Repeated Reading Research Articles

The Effect of Home Literacy Environment on Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Skills in Preschool Children

Objectives: This study examined which factors in the home literacy environment significantly predicted children’s receptive and expressive vocabulary skills.Methods: A total of 45 dyads of children and parents participated in this study. A questionnaire was used to investigate the home literacy environment (Greenberg & Weitzman, 2014), and standardized receptive and expressive vocabulary tests (Kim et al., 2009) were administered to assess the children’s vocabulary skills. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was calculated to examine the correlation between children’s vocabulary skills and home literacy sub-items, a stepwise multiple regression analysis was conducted to verify the predicting factors for the children’s receptive and expressive vocabulary skills.Results: The results showed that receptive vocabulary scores were significantly correlated with the parents’ use of questions and child’s reading attitude during book reading; whereas expressive vocabulary scores were significantly correlated with the frequent and repetitive book reading, and children’s attentive reading attitude during book reading. Children’s positive and active participation was a significant factor explaining receptive vocabulary scores. There were no factors that significantly explained children’s expressive vocabulary scores.Conclusion: This study’s results suggest that children’s active participation in book reading was the most important factor predicting children’s receptive vocabulary skills, and confirmed that it is vital for parents to positively encourage children to participate actively while reading a book.

Using Repeated- Reading and Listening –While- Reading via Text-To- Speech APPs. in Developing Fluency and Comprehension

One of the challenges in teaching a foreign language is: finding appropriate ways to enable students to develop their reading fluency and comprehension. Repeated reading and listening-while-reading are two significant strategies that enhance students’ fluency and comprehension. This study aimed to develop fluency and comprehension of EFL college students. During the treatment, the teacher trained the students to use some free Text to Speech apps that support oral repeated reading RR and listening while reading LWR activities. Pre-post tests were used to assess students’ reading fluency and comprehension. Data obtained from the tests were analyzed statistically through SPSS software. Results indicated development in students’ reading fluency and comprehension. Conclusions suggested the use of RR and LWR through Text to speech apps to assist the reading skills of higher education students. It is recommended that TTS Apps are promising tools that can be integrated into reading instruction.

The Social Religious Values Behind The Morphophonemic Rules Of Assimilation In Arabic

The general objective of this research is to examine the relevance of the rules of assimilation in Arabic with religious, social values. This study uses a qualitative approach with an ethnolinguistic approach. The data were collected through in-depth and repeated reading of the Arabic language's assimilation rules, which allegedly contained social religious values. The data is taken from two syntax books, Alfiyah Ibn Malik and Jami'ud Duru:s al-Arabiyyah. Data analysis steps include classification, reduction, verification, and inference. The study results indicate a relevance between the morphophonemic rules of assimilation in Arabic and social, religious values. These values include (1) making it easy and not making it difficult, (2) prioritizing the core over the extra, (3) the strong tend to beat the weak, (4) being willing to sacrifice for harmony, (5) choosing the lightest harm, and (6) willingness to adapt in society. The relevance between Arabic morphophonemic rules and socio-cultural values reinforces the ethnolinguistic theory. The language dimension can describe society's social and cultural dimensions and social structure

Exploring the Effect of Assisted Repeated Reading on Incidental Vocabulary Learning and Vocabulary Learning Self-Efficacy in an EFL Context.

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of two types of repeated reading (i.e., assisted and unassisted) on incidental vocabulary learning of Iranian English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. In so doing, a sample of 45 intermediate EFL students from two intact classes of a language institute were selected as the participants. The two classes were randomly assigned to an unassisted group (N = 21) who were required to just read and an assisted group (N = 24) who were asked to read and listen to 24 short texts several times. The assisted group employed their smartphones to listen to the audio files of the short stories. The data were gathered via a researcher-made vocabulary test and vocabulary learning self-efficacy scale. The results of ANCOVA revealed that although both types of repeated reading contributed to enhancing vocabulary learning of the participants, assisted repeated reading led to significantly greater EFL vocabulary gains. Additionally, the findings revealed that both assisted and unassisted repeated reading improved vocabulary learning self-efficacy of the participants and there was not a significant difference between the two types of interventions. The findings of the present study have implications for EFL researchers and practitioners.

