Repeated Observation Research Articles

Automated and repeated aerial observations of GPS‐collared animals using UAVs and open‐source electronics

AbstractTelemetry has enabled ecologists to link animal movement trajectories and environmental features at a fine spatiotemporal resolution; however, the effects of social interactions on individual choice within large mobile groups remain largely unknown. Estimating the effect of social interaction in the wild remains challenging because existing long‐term tracking tools such as GPS collars focus on the movements of a single individual and cannot observe the behavior of other individuals within the group. The progression of socially informed movement models requires measuring simultaneous trajectories of many individuals at once, as well as the instantaneous social cues to which individuals may be responding. The availability of low‐flying unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and low‐cost open‐source electronics presents a promising opportunity to collect fine‐scale data on social interactions in order to advance our understanding of collective behavior. Here, we present a tracking system that enables the repeated localization and observation of a collared individual and its near neighbors using nadir video footage collected from a commercial UAV. We make use of open‐source electronics combined with the UAV's in‐built functionality that allows it to follow a stream of GPS locations to create an automated system that can follow a specific individual without user control. We demonstrate the tracking systems' performance by studying the group movements of a herd of Exmoor ponies (Equus ferus caballus), and as a proof of concept, we examine the position of the focal individual (collared animal) in relation to the center of the video frame. We also collect information about the focal individual's nearest neighbors. The automated animal observation tool is effective at consistently keeping the focal individual close to the center of the video frame, offering a new dimension to existing remote telemetry tools. For instance, the repeated observation of the same individual in different physiological states, seasons, and demographic groups potentially opens new avenues in collective movement ecology research. By making our design, software, and firmware freely available, we aim to encourage continuous improvements to collective behavior research and to facilitate replicable approaches across other species and ecosystems.

Sequence-specific delayed gains in motor fluency evolve after movement observation training in the absence of early sleep

Following physical practice, delayed, consolidation-phase, gains in the performance of the trained finger-to-thumb opposition sequence (FOS) can be expressed, in young adults, only after a sleep interval is afforded. These delayed gains are order-of-movements specific. However, in several perceptual learning tasks, time post-learning, rather than an interval of sleep, may suffice for the expression of delayed performance gains. Here we tested whether the affordance of a sleep interval is necessary for the expression of delayed performance gains after FOS training by repeated observation. Participants were trained by observing videos displaying a left hand repeatedly performing a 5-element FOS. To assess post-session observation-related learning and delayed gains participants were tested in performing the observed (trained) and an unobserved (new, the 5-elements mirror-reversed) FOS sequences. Repeated observation of a FOS conferred no advantage to its performance, compared to the unobserved FOS, immediately after practice. However, a clear advantage for the observed FOS emerged by 12 h post-training, irrespective of whether this interval included sleep or not; the largest gains appeared by 24 h post-training. These results indicate that time-dependent, offline consolidation processes take place after observation training even in the absence of sleep; akin to perceptual learning rather than physical FOS practice.

Gender Equality In The Perspective Of Islam And Education In Indonesia

In this world, there are various problems, one of which is the problem of gender equality. Gender has recently become a hot phenomenon to be discussed. This can be seen from the fact that there are still many people who think that men are better and have a higher degree than women. So the purpose of this study is to describe the existence of gender equality in an Islamic perspective and gender equality in education in Indonesia. The method used is a literature study with careful repeated observation analysis techniques and then concluded qualitatively descriptively. The results of the study show that gender equality is highly respected in Islam and Indonesian education where from an Islamic perspective it has the same position between men and women starting from getting rewards, being servants of Allah and caliphs, achieving achievements to carrying out their obligations. Meanwhile, gender equality in the perspective of education in Indonesia is contained in Article 27 paragraphs 1 and 2 and the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 7 of 1994 concerning the elimination of discrimination, and Law No 20 of 2003 on the National Education System.

Episodic live imaging of cone photoreceptor maturation in GNAT2-EGFP retinal organoids.

Fluorescent reporter pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal organoids are powerful tools to investigate cell type-specific development and disease phenotypes. When combined with live imaging, they enable direct and repeated observation of cell behaviors within a developing retinal tissue. Here, we generated a human cone photoreceptor reporter line by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing of WTC11-mTagRFPT-LMNB1 human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by inserting enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) coding sequences and a 2A self-cleaving peptide at the N-terminus of guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha transducin 2 (GNAT2). In retinal organoids generated from these iPSCs, the GNAT2-EGFP alleles robustly and exclusively labeled immature and mature cones. Episodic confocal live imaging of hydrogel immobilized retinal organoids allowed tracking of the morphological maturation of individual cones for >18 weeks and revealed inner segment accumulation of mitochondria and growth at 12.2 μm3 per day from day 126 to day 153. Immobilized GNAT2-EGFP cone reporter organoids provide a valuable tool for investigating human cone development and disease.

A Multi-Qubit Quantum Gate Using the Zeno Effect

The Zeno effect, in which repeated observation freezes the dynamics of a quantum system, stands as an iconic oddity of quantum mechanics. When a measurement is unable to distinguish between states in a subspace, the dynamics within that subspace can be profoundly altered, leading to non-trivial behavior. Here we show that such a measurement can turn a non-interacting system with only single-qubit control into a two- or multi-qubit entangling gate, which we call a Zeno gate. The gate works by imparting a geometric phase on the system, conditioned on it lying within a particular nonlocal subspace. We derive simple closed-form expressions for the gate fidelity under a number of non-idealities and show that the gate is viable for implementation in circuit and cavity QED systems. More specifically, we illustrate the functioning of the gate via dispersive readout in both the Markovian and non-Markovian readout regimes, and derive conditions for longitudinal readout to ideally realize the gate.

Rural market imperfections in India: Revisiting old debates with new evidence

SummaryMotivationEnsuring viability of farming and increasing farmers' incomes are key policy concerns in India at present. To realize these aims, markets need to function well: market imperfections can increase production and transaction costs for farmers and thereby reduce incomes. A longstanding and repeated observation in India is that land productivity is inversely related to farm size, an inverse relation (IR) which may well indicate imperfectly functioning land, labour, and credit markets.PurposeThe study revisits the inverse relation, to examine whether market imperfections still prevail in India, particularly in output, input, factor, and credit markets.Methods and approachBased on multi‐stage sampling, 1,800 households spread over 45 villages and 21 districts were surveyed across Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Punjab. Micro‐econometric methods were applied to the household‐level data to test for relations between farm size and land and labour productivity, and implied evidence of market imperfections.FindingsA strong IR between land productivity and farm size on the output side, and farm size and family labour use on the input side can be seen. However, intensive use of family labour on small farms is not the only determinant of farm size‐productivity relations. It is found that smaller farmers are relatively more constrained in obtaining credit. The results suggest that Sen's labour dualism theory, together with imperfections in land and credit markets, offers important insights. Also, drawing from the recent literature, measurement errors in plot size and production and “edge effect” could be some of the contributing factors.Policy implicationsOur findings point to the prevalence of surplus family labour on small farms, even a decade after the enactment of a major employment guarantee programme (MGNREGS), exacerbated by small farmers having limited access to institutional credit.Thus, particularly for marginal and small farmers, reforming land lease markets to enable easier access to land, providing better access to institutional credit, and improving literacy to enable farmers to deploy abundant household labour in other occupations, are needed to address some of the observed imperfections.

Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Computer-Aided Measure of Chinese Handwriting Legibility (CAM-CHL) for School-Age Children

Handwriting legibility is the main criterion for determining whether a child has handwriting difficulties. A comprehensive assessment of handwriting legibility with sound psychometrics is essential to timely identification of handwriting difficulties and outcome measurement after handwriting interventions. To evaluate the psychometrics of the Computer-Aided Measure of Chinese Handwriting Legibility (CAM-CHL) and to investigate Chinese handwriting legibility in school-age children using the CAM-CHL. Cross-sectional, repeated observation, test-retest. Elementary schools in Taiwan. We recruited 25 lower-grade children for the examination of test-retest reliability, 75 children from all grade levels, and 10 senior schoolteachers for the examination of the CAM-CHL's convergent validity and the investigation of handwriting legibility. Children were asked to copy a set of Chinese characters as legibly as possible. We used the CAM-CHL to assess handwriting legibility in four domains: Size, Orientation, Position, and Deformation. The schoolteachers were asked to subjectively assess the handwriting legibility using a 3-point Likert-type scale. The CAM-CHL demonstrated good to excellent test-retest reliability and acceptable random measurement error in all legibility domains. The CAM-CHL had fair to moderate convergent validity with schoolteachers' perceptions. Additionally, upper-grade children had better handwriting legibility in the Size and Position domains than lower-grade children. The CAM-CHL, a comprehensive and objective method of assessing Chinese handwriting legibility, has sound reliability and acceptable validity, suggesting its potential as an outcome measure for school-age children. What This Article Adds: The CAM-CHL can be used in comprehensive evaluations of Chinese handwriting legibility in school-age children. The CAM-CHL has acceptable psychometrics for use as an outcome measure.

Temporal exponential random graph models of longitudinal brain networks after stroke.

Plasticity after stroke is a complex phenomenon. Functional reorganization occurs not only in the perilesional tissue but throughout the brain. However, the local connection mechanisms generating such global network changes remain largely unknown. To address this question, time must be considered as a formal variable of the problem rather than a simple repeated observation. Here, we hypothesized that the presence of temporal connection motifs, such as the formation of temporal triangles (T) and edges (E) over time, would explain large-scale brain reorganization after stroke. To test our hypothesis, we adopted a statistical framework based on temporal exponential random graph models (tERGMs), where the aforementioned temporal motifs were implemented as parameters and adapted to capture global network changes after stroke. We first validated the performance on synthetic time-varying networks as compared to standard static approaches. Then, using real functional brain networks, we showed that estimates of tERGM parameters were sufficient to reproduce brain network changes from 2 weeks to 1 year after stroke. These temporal connection signatures, reflecting within-hemisphere segregation (T) and between hemisphere integration (E), were associated with patients' future behaviour. In particular, interhemispheric temporal edges significantly correlated with the chronic language and visual outcome in subcortical and cortical stroke, respectively. Our results indicate the importance of time-varying connection properties when modelling dynamic complex systems and provide fresh insights into modelling of brain network mechanisms after stroke.

Experimental Study on 3D Measurement Accuracy Detection of Low Altitude UAV for Repeated Observation of an Invariant Surface

Low-altitude unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry combined with structure-from-motion (SFM) algorithms is the latest technological approach to imaging 3D stereo constructions. At present, derivative products have been widely used in landslide monitoring, landscape evolution, glacier movement, volume measurement, and landscape change detection. However, there is still a lack of research into the accuracy of 3D data positioning based on the structure-from-motion of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV-SFM) technology, itself, which can affect the measurable effectiveness of the results in further applications of this technological approach. In this paper, validation work was carried out for the DJI Phantom 4 RTK UAV, for earth observation data related to 3D positioning accuracy. First, a test plot with a relatively stable surface was selected for repeated flight imaging observations. Specifically, three repeated flights were performed on the test plot to obtain three sorties of images; the structure from motion and multi-view stereo (SFM-MVS) key technology was used to process and construct a 3D scene model, and based on this model the digital surface model (DSM) and digital orthophoto map (DOM) data of the same plot with repeated observations were obtained. In order to check the level of 3D measurement accuracy of the UAV technology itself, a window selection-based method was used to sample the point cloud set data from the three-sortie repeat observation 3D model. The DSM and DOM data obtained from three repeated flights over the surface invariant test plots were used to calculate the repeat observation 3D point errors, taking into account the general methodology of redundant observation error analysis for topographic surveys. At the same time, to further analyze the limits of the UAV measurement technique, possible under equivalent observation conditions with the same processing environment, a difference model (DOD) was constructed for the DSM data from three sorties, to deepen the overall characterization of the differences between the DSMs obtained from repeated observations. The results of the experimental study concluded that both the analysis of the 3D point set measurements based on window sampling and the accuracy evaluation using the difference model were generally able to achieve a centimeter level of planimetric accuracy and vertical accuracy. In addition, the accuracy of the surface-stabilized hardened ground was better, overall, than the accuracy of the non-hardened ground. The results of this paper not only probe the measurement limits of this type of UAV, but also provide a quantitative reference for the accurate control and setting of an acquisition scheme of the UAV-based SfM-MVS method for geomorphological data acquisition and 3D reconstruction.

Linguistic changes in the transition from summaries to abstracts: The case of the Journal of Experimental Medicine

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Parameter Design and Performance Evaluation of a Large-Swath and High-Resolution Space Camera.

A rotary-scan space camera with an area sensor can achieve large width and high-resolution imaging. Designing system parameters properly is important for the application of the rotary-scan space camera. We model the swath, resolution, and overlap rate between frames for such a camera. An optimum algorithm combining the linear weighting method and the Monte Carlo method for system parameter design is proposed based on the model. Then, the performance of the designed system is evaluated using the grid point method. The designed systems can achieve swaths of more than 1000 km and less than 1 m resolution without leakage during the imaging. In the evaluation, the designed system can cover 82.13% of the observation region at the height of 500 km in 6.5 min, and the average repeated observation frequency is 3.26 times per 118 s. The design method is simple and effective in the initial design of the rotary-scan space camera’s system parameters. The system designed can provide “no-leakage and wide coverage by quick scan” and “high-frequency repeated observation over a long visibility period.” This will greatly improve earth observation ability in wide-area search and rescue missions.

Application of GEE Models for Assessing Maternal Health Complications

Bangladesh, a developing country, gained success towards the fifth-millennium development goals target of reducing its maternal mortality ratio by three quarters by 2015, but yet worked more on it for further reduction of maternal mortality. In this light, though Bangladesh is committed to the sustainable development goals target of reducing its maternal mortality ratio to be reduced from 170 to 105 per 100,000 live births, the scope of research on this issue is limited because the maternal morbidity data is scarce in Bangladesh. In this paper, the prospective data on maternal morbidity in rural Bangladesh (collected by BIRPERHT) have been employed to trace out the high-risk and life-threatening factors associated with pregnancy-related complications. The subject-specific generalized estimating equations (SS-GEE) model with random effect structure is used for multivariate binary data for the repeated observations. The findings indicate that the risk of suffering from pregnancy complications is higher for high economic status, lower age at marriage, not visited for medical check-ups, outside home workers, and having miscarriage or abortion. Comparing the SS-GEE model with other correlation structures and relative efficiency factors, the SS-GEE model with random effect structure is well fitted for the prospective repeated observation data.

Water level status of Indian reservoirs: A synoptic view from altimeter observations

Abstract Most of the part of India is already under water-stressed condition. In this regard, the continuous monitoring of the water levels (WL) and storage capacity of reservoirs, lakes, and rivers is very important for the estimation and utilization of water resources effectively. The long term ground observed WL of many of the water bodies is not easily available, which may be very critical for proper water resources management. Satellite radar altimetry is the remote sensing technique, which is being used to study sea surface height for the last 25 years. The advancement in radar technology with time has provided the opportunity to exploit the technique to retrieve the WL of inland water bodies. In the current study, an attempt has been made to generate long term time series on WL of around 29 geometrically complicated inland water bodies in India. These water bodies are mainly large reservoirs namely Ban Sagar, Balimela, Bargi, Bhakra, Gandhi Sagar, Hasdeo, Indravati, Jalaput, Kadana, Kolab, Mahi Bajaj, Maithon, Massanjore, Pong, Ramganga, Ranapratap Sagar, Rihand, Sardar Sarovar, Shivaji Sagar, Tilaiya, Ujjani, and Ukai. The WL of these water bodies was retrieved for around two decades using the European Remote-Sensing Satellite – 2 (ERS-2), ENVISAT Radar Altimeter – 2 (ENVISAT RA-2), and Saral-AltiKa altimeters data through Ice-1 retracking algorithm. Further, an attempt has also been made to estimate the WL of gauged/ungauged lakes namely Mansarovar, Pangong, Chilika, Bhopal, and Rann of Kutch over which Saral-AltiKa pass was there. As after July 2016, the SARAL-AltiKa is operating in the drifting orbit, systematic repeated observation of WL data of all reservoirs was not possible. The data of drifted tracks of Saral-AltiKa were tested for WL estimation of Ban Sagar reservoir. As the ERS-2, ENVISAT RA-2 and Saral-AltiKa all were having almost the same passing tracks, a long term WL series of these lakes could be generated from 1997 - 2016. However, at present only Sentinel – 3 is in orbit, the continuous altimeter based WL monitoring of some of these reservoirs (Gandhi Sagar, Nathsagar, Ranapratap, Ujjani, and Ukai) was attempted through Sentinel-3A satellite data from 2016 to 2018. The accuracy of the retrieved WL was than validated against the observed WL. In most of the reservoirs, a systematic bias was found due to the different characteristics and geoid height of each reservoir. The coefficient of determination, R2, value for a majority of reservoirs was as good as 0.9. In the case of ERS-2, the values of R2 varied for 0.44 to 0.97 with root mean square error (RMSE) in the range of 0.63 to 2.72m. These statistics improved with the ENVISAT RA-2 data analysis, the R2 value reached more than 0.90 for around 11 reservoirs. The highest, 0.99, for Hasdeo and Shivaji Sagar Reservoirs with RMSE of 0.44 and 0.56, respectively. Further, the accuracy improved with the analysis of Saral-AltiKa data. The R2 was always more than 0.9 for each reservoir and the lowest RMSE reduced to 0.03. Therefore, it can be said that the accuracy and consistency of WL retrieval through satellite altimetry has improved with time. Furthermore, the altimeter based retrieved WL may be used in hydrological studies and can contribute to better water resources management.

Molecular surveillance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus genomes in hospital unexpectedly reveals discordance between temporal and genetic clustering

The objective of this study was to identify sources and linkages among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). A total of 56 samples were obtained from all patients with a confirmed MRSA infection over 6 months at University of Florida-Health Jacksonville. Samples were cultured and sequenced; data was analyzed on an automated cloud-based platform. Genetic Clusters were defined as <40 single nucleotide polymorphisms. Temporal Clusters were defined as ≥5 MRSA cases over 3 days. We found 7 Genetic Clusters comprising 15 samples. Four Genetic Clusters contained patients with non-overlapping stays (3-10 weeks apart), 3 of which contained patients who shared the same Unit. We also found 5 Temporal Clusters comprising 23 samples, although none of the samples were genetically related. Results showed that temporal clustering may be a poor indicator of genetic linkage. Shared epidemiological characteristics between patients in Genetic Clusters may point toward previously unidentified hospital sources. Repeated observation of related strains is also consistent with ongoing MRSA transmission within the surrounding high-risk community. WGS is a valuable tool for hospital infection prevention and control.

Optimal orbit design for repeat-pass multi-baseline observation of tomographic SAR satellites

Tomographic synthetic aperture radar (TomoSAR) is a modern technique that allows retrieving the structural information of detected objects. This paper investigates the problem of optimal orbit design in TomoSAR space missions. Considering the mission requirement of multi-baseline repeated observation, the orbital characteristics of TomoSAR satellites are analysed under the J2 perturbation effect. By introducing the performance indicators of sampling period and orbital transfer fuel consumption, the orbit design is transformed into a multi-objective optimization problem. A two-step optimization strategy is developed to find the optimal orbits of TomoSAR satellites. In the first step, where some approximations are made, the idea of Pareto optimal solutions is applied under the objectives of time and fuel. A more accurate model is utilized in the second refinement step, and biogeography-based optimization (BBO) is employed to obtain satisfactory revisit accuracy. Numerical simulations are conducted to testify the effectiveness of the suggested design process, providing references for TomoSAR missions in terms of satellite orbit.

Acceptability and Feasibility of Using Raltegravir Oral Granules for the Treatment of Neonates in a Low-resource Setting.

Raltegravir granules for oral suspension, now recommended by World Health Organization for use in neonates with HIV infection, may be challenging for caregivers because of the multistep preparation required. We evaluated the acceptability and feasibility of preparing granules for oral suspension in a low-to-middle-income country setting. Thirty-four caregivers and 10 health-care workers were enrolled from an HIV clinic in Durban, South Africa. Health-care workers were provided with pictorial instruction booklet, demonstration kit and guidance on preparation of granules for oral suspension. The health-care workers then trained caregivers on the preparation of granules for oral suspension. Caregivers were evaluated during the preparation process and instructed to practice at home with a sample kit and return to the clinic for repeat evaluation 5-7 days later. Caregivers and health-care workers were interviewed and participated in a focus group discussion regarding their experiences. The median age of the caregivers was 31 years (interquartile range: 9.7); 70% had received secondary-level education, 37% were employed. The median preparation time was 7.95 minutes (interquartile range: 5.08 minutes) and 7.48 minutes (3.55 minutes) at initial and repeated observation, respectively. Major errors were insufficient mixing time and incorrect suspension volume. The average number of errors between the 2 observation time points was significantly reduced at the repeat session (2.5 vs. 0.87, P = 0.023). Most participants found the preparation difficult at first but gained confidence over time. Despite the complexity involved in the preparation of the granules for oral suspension, with practice, this formulation was found to be acceptable and feasible to majority of participants in this low-resource setting. As a result, this formulation was included in the 2018 World Health Organization recommendations for first line in neonates living with HIV.

High Mortality and Low Net Change in Live Woody Biomass of Karst Evergreen and Deciduous Broad-Leaved Mixed Forest in Southwestern China

Repeated observation based on large permanent monitoring plots is a key method for directly understanding forest regeneration dynamics. Karst forests grow slowly in adverse habitats and possess a special regeneration mode. However, no data can support these properties because no repeated observations have been performed. The mortality, recruitment, and net change in live woody biomass (NPPlw) of a karst evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest in Central Guizhou Province, Southwestern China, were studied on the basis of a short-term continuous monitoring (3 years) of a 2 ha plot. The species richness of individuals with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 1 cm decreased from 66 to 58 during the study period. Eight species disappeared, and no new species appeared. The individual number declined from 16,821 to 15,003 because most species indicated more deaths than recruitments. Trees presented the lowest mortality rate, and shrubs presented the highest recruitment rate among the species. Individual death number decreased with the increase in DBH classes. The estimated aboveground NPPlw was 8.41 t ha−1 year−1. The survivors, recruitments, and deaths contributed 10.88, 0.11, and −2.58 t ha−1 year−1, respectively. Trees (8.37 t ha−1 year−1), rather than shrubs (0.04 t ha−1 year−1) and lianas (−0.004 t ha−1 year−1), were the major contributors. The karst forest presented higher mortality and lower NPPlw than nonkarst forests in subtropical China and in the world.

Imaging morphogenesis

The hostile environment of the microscope stage poses numerous challenges to successful imaging of morphogenesis in live tissues. This review aims to highlight some of the main practical considerations to take into account when embarking on a project to image cell behaviour in the context of cells' normal surroundings. Scrutiny of these activities is likely to be the most informative approach to understanding mechanical morphogenesis but is often confounded by the substantial technical difficulties involved in imaging samples over extended periods of time. Repeated observation of cells in live tissue requires that strategies be adopted to prioritize the stability of the sample, ensuring that it remains viable and develops normally while being held in a manner accessible to microscopic examination. Key considerations when creating reliable protocols for time-lapse imaging may be broken down into three main criteria; labelling, mounting and image acquisition. Choices and compromises made here, however, will directly influence image quality, and even small refinements can substantially improve what information may be extracted from images. Live imaging of tissue is difficult but paying close attention to the basics along with a little innovation is likely to be well rewarded.This article is part of the themed issue 'Systems morphodynamics: understanding the development of tissue hardware'.

Geometric Positioning for Satellite Imagery without Ground Control Points by Exploiting Repeated Observation

With the development of space technology and the performance of remote sensors, high-resolution satellites are continuously launched by countries around the world. Due to high efficiency, large coverage and not being limited by the spatial regulation, satellite imagery becomes one of the important means to acquire geospatial information. This paper explores geometric processing using satellite imagery without ground control points (GCPs). The outcome of spatial triangulation is introduced for geo-positioning as repeated observation. Results from combining block adjustment with non-oriented new images indicate the feasibility of geometric positioning with the repeated observation. GCPs are a must when high accuracy is demanded in conventional block adjustment; the accuracy of direct georeferencing with repeated observation without GCPs is superior to conventional forward intersection and even approximate to conventional block adjustment with GCPs. The conclusion is drawn that taking the existing oriented imagery as repeated observation enhances the effective utilization of previous spatial triