 and LaCYP71D582 was evaluated in Arabidopsis thaliana using GUS staining, and it was observed that wounding stimulated the expression of LaTPS7. The volatile compounds produced by LaTPS7, LaTPS8, and LaCYP71D582 play a crucial role in plant defence mechanisms. In practical applications, employing biological control measures based on plant-based approaches can promote human and environmental health.

Chemical analysis of Eucalyptus and Rosemary essential oils using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and evaluation of their toxicity against teh most common urban pest

Using plant essential oils (EOs) as a pesticide alternative has gained increasing interest as a promising strategy to reduce the harmful effects of chemical pesticides. This study aims to investigate the chemical composition of Eucalyptus globulus Labill and Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oils and evaluate their impacts against Blattella germanica L. under laboratory conditions. The essential oils were prepared from dried leaves using hydro-distillation (HD) as a chemical extraction method. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to analyze and identify their chemical compounds. Bioassays were conducted using the standard contact method recommended by the World Health Organization, and the data were analyzed using the probit regression model. By GC-MS analysis, the major components included 1,8-cineole (50.67%), alpha-pinene (17.48%), limonene (4.26%) for eucalyptus and alpha-pinene (20.67%), camphor (10.69%), 1,8-cineole (9.38%), Borneol (9.02%), comphene (7.15%), and limonene (4.88%) for rosemary. The LD50 values were 9. 27, 10.54, and 3.23 %, and LD95 values increased to 27.2, 22.3 %, and 14.3% for rosemary, eucalyptus, and their mixture. The EOs mixture had a higher repellent effect with a repellency rate of 98.9% at a concentration of 3% compared to 93.3% and 90% at a concentration of 5% for rosemary and eucalyptus alone.

Sustained release and insect repellent activity of cinnamon essential oil active label based on three-step encapsulating

To address the issue of rapid release of cinnamon essential oil (CEO) in active packaging applications, this study aimed to develop a sustained-release active label. CEO was encapsulated step by step to form cinnamon essential oil microemulsions (CEO-MEs), cinnamon essential oil microcapsules (CEO-MPs), and cinnamon essential oil sustained-release active labels (CEO-SRAL). Microstructure, thermal property and release property of the intermediate and final products obtained through the three-step embedding method were characterized, along with their anthelmintic activity. Results showed that the average particle size of CEO-MEs was 29.02 nm. The BJH pore size of porous CS/β-CD complex was 44.36 nm. CEO was encapsulated step by step and evenly distributed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed that multiple encapsulations of CEO didn't result in any adverse chemical reactions. The active label began to degrade at 290–400 °C with great thermal stability. The cumulative release days of CEO-SRAL were 20 days. The cumulative release concentration of CEO in CEO-SRAL was 31.99 mg/mL. Furthermore, the fumigation and repellent rates of three-step packaging products containing CEO to S.oryzae were more than 90%. These results indicated that the three-step encapsulation method could improve the performance of CEO to enhance the use of essential oil.

Electrospun Mutualism–Inspired CA/CMA/PHMB ultrafine bimodal nanofibrous membrane for High–Performance, Antibacterial, and Mosquito–Repellent air filtration

Composite bio–based multifunctional air filtration is a great challenge and development trend for personal protection. This work was inspired by nature mutualism to produce bio–based and essential oil loaded nanofibrous membrane with multiple functions of high–performance, antibacterial, and mosquito–repellent. The cinnamaldehyde (CMA) and poly(hexamethylene biguanide) (PHMB) were introduced into the cellulose acetate (CA) polymer system to achieve functionalization, and then the CA/CMA/PHMB ultrafine bimodal nanofibrous membrane was prepared through one–step electrospinning. Compared to eugenol, the CMA contributed to the refinement of fiber and minimized the reduction of mechanical properties, thermal stability, and hydrophobicity. On the other hand, the PHMB enhanced jet splitting and synergistically improved antibacterial ability with CMA. The filtration efficiency for PM0.3, the pressure drop, and the quality factor were 99.78%, 59.5 Pa, and 0.1028 Pa−1, respectively. The bacteriostatic rates against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and the mosquito–repellent rate were 99.65%, 99.99%, and 92.7%, respectively. Lastly, the batch preparation of this solution was explored, which contributed to commercialization. This work provides a novel and simple approach to efficiently fabricate multifunctional high–performance air filter, which will promote the development of bio–based and sustainable air filter.

Antimicrobial property of functional viscose fibre by using mint extract

The use of cellulosic fibres treated with natural extracts can kill bacteria. Viscose is a regenerated cellulosic fibre with excellent biodegradability. The use of mint extract makes viscose a functional fibre, which gives beneficial results and can be used as an antimicrobial textile. The results clearly showed that the increasing ratio of the mint extract also increased the bacteriostatic ratio so that the antimicrobial property against E. Coli and S. Aureus for 100% viscose fabric is 97% and 94%, respectively. The bacteriostatic ratio against 50/50 cotton/functional viscose is proportionally lower, i.e., 85% and 81% against E. Coli and S. Aureus. The different number of washings affected the antimicrobial property of the fabrics in such a way that: the fabric with 100% functional viscose indicated a reduction of 14% for E. Coli, whereas the antimicrobial property decreased by 15% against S. Aureus after 5 to 20 washes as compared to the fabric with the blend 50/50. All the samples exhibited antimicrobial property more than 60% after 20 washes. The breaking strength of the functional viscose fibre decreased by about 12.9% in dry form and 14% in wet state compared with standard viscose fibre. However, the elongation of functional viscose fibre improved by 6.4% in dry form and 3.7% in the wet state, resulting in the low modulus of functional viscose fibre. The mosquito repellency rate ranges from 70–90% against 100% functional viscose fabrics, whereas 60–80% against the fabric is made up of a 50/50 blend for 5 to 20 washes. The overall results show acceptable behaviour against mosquito repellency. A simple approach was applied to develop antimicrobial textile products with cost-effectiveness and fruitful results.

Exploring the Insecticidal and Repellent Activity of Garlic Essential Oil against Sitophilus oryzae (L.) Infestation in Stored Maize

The potential of garlic essential oil for its insecticidal and repellent properties against the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae was investigated through various bioassays. The results of the contact toxicity assay showed that the mortality rates were dependent on the concentration of the garlic essential oil, and its effectiveness increased with time. This was evident from the decreasing median lethal doses (LC50) over the course of the study, ranging from 7.13 µl/ 20g of seeds (1 DAT) to 3.40 µl / 20g of seeds (5 DAT). The highest repellency rate of 88.89 per cent was achieved with a concentration of 6µl over a 4-hour period. This finding was further supported by the negative preference indices, which ranged from -1.0 to -0.1. With regard to fumigant toxicity assay, the LC50 values decreased as the study progressed, ranging from 4.72 µl /96cm3 (1 DAT) to 1.70 µl/96cm3 (5 DAT). Thus, garlic essential oil can be considered as a potent botanica compound on account of its contact, repellent and fumigant toxicity properties against Sitophilus oryzae. The results of this study underscore the potential of garlic essential oil as a promising compound for the management of S. oryzae.

Sesquiterpenes from two Compositae plants as promising inhibitors to nuclear hormone receptor 3 of Tribolium castaneum

Essential oils (EOs) and their volatile secondary metabolites have been proved to be effective on storage pests control, while restricted on the application due to unclear mechanism. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and binding free energies analysis provided an effective approach to reveal mechanism on conformational calculation. In this work, the insecticidal and repellent capacities of Praxelis clematidea and Ageratum houstonianum oils and their main components identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) were scientifically measured. Interestingly, P. clematidea oil exhibited strong fumigant toxicity against Tribolium castaneum (LC50 = 7.07 mg/L air). Moreover, two EOs exhibited over 80% repellent rate against T. castaneum at the highest concentration of 78.63 nL/cm2. Furthermore, hundreds of enzymes related to the regulation of biological processes of T. castaneum were screened to explore the underlying molecular mechanism and develop promising insecticides. Besides, top hits were subjected to MD simulations and binding free energies analysis to elucidate complex inter-molecular stability and affinity over simulated time. The results demonstrated that isolongifolene, δ-cadinene, β-caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide were prioritized as they were establishing conserved and stable interactions with residues of nuclear hormone receptor 3 (TcHR3) of T. castaneum, which suggested that the four sesquiterpenes have potential to be promising insecticides on storage pests control.

Acaricidal and repellent activities of ethanol extracts of nine chinese medicinal herbs against Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae).

Rhipicephalus microplus is a major threat to the cattle industry worldwide. The intensive use of acaricides and repellents has resulted in drug resistance. Hence, effective and eco-friendly pest control alternatives are urgently needed, especially from natural plant resources. In this study, the acaricidal and repellent activities of nine herbs against the larvae and eggs of R. microplus were evaluated. The results showed that ethanol extracts of star anise (Illicium verum), chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus anthelmintica), motherwart (Leonurus artemisia), mandarin orange peel (citri reticulatae pericarpium, i.e., peel of Citrus reticulata fruit), and stemona (Stemona sessilifolia) had good contact acaricidal activities of 100, 98, 94, 88 and 86%, respectively, whereas star anise and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) had good fumigant acaricidal activities of 98 and 96%, respectively. The hatching inhibition rate of star anise against R. microplus eggs was 100%. All nine herbs had good real-time repellent rates, but only castor bean and star anise had repellent effects after 48h (81.3 and 79.6%, respectively). This is the first report of the acaricidal and repellent activities of these medicinal herbs against R. microplus. Ethanol extracts of these herbs might be considered as potential alternatives to chemical acaricides for control of R. microplus.

Identification of odorant receptors of Tribolium confusum in response to limonene repellent activity

Tribolium confusum is an important storage pest showing significant resistance to various chemical pesticides, development of botanical pesticides is an effective strategy to resolve above problem and decrease utilization of chemical pesticides. Present study attempts to explore the molecular mechanism about the repellent activity of limonene. When treatment concentration of limonene was 200.00 μg/cm2, the repellent level remained at grade V after 24 hours. Our study showed that limonene could be distinguished by T. confusum antenna with a maximal electroantennography test value of 0.90 mV. Simultaneously, 88 upregulated and 98 downregulated genes were sequenced in limonene-repellent T. confusum, and RT-qPCR analysis showed that four down-regulated and one up-regulated OR genes play an important role in the response to limonene. The repellent rate was decreased by 22.13% mediated with a knockdown of dsTconOR93, while the EAG value of the female and male adults was reduced to 0.26 mV (49.06%) and 0.20 mV (54.05%), respectively. In conclusion, limonene had a strong repellent activity against T. confusum and TconOR93 gene was determined to be a major effector in perception of limonene. This study provides a basis for the development of limonene as a novel botanical pesticide for the control to storage pests, which will reduce the utilization of chemical pesticides and postpone the development of resistance.

The component of the Chamaecyparis obtusa essential oil and insecticidal activity against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)

Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) is a worldwide grain storage pest controlled by chemical control methods of phosphine fumigation, which results in many hazards, damages human health, makes pests resistant to pesticides, and pollutes the environment. In recent years, the popularity of botanical insecticides has continued to rise, and plant essential oils (EO) are considered potential alternatives for developing insecticides. In the current study, we selected the Chamaecyparis obtusa EO to determine its insecticidal effects and component analysis on T. castaneum. Through gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) technology, cedrol was the most obvious compound in the signal peak of the volatile components detected in the C. obtusa EO. The results of the bioassay showed that the C. obtusa EO had certain contact activity against T. castaneum, and the LD50 was 52.54 μg/adult. At three concentrations (0.41,1.62, 2.83 uL/cm2), the repellent rates of C. obtusa EO against T. castaneum were all above 80% at 15, 30, 60, and 120 min, respectively, indicating that the repellent effect was strong. Meanwhile, the C. obtusa EO exhibited fumigant toxicity against T. castaneum with LC50 values of 7.09 μg/L air. In addition, C. obtusa EO significantly increased the activity of AChE, CarE, POD, CAT, T-SOD, and chitinase in T. castaneum. Finally, the mechanism of C. obtusa EO on T. castaneum adults was explored based on transcriptome sequencing. We found that the DEGs focused on the chitin metabolic process and some aging genes in T. castaneum. Therefore, C. obtusa EO could be used as potential eco-friendly candidates for stored grain pest management.

Insecticidal and repellent activities of Azadirachta indica A. (Juss) oil against fifth instar larvae and adults of Sahlbergella singularis (Hemiptera:Miridae)

Sahlbergella singularis is one of the insects that causes the most damage to cocoa trees in Togo. The management of this pest is mainly based on chemical control, with its negative consequences for human health and the environment. In order to find an alternative to the use of synthetic pesticides, the insecticidal and repellent activities of neem oil were tested in vitro on fifth instar larvae and adults of S. singularis. Larvae were collected from a cocoa plot. The fifth instar larvae were separated from the other stages. Some of the larvae were reared in the laboratory until adult emergence. The concentrations of neem oil used were 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 µl.ml-1. Insecticidal tests were carried out by spraying the solutions directly onto the insects. The repellency test was carried out using the preferential zone method on filter paper. The results showed an increasing mortality rate with increasing concentrations of neem oil for both fifth instar larvae and adults. The calculated LC50’s for larvae and adults were 0.89 and 0.98 µl.ml-1 respectively. Neem oil had a weak repellent effect on both fifth instar larvae and adults, with average repellency rates of 23.60% and 28.8% respectively. These results show that neem oil can be an alternative to the use of synthetic pesticides in the control of S. singularis.

Rosemary and neem methanolic extract: antioxidant, cytotoxic, and larvicidal activities supported by chemical composition and molecular docking simulations.

This study aimed to employ GC-MS to assess the chemical composition of MeOH leaf extracts of R. officinalis and A. indica and evaluate their insecticidal, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. Twelve components, representing 98.61% and 100% of the total volatile compounds, were deduced from the extracted R. officinalis and A. indica, respectively, using this method. In R. officinalis extract, limonene is typically positioned as the main component (23.03%), while the main chemicals identified in A. indica extract were methyl (E)-octadec-13-enoate (23.20%) and (2R)-1,3,8-trimethyl-4-propyl-5-ethyl-2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-7-methoxycardonylethyl-6-methylenecarbonyl-porphyrin (23.03%). Both extracts of R. officinalis and A. indica exhibited different toxicity against the stored grain pest T. castaneum, with LC50 values of 1.470 and 2.588 mg/ml, respectively. Additionally, after 4 and 5h of treatment at a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml, the A. indica extract showed the highest levels of repellent action (81.4% and 93.4%), and the R. officinalis extract showed a good repellent rate (64.9% and 80.7%) against T. castenum larvae. With an IC50 value of 35.83 and 28.68 mg/L and a radical scavenging activity percentage of 67.76% and 72.35%, the leaf extract was found to be the most potent plant extract when tested for DPPH antioxidant activity. Overall results showed that MeOH extracts of R. officinalis and A. indica were more effective against S. aureus than E. coli. To determine how the investigated chemicals attach to the active sites of E. coli DNA gyrase A and S. aureus undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase, docking studies were carried out. The consensus score analysis showed that limonene exhibits the best binding energy with both enzymes in docking analysis and more stability in molecular dynamics simulations. The RMSD was obtained at 20.6 and 4.199 (Kcal/mole). The two compounds were successfully used in molecular dynamics simulation research to generate stable complexes with DNA gyrase A.

Mosquito repellent fabric: Development and characterization of peppermint and garlic mixture finish on knitted fabric to examine mosquito repellency

Mosquito-repellent textiles are a part of protective textiles which help in protection from the species that are prone to cause diseases like malaria and dengue fever. This study explored the possibility of natural extract (alcoholic) from peppermint leaves, stems, and garlic cloves to use as a mosquito-repellent finish material on knit fabric. Accordingly, different concentration (5%, 15%, 25%, and 35%) of PGE (Peppermint Garlic Extract) solution was prepared and applied to the developed fabric using an exhaust dyeing process to assess the mosquito (Aedes Aegypti L.) repellency performance. Following WHO (World Health Organization) standard (cone bioassay) and a self-modified cage technique from literature survey, mosquito protection and repellency tests have been performed for characterization. The findings revealed that the PGE-treated fabric samples C (25% PGE) and D (35% PGE) had the highest mosquito mortality (50.00% and 76.67%, respectively) and repellency (78.6% and 85.6%, respectively) rates. Moreover, this study evaluated the prepared PGE formulations’ shelf-life performance and colorfastness properties of PGE-treated fabrics, including the impact of washing cycles on the treated fabrics. There was no fungal growth, and the fabric showed excellent colorfastness properties. However, the efficacy of treated fabrics decreased with an increasing number of washes.

Effects of household water-repellent agents and number of coating layers on the physical properties of cotton woven fabrics.

The increased interest in outdoor activities has prompted the demand for water-repellent fabrics that can withstand various environmental factors. In this study, the water repellency and physical properties, namely thickness, weight, tensile strength, elongation, and stiffness, of cotton woven fabrics were analyzed according to various treatments with different types of household water-repellent agents and number of coating layers. Fluorine-, silicone-, and wax-based water-repellent agents were coated on cotton woven fabrics once, thrice, and five times. Thickness, weight, and stiffness increased with the number of coating layers, which may reduce comfort. These properties increased minimally for the fluorine- and silicone-based water-repellent agents, whereas they considerably increased for the wax-based water-repellent agent. The fluorine-based water-repellent agent had a low water repellency rating of 2.2 even after five coating layers, and the silicone-based water-repellent agent had a higher rating of 3.4 with the same five coating layers. Meanwhile, the wax-based water-repellent agent had the highest water repellency rating of 5 even with only one coating layer, which was maintained with repeated coatings. Therefore, fluorine- and silicone-based water-repellent agents minimally altered the fabric properties even with repeated coatings; multiple coating layers, especially five or more layers for the fluorine-based water-repellent agent, are recommended to attain excellent water repellency. Conversely, one coating layer of the wax-based water-repellent agent is recommended to retain the comfort of the wearer.

Chemical composition and repellent activity of essential oils of Tithonia diversifolia (Asteraceae) leaves against the bites of Anopheles coluzzii

Tithonia diversifolia is widely used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of a large number of ailments and disorders, including malaria. In the present study, we evaluated the repellent activity of essential oils (EO) of this plant against Anopheles coluzzii, a major vector of malaria in Africa. Fresh leaves of T. diversifolia were used to extract EO, which were used to perform repellency assays in the laboratory and in the field using commercially available N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) and Cymbopogon (C.) citratus EO as positive controls and vaseline as negative control. The repellency rates and durations of protection of the human volunteers involved were used as measures of repellent activity. Chemical composition of the T. diversifolia EO was established further by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The moisture content and oil yield were 81% and 0.02% respectively. A total of 29 compounds in the T. diversifolia EO was identified, with d-limonene (20.1%), α-Copaene (10.3%) and o-Cymene (10.0%) as the most represented. In field studies, the mean time of protection against mosquito bites was significantly lower in T. diversifolia EO-treated volunteers compared to treatments with C. citratus EO (71 min versus 125 min, p = 0.04), but significantly higher when compared with the non-treated volunteers (71 min vs 0.5 min, p = 0.03). The same pattern was found in laboratory repellency assays against A. coluzzii. In contrast, repulsion rates were statistically similar between T. diversifolia EO and positive controls. In conclusion, the study suggests promising repellent potential of leaves of T. diversifolia EO against A. coluzzii.

Synthesis and Performance Analysis of Green Water and Oil-Repellent Finishing Agent with Di-Short Fluorocarbon Chain.

A novel fluorine-containing water-repellent agent (OFAE-SA-BA) was designed and synthesized by emulsion copolymerization, which was used to replace the commercial long fluorocarbon chain water-repellent agent. To improve water repellency, the intermediate and monomer containing two short fluoroalkyl chains were successfully synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and FT-IR, respectively. After being treated by the water-repellent agent, the surface chemical composition, molecular weight, thermal stability, surface morphology, wetting behavior, and durability of the modified cotton fabrics were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectrophotometry (XPS), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thermal degradation (TG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and video-based contact angle goniometry, respectively. The cotton fabric demonstrated water contact angle of 154.1°, both the water and oil repellency rating were grade 4. The durability of water repellency of the treated fabrics only decreased slightly after 30 times, which represented very good washing durability. The finishing agent did not affect the whiteness of the fabric.

INSECTICIDAL AND REPELLENT ACTIVITIES OF FOUR PLANT EXTRACTS AGAINST COTTON APHID APHIS GOSSYPII GLOVER (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS

In this study, four chosen wildlife plants (Caralluma tuberculata, Capparis spinosa, Marrubium vulares, and Argemone ochroleuca) were extracted by ethanol and tested for their biological and toxicological properties against the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae), in a lab setting. The outcomes showed that the toxicities of different plant extracts against the cotton aphid A. gossypii varied. After 24 hours, the cotton aphid A. gossipyii displayed the highest mortality rate (91.67%) when treated with at 500 ppm concentration of Caralluma extract. These results were followed by 88.33, 83.33, and 75.83% mortalities when aphids were treated with the extracts of Capparis, Marrubium, and Argemone, respectively at the same concentration and observed time. When Caralluma (66.46 and 53.35 ppm) and Capparis (97.18 and 69.28 ppm) were treated after 24 and 48 hours, respectively, the LC50 values of cotton aphid A. gossipyii were significantly reduced. Also, the plant extract from Argemone demonstrated moderate repellent activity, as evidenced by the repellency rate of 73.33 at 500 ppm, while the plant extract from Caralluma had the highest repellent percentage of 97.78% at 500 ppm, followed by Capparis (93.33%) and Marrubium (86.67%) at the same concentration. In conclusion, the ethanolic extracts of C. tuberculate and C. spinosa demonstrate their potential uses as promising natural insecticides for aphid control.

Biological effect of alcohol extracts for oils of Cypress Cupressus sempervirens L. in the life performance of southern cowpea beetle Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae).

The effect of alcohol extracts twigs and cones (male and female) Cypress lime oils on different phases of southern cowpea beetle Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) was carried out. The results showed the efficiency of both oils with significant effects on immature stages and adult emergence. 
 The Cypress cones extract oil was more effective than twigs oil extracts in activity in all treatments numbers. The rates of productivity and first generation (F1) reduction reached 34.96% and 87.22% respectively at 1.5% concentration compare with Cypress twigs oil extracts which reached 66.22% and 81.58% respectively. The all oil concentrations that used in this study did not all effect on the germination rates ranged between 80.00- 90.00% The superiority of the alcoholic extract oil cones cypress lime to reduce the percentage of the damage amounted to 31.11% as compared to alcohol oil extracts of its twigs and control treatment, which amounted to 44.66% and 99.66 - 99.33%, respectively and found significant differences in the ratios in the attraction and repellency responses. The Cypress twigs oil in different concentrations showed a superior repellency effect on insect. The highest average of individuals repellency reached 7.00 and 8.00 rates 70.00 and 80.00% with attractant rates13.30 and 20.30 % as it balance rates reached -33.00 and -60.00% after 15 and 30 minutes of treating reached maximum at 1.5%, while Cypress cones oil showed significant attractant effect, the concentration 1.5% recorded highest rates of attractant, the average of individuals attractant reached 5.00 and 7.66% rates 50.00 and 76.60% and repellent rates 13.30 and 16.60% as it balance rates reached + 36.67 and + 60.00 % after 15 and 30 minutes of treating .

Biological effect for oils of harmala seeds peganum harmala L. and fenugreek Trigonella foenum - graecum L. in southern cowpea beetle Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Adil A. Hayder

Studying the effects of serial concentration of harmala and fenugreek seeds oil against the southern cowpea beetle Callosobruchus maculatus F. in cowpea seeds ( reddish , white , reddish- brown and black) revealed that there was significant toxic effect of all concentrations on immature stages and adult emergence. harmala seeds oil was more effective than fenugreek oil in all treatments. The rates of productivity in southern cowpea beetle for cowpea seeds for tamarind seeds oil at 0.5/20g reached 38.83, 29.04 and 30.03, 21.45 %, and first generation (F1) reduction 93.67, 94.54, 94.33 and 96.59% respectively and for fenugreek seed oil was 68.00 , 69.69, 63.68 and 56.59 % and 38.46, 30.30, 18.87 and 18.17% respectively at the same concentration. The developmental period was positively decreased in relation with increase of concentration of oils .The two concentrations 0.4 and 0.5% were decreased the germinability percentages of reddish- brown and black cowpea seeds ranged 50.00- 50.66% while fenugreek all of fenugreek seed oils that treated cowpea seeds four didn’t affect on germinability percentages ranged 76.66- 96.66%. Also significant difference found clearly in the attraction and repellency responses. The harmala seeds oil in different concentrations showed a superior repellency effect on insect reached maximum at 0.5% , the highest average of individuals repellency reached 3.66 and 5.00 rates 36.60 and 50.00% with attractant rates 3.30 and 3.30 % as it balance rates reached -33.30 and -46.70% after 15 and 30 minutes of treating , while fenugreek seeds oil showed significant attractant effect, the concentration 0.5% recorded highest rates of attractant, the average of individuals attractant reached 4.33 and 6.00% rates 43.30 and 60.00% and repellent rates 6.60 and 3.30% as it balance rates reached + 36.00 and + 56.70 % after 15 and 30 minutes of treating .

Assess the effectiveness of some plant powders in the fight against adult Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

This study aimed to the possibility of finding an effective device to protect grain storehouses from the infection by the Sitophilus oryzae through testing the vital influence of mint leaves powder Mentha spicata, Nerium oleander, Nicotiana tabacum, Zingiber officinale, and seed powder Trigonella foenum. in exterminating and repellent the insect through many concentration (1%, 3%, 5% ). The results revealed that the N.tabacum leaves powder has a high effectiveness , and the highest extermination rate reached 66.07% at a concentration of 5%. And after 20 days of treatment the N.oleander leaves powder reached its lowest rate of extermination 33.93% at a concentration of 5%. And with using of the insect attractant and repellent effect the study revealed that M.spicata leaves powder has an effective repellent influence, and its highest repellent rate reached -73.33% at a concentration of 5% and after 9 hours of treatment it revealed that Z.officinale powder had an insect attractant effect and its lowest attractant rate reached 13.33% at a concentration of 5%. This increasing of time and concentration had an explicit influence on the S.oryzae repellent and extermination rates. And the results indicate the possibility of using the botanical powder in the controlling, as an alternatives of chemical insecticides