Creating opportunities to read and build fluency at home

The purpose of this study was to examine the outcomes of a home-based, repeated reading intervention in which texts are matched to children’s school-based instructional reading level. Results indicated that across the five cases, improvements were evident in reading accuracy, rate, and fluency for the take-home texts and all participants’ instructional reading levels increased during the intervention. Parents’ support for children’s reading differed across cases. The five participating children read more than 18,000 words during the course of the intervention.

Uncontrolled Blood Pressure and Associated Factors Among Persons With Diabetes: A Community Based Study From Kerala, India.

The coexistence of raised blood pressure (BP) in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major contributor to the development and progression of both macrovascular and microvascular complications. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of uncontrolled BP and its associated factors in persons with T2DM in a district in Kerala.MethodsThe study was conducted in Ernakulam district in Kerala, and a total of 3,092 individuals with T2DM were enrolled after obtaining consent. Those with a BP “above or equal to 140 mmHg” and/or “above or equal to 90 mmHg” were thus considered to have uncontrolled BP. If the BP was equal or >140 and/or 90 mmHg, a repeat reading was taken after 30 min and the average of the two was considered. Basic demographic details were enquired along with electronic measurement of BP, HbA1c estimation and screening for diabetic retinopathy, peripheral arterial disease (PAD), and peripheral neuropathy. Quantitative and qualitative variables were expressed as mean (SD) and proportions, respectively. The model for determinants of uncontrolled BP was developed adjusting for age, gender, education, duration of diabetes, occupation, body mass index (BMI) and clustering effect.ResultsThe mean age of the study population was 59.51 ± 9.84 years. The mean duration of T2DM was found to be 11.3 ± 6.64 years. The proportion of uncontrolled HTN adjusted for clustering was 60% (95% CI 58 and 62%). Among them, only one in two persons (53.3%) had a history of hypertension. Age >60 years [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.48, 95% CI 1.24, 1.76; p < 0.001], unemployment (aOR 1.33, 95% CI 1.01, 1.75; p < 0.01), duration of diabetes > 11 years (aOR 1.42, 95% CI 1.19, 1.68; p < 0.001), and BMI ≥23 (aOR 1.33, 95% CI 1.10, 1.59; p < 0.002) were found to be independent determinants of high BP levels when adjusted for the aforementioned variables, gender, education, and cluster effect. The association between complications, such as peripheral neuropathy, PAD, and retinopathy showed a higher risk among those with uncontrolled BP. Retinopathy was 1.35 times more (95% CI 1.02, 1.7, p < 0.03), PAD was 1.6 times more (95% CI 1.2, 2.07, p < 0.001), and peripheral neuropathy was 1.5 (95% CI 1.14, 1.9, p < 0.003) times more compared to their counterparts.ConclusionTarget BP levels were far from being achieved in a good majority of the persons with T2DM. To reduce further macrovascular and microvascular events among people with T2DM, effective awareness and more stringent screening measures need to be employed in this population.

Returning to Another Black Darkness: Materiality and Mattering in Photobook Encounters Over Time

This article foregrounds a specific, memorable reading of the photobook Another Black Darkness by Sakiko Nomura to unravel the different socio-political agencies of objects and environments that configure how we interpret and understand photobooks, as individual creative works, and as a medium in general. It demonstrates a ‘methodology of encounter’ that revisits an autoethnographic response written in 2018 to critique the ways that materiality, place, positionality, coincidence and time configure certain experiential knowledges that are situated in time and place. Repeat readings of the book and the original text uncover deeper analysis of these entangled affects. Photobooks are produced in multiple, and can be found in many different environments, with different rules of engagement, so it is necessary to develop a critical understanding of the medium that can account for this plurality of encounter. Through focusing on performative, relational moments of meaning-making with photobooks, the article links substance with significance, or, “matter and mattering” (Barad), and shows distinct, experiential capabilities of the photobook as an artistic form.

Meditating Death in Medieval and Early Modern Devotional Writing: From Bonaventure to Luther by Mark Chinca

Reviewed by: Meditating Death in Medieval and Early Modern Devotional Writing: From Bonaventure to Luther by Mark Chinca Aaron Klink Meditating Death in Medieval and Early Modern Devotional Writing: From Bonaventure to Luther. By Mark Chinca. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. 299 pp. Chinca explores the practice of Christian meditation on death from the early medieval to Reformation eras. That chronological frame, and inclusion of both Roman Catholic and Protestant texts allows him to chart the transformation of these practices from monasticism to the Protestant Reformation. Benedict's Rule, western monasticism's foundational text, urged monks to keep their own death at the forefront of their minds. Bonaventure's guidance for meditations on death prompting monks to undertake elaborate visualizations is Chinca's choice of a representative of the literature used within the context of monastic liturgy and prayer. Bonaventure was committed to an illuminationist epistemology that argues that the Holy Spirit imparts certain theological truth to the mind. However, Chinca does not explore how that belief shaped Bonaventure's texts. This is unfortunate, since the book argues that more than textual analysis is involved in formation. The book next considers the thirteenth-century Somme le Roi prepared by Dominican Friar Laurent for the King of France, highlighting the role of textual illumination. Chinca never argues that this text is representative or unique, leaving the reader to wonder if a different selection of texts would tell a different story of the development of the meditation tradition. Laurent's compilation does show how the practice of meditation on death moved from the monastic setting to a non-monastic one. The next chapter treats a text by the thirteenth-century Dutch author Gert Grote, an author the book names as the founder of the Devotio Moderna, despite the movement's diverse roots. Saying it explores how ordinary Christians were urged to practice meditation on death, the chapter treats five different texts, all of Dutch origin. Chinca argues that the texts share a common assumption that the repetitive reading of biblical texts and envisioning oneself within them is spiritually formative. However, while this chapter claims to be about the meditation on death in the Devotio Moderna, Chinca notes that some texts under consideration were written by [End Page 98] individuals who did not associate with the movement, making it difficult to ascertain the focus of the chapter. It is also unclear why only Dutch texts are considered. The final chapter treats Lutheran teachings about meditation on death. However, Chinca makes the odd decision to begin with a text written by Lutheran pastor Thomas Thanholtzner in 1577. He never treats Luther's actual texts on the preparation for death. He argues, unpersuasively, that Luther did not provide guidance for Christians to meditate or deal with death, then immediately treats the Lutheran practices of "collecting many choice, foundational, and clear verses from the Old and New Testaments to hear them and enclose them in your heart" (208). He argues that Lutherans inscribed scripture on paper, metal, or wood to have in their homes. However, he still argues that this practice was not "allied to a concomitant process of reforming the inner person" (236). This claim is inaccurate since Luther believed that one was granted a free and merry spirit by trust in the gospel. Luther, contrary to Chinca's claims, was not opposed to spiritual practices. He urged Christians to undertake prayer, scripture reading, and the reception of the sacraments to strengthen their trust in the gospel, even as he maintained that these practices did not earn one salvation before God. In addition, the book makes the untrue claim that Luther viewed dying as a "special 'time of grace,' an opportunity to hear and trust the Gospel's message of salvation through faith in God's grace, without any contribution from any human deeds or efforts" (155). That claim makes one's hearing of the gospel dependent on one's life state, not the Holy Spirit, an argument Luther would reject. Chinca's cross-tradition comparisons fail to be compelling because he never provides a clear and robust definition of what he considers to be a spiritual practice. He also does not exhibit familiarity with...

Causes of reading and writing difficulties among children with special needs in the lower basic stage from the point of view of their teachers in public schools in Mafraq Governorate: أسباب صعوبات القراءة والكتابة لدى أطفال ذوي الاحتياجات الخاصة بالمرحلة الأساسيّة الدنيا من وجهة نظر معلميهم في ‏المدارس الحكوميّة بمحافظة المفرق

This study aimed to identify the causes of reading and writing difficulties for children of the lower basic stage from the point of view of their teachers in government schools in Mafraq Governorate and to identify the impact of the following variables (gender, years of experience, age, educational qualification), where the descriptive analytical approach was used, and to achieve The aim of the study was to develop a questionnaire consisting of (22) items, it was distributed to (60) male and female teachers, and (50) questionnaires valid for analysis were counted, and their validity and reliability were confirmed by a committee of specialized arbitrators, and after the process of distributing and collecting the questionnaires, they were coded The study showed that the causes of reading and writing difficulties for children of the lower basic stage from the point of view of their teachers in government schools in Mafraq Governorate were the most social reasons, where they were with an arithmetic average (4.09), and then the reasons Biological, where it came with an arithmetic mean (4.002), and then the environmental reasons, which averaged (3.27), and it was found that there are no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (α≤0.05) in the responses of individuals The study sample is about the causes of reading and writing difficulties in the lower basic stage in government schools in Mafraq Governorate according to the variables (sex, the value of its significance level reached (0.31), age, the value of its significance level reached (0.79), and the educational qualification, the value of its significance level reached (0.90)) and it was found that there are statistically significant differences at the level of significance (α≤0.05) in the responses of the study sample members towards the causes of reading and writing difficulties in the lower basic stage in government schools in Mafraq Governorate according to the variable (years of experience). The value of the significance level reached (0.53) Based on the results of this study, the researcher made recommendations, the most important of which is the need to train children to repeat reading and writing long words, the need to work on the integration of the child with his classmates in order to increase his abilities in reading and writing.

Understanding and motivation for reading in eighteenth-century Finland

Reading skills were part of Christian education in early modern Finland. According to the church law (1686), it was a task of parents to teach their children to read. If they were unable to do it, for example because they were illiterate themselves, they could receive help from their parish. It was important for a Christian to acquaint him/herself with the basics of Christianity by reading the Catechism.&#x0D; The ability to read was not sufficient. People were also supposed to understand the text they read. If they did not understand it, they were not motivated to read. Among the understanding strategies memorising was used most frequently. It was based on repetitive reading, which was a common reading strategy in early modern Finland – not least because the amount of books in vernacular was still small. The same texts were read again and again. The strategy is also called intensive reading. Better readers even used observation strategies. They estimated their knowledge and understanding during the reading process.&#x0D; According to Deci and Ryan (Motivation, Personality and Development within Embedded Social Contexts: An Overview of Self-Determination Theory, 2012), there are three fundamental psychological needs, which bring not only well-being but also motivation to people. They are competence, autonomy and relationship. In early modern Finland these needs were satisfied in various ways. In general, those who were more familiar with religious speech and reading, as a result of their family background or because of their friends, learnt quickly, made better progress and proved their competence and autonomy in reading. Others, who had less support from their family or community, had poorer religious vocabulary, more difficulties to understand what they read and less motivation to read. They were afraid of the examinations in the Catechism and of the social pressure in such circumstances. They also felt inadequacy in reading.

Bilingual children’s visual attention while reading digital picture books and story retelling

This study examined Mandarin–English bilingual children’s visual attention over repetitive readings of Mandarin enhanced digital books and static books as well as the effects visual attention has on story retelling. We assigned 89 4- and 5-year-old preschoolers in Singapore to one of three reading conditions: (a) digital books with visual and auditory enhancements, (b) digital books with only auditory enhancements, and (c) static digital books with neither visual nor auditory enhancements. We presented three stories to the children in four sessions over 2 weeks, traced their visual attention with an eye tracker, and examined their story retelling after the first and fourth readings. The results demonstrated that the digital books with visual and auditory enhancements maintained greater visual attention from children compared with that from children in the other two conditions across the four repetitive readings. Moreover, children’s bilingual language proficiency significantly modulates the conditional effects of attention. Children with higher bilingual proficiency in the visual and auditory enhancements condition outperformed their peers in the other two conditions in terms of visual attention across most readings. However, for the children with lower bilingual proficiency, the digital books with auditory and visual enhancements only outperformed the static condition but not the auditory enhanced condition. Children with lower language proficiency maintained their attention at a relatively high level across the repetitive readings in the enhanced digital book conditions but demonstrated significantly decreased visual attention in the static digital book condition. Because children with better visual attention and higher bilingual proficiency retold the stories significantly better, the results indicate that influencing visual attention helps to improve story comprehension.

Fluid Jurisdictions: Colonial law and Arabs in Southeast Asia by Nurfadzilah Yahaya (review)

Reviewed by: Fluid Jurisdictions: Colonial law and Arabs in Southeast Asia by Nurfadzilah Yahaya Sai Siew-Min Fluid Jurisdictions: Colonial law and Arabs in Southeast Asia. By Nurfadzilah Yahaya. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2020. 251 pp, ISBN 978-150-1750-87-8 (cloth) Nurfadzilah Yahaya's Fluid Jurisdictions: colonial law and Arabs in Southeast Asia is an expansive book that speaks to multiple fields of history. This is surely a book about the Hadhrami Arab diasporic elite in island Southeast Asia but Nurfadzilah challenges what we know about diasporas and their relationships with colonialism and imperialism in this region from multiple angles. To begin with, the book is not a straightforward historical ethnography of 'the Arab diaspora' at a specific site, a genre readers may be more familiar with. Both in the Introduction and Conclusion, Nurfadzilah takes issue with our easy association of 'diaspora' and 'diasporic consciousness' with 'mobility', 'hybridity' and 'cosmopolitanism'. Addressing the scholarship of Sumit Mandal and Eng-Seng Ho who emphasize the 'hybridity' of [End Page 217] the Arab diaspora, she writes that there were many Arabs who identified solely as 'Arab' by patrilineal descent and that the category was remarkably durable across the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia. Her objective, however, is not to revert to a purist definition of 'Arab-ness' as the counter-point to 'hybridised Arab-ness' or attempt to fix the category to discern who belonged. Instead, the book resists reducing what being 'diasporic' meant historically to our cliched imagination. Relying on lively prose and the power of historical narrative to weave a complex and multi-dimensional story that is simultaneously conceptually sophisticated, Nurfadzilah has written a book that requires concentrated and repeated reading to appreciate her intricate insights and careful treatment of both the copious archival materials she examines as well as the formidable range of scholarly literature with which she is engaged. What makes this book unlike most historical-ethnographical studies on ethnic diasporas in Southeast Asia is its fine-grained examination of colonial law in what used to be the Straits Settlements and the Netherlands East Indies. Trained as a legal historian, Nurfadzilah draws heavily from an impressive and updated scholarship in the fields of imperial, colonial and international law, and legal pluralism in particular. While legal pluralism and what is known as 'Islamic law' in Southeast Asia is well-studied, studies on ethnic diasporas in Southeast Asia have seldom intersected with these fields. The scholarship on ethnic diasporas in the region tend to be stripped down to focus overwhelmingly on the identity of diasporic communities understood in the political, socio-economic and culturalist senses. Very rarely does law, and for that matter, colonial law, feature centrally in these studies. Colonial law and colonialist legal classifications tend to appear in the literature only to be dismissed by scholars for suppressing the fluidity and hybridity of diasporic identities or used to demonstrate how diasporic communities 'played' multiple legal identities that were arguably insincere and false. This book, however, challenges these perspectives by featuring colonial law at its core and as Nurfadzilah argues, flips conventional wisdom around. The book demonstrates how, why and with what paradoxical and unexpected consequences diasporic Arab elites appealed to and allied themselves with colonial legal regimes, in the process driving the expansion of colonial jurisdiction over the most intimate areas of their lives as well as the lives of Muslim populations in the region. Nurfadzilah's demonstration that colonial law was instrumental to how mobile individuals in the region—including women whose presence is well-documented in the book—conducted their lives and businesses is one of the most significant contributions of the book to the study of diasporas in the region. The book opens with an evocative description of the so-called 'Oertatan' in the Malay world in 1599 which turns out to be a mangled name for the Malay word 'orang datang', meaning 'newly-arrived'. The Introduction is effective for mapping the geo-legal domains the book will traverse as well as the key concepts of writing and paperwork, diasporas, legal pluralism and Islamic law which centres the book. It is absolutely necessary to begin with the Introduction without which readers may...

A WeChat-Based Mobile Platform for Perioperative Health Education for Gastrointestinal Surgery.

Appropriately instructing and guiding patients before and after surgery is essential for their successful recovery. In recent years, however, the development of the enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol has restricted the opportunity for healthcare professionals to spend time with their patients before and after surgery because of efficiency-driven, shortened hospital stay. Here, we embedded health education information of the perioperative period for gastrointestinal surgery on a WeChat-based mobile platform and evaluated the platform through medical staff evaluation, patient volunteer evaluation, and quantitative grading rubric. Clinicians and nurses believed that the mobile platform was attractively designed and easy to navigate, valuable, and adequate for patient health education. The content of health education was embedded into the WeChat-based mobile platform, thereby allowing patients and caregivers to access information at their own pace and enable repeat reading.

S3168 Metastatic Breast Cancer to a J-Shaped Muscular Bag – The Stomach

Introduction: Female breast cancer was the leading cause of global cancer incidence in 2020, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases, representing 11.7% of all cancer cases. The most common primary target sites of breast cancer metastasis are bone, lung, liver, and brain. The stomach is an infrequent site of breast cancer metastasis, accounting for an incidence ranging from 0.3% in retrospective studies to 8-18% in autopsy series. Needless to say, metastasis to the stomach from any primary tumor is itself atypical, with an incidence of 0.2-1.7%. We present a case of breast cancer metastasis to the stomach from a rare histological subtype of breast cancer- glycogen-rich, clear cell breast carcinoma. Case Description/Methods: 75- year-old female with clear cell glycogen rich invasive carcinoma, stage IIIB of the right breast presented to the emergency department (ED) complaining of fatigue and weakness for two days. Vital signs were normal. Physical examination revealed ataxic gait and right-sided hemiparesis. Labs showed a hemoglobin of 7.5 g/dl (baseline 9.8 g/dl) and hematocrit 23.5% (baseline 30%). The following day her hemoglobin asymptomatically dropped to 6.8 g/dl, and a repeat reading showed a further decline to 5.8 g/dl. Two units of packed red blood cells (PRBC) were transfused, which increased her hemoglobin to 7.8 g/dl. Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) was positive, and gastroenterology was consulted to investigate further. Computerized Tomography (CT) of the abdomen showed a 4.4 cm intraperitoneal mass in the left mid-abdomen highly suggestive of metastasis. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) revealed several gastric ulcers on the greater aspect of the stomach's body located on the mucosal mound or raised mucosa (Figure 1). Given the undermining margins and the ulcer's location, there was increased suspicion for malignancy and she was diagnosed with metastatic poorly differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma. Due to the patient's low-performance status, hospice/palliative care was pursued. Discussion: The exact mechanism of gastric metastasis of breast cancer is still unclear. Gastric metastasis can have a negative impact on survival and must be investigated in patients with breast cancer who present with non-specific gastrointestinal symptoms. There should be a very high index of suspicion for a prompt diagnosis. In patients with a history of breast cancer, gastric endoscopy should be offered in cases of GI symptoms, even when the symptoms are vague.Figure 1.: Gastric perforation secondary to malignant gastric outlet obstruction.

Sleeping through a pandemic: impact of COVID-19-related restrictions on narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia.

To assess the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related restrictions on narcolepsy type 1 (NT2), narcolepsy type 2 (NT2), and idiopathic hypersomnia (IH). Participants with NT1, NT2, and IH followed in a university hospital completed an online 78-question survey assessing demographic, clinical, and occupational features of the population during the first COVID-19-related lockdown. A total of 219 of 851 (25.7%) respondents of the survey reported a mean increase of 1.2 ± 1.9 hours (P < .001) in night sleep time and a mean decrease of 1.0 ± 3.4 points (P < .001) on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale during lockdown. Bedtime was delayed by 46.1% of participants and wakeup time was delayed by 59.6%, driven primarily by participants with IH. Teleworkers (but not in-person workers) reported a mean increase of 0.9 ± 1.2 hours in night sleep (P < .001) and a mean decrease in sleepiness score of 1.6 ± 3.1 (P < .001). Cataplexy improved in 54.1% of participants with NT1. Sleepiness correlated with psychological wellness (r = .3, P < .001). As many as 42.5% enjoyed the lockdown, thanks to reallocation of time usually spent commuting toward longer sleep time, hobbies, and family time, and appreciated a freer napping schedule. Conversely, 13.2% disliked the lockdown, feeling isolation and psychological distress. Extended sleep time, circadian delay (in patients with IH), and teleworking resulted in decreased symptoms of central hypersomnias. These findings suggest that people with IH, NT1, and NT2 may benefit from a decrease in social and professional constraints on sleep-wake habits, and support advocacy efforts aimed at facilitating workplace and schedule accommodations for this population. Nigam M, Hippolyte A, Dodet P, etal. Sleeping through a pandemic: impact of COVID-19-related restrictions on narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18(1):255-263.

Effects of Reading Fluency and Comprehension Supplemental Education Program (OKA2DEP) on Reading Skills of Students with Specific Learning Disabilities

This study aimed to develop the Reading Fluency and Comprehension Supplemental Education Program (OKA2DEP) and investigate the effects on reading fluency and comprehension skills of students with specific learning disabilities (SLD) in Turkey. OKA2DEP is the abbreviation of the Turkish name of the program and OKA stands for both reading fluency and reading comprehension and therefore had 2 as a superscript number. DEP stands for Supplemental Education Program. OKA2DEP contains the keyword/mnemonic, repeated reading and story map strategies, and the word cards exercises. The changing criterion design, which belongs to the single subject designs, was used for the study. Social validity data were collected through subjective evaluation and social comparison. Results showed that OKA2DEP was effective in developing participants’ reading fluency and comprehension and that they were able to maintain these skills one, two and three months after completing the implementation. Findings indicated that participants and their parents were satisfied with the effects of OKA2DEP, but participating students’ reading levels were still behind their peers without disabilities.

Using repeated reading for reading fluency development in a small Japanese foreign language program

ABSTRACT Audio-assisted Repeated Reading (RR) is a method which scaffolds L2 readers to build fluency. This study focused on 27 U.S. college-level learners of Japanese comprising three ability groups from mid-beginner to low-intermediate. It aimed to explore whether a modest semester-long RR program facilitates learners’ fluency growth, and see how the learners perceive the method itself using a questionnaire. We found beneficial effects of audio-supported RR in terms of reading rate growth while learners maintained good comprehension. The study showed a significant practice effect, in which learners increased their reading rates while re-reading the same passage. Further, learners in one of the three groups read significantly faster with a new, unpracticed passages representing transfer of the practice effect. Additionally, questionnaire responses demonstrated that learners perceived beneficial effects from RR. Finally, we make a proposal on measuring learners’ reading comprehension in fluency intervention programs such as RR. We proposed that measurement of learners’ reading comprehension have two different purposes, pedagogical purposes and research purposes. Thus the reading comprehension measures would have different designs and cut scores.

Is repeated reading evidence-based? A review of the literature

Repeated reading (RR) is an established and extensively researched intervention which has been shown to improve reading fluency and comprehension. However, past reviews have found the rigor of the RR research insufficient for it to be considered evidence-based. Previous review of the RR research were updated and expanded. Forty-four group designs and 63 SCD studies were evaluated using criteria proposed in the literature. Four group designs and four SCD studies met criteria for high-quality or acceptable research. RR can be considered a promising practice based on group design research; it cannot be considered an evidence-based practice based on SCD research. Additional rigorous research is needed on RR, and criteria used to evaluate rigor should be considered.

An Analysis of The Image of Woman Based on Yukiguni Novel by Kawabata Yasunari

This study is entitled with “An Analysis of the Image of Woman Based on Yukiguni Novel by Kawabata Yasunari” which purposes are to describe the characterization and the image of woman reflected on the main character, Komako. This is a qualitative descriptive study. The data are based on one of Kawabata Yasunari works, Yukiguni, 1971, which presented in narration and dialog to reflect the characterization and describe the image of woman from Komako. The data collecting method chosen is close reading technique (repeat reading). To analyse the finding, the method used in this study is narrative analysis. The findings of this study shown that the main woman character, Komako is described as a person who is easily offended, a drunkard, careless, yet neat. Her profession as Geisha displays a neat and beautiful physical image. Komako, either as a Geisha or Japanese woman, has a physic image who is easily offended, disliking liars, feeling guilty and careless. Other than that, she has a famous social image, as being well know by others, having a high sense of empathy, yet a rule breaker in which resulting her relationship between the environment she is living and herself as a person is inharmonious. To sum up, the physical images possessed by Komako is contrary with her psychic image and social.

Implementasi Metode Talaqqi dalam Pembelajaran Tahfidz Al-Quran bagi Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus

This article aims to describe the use of the Talaqqi method in learning Tahfidz Al-Quran in SMP Boarding School Putra Harapan Purwokerto especially for children with special needs (ABK). The data is collected using observation methods, structured free interviews, and documentation. Data analysis using the steps offered by Miles &amp; Huberman, data reduction, data display, and conclusion. The results of this research are that the implementation of the Talaqqi method in learning Tahfidz Al-Quran for children with special need, performed every morning for 15-30 minutes in the inclusion classroom. The steps used by the teacher are to teach directly (musyafahah) with students one by one, teachers repeat reading verses of the Qur'an by 5 times while emphasizing the movement of lips and special touch for the student so that he can capture the reading of the verse correctly. The success is supported also by the patience and sincerity of teachers in guiding, motivating, and understanding the true characteristics of students with special needs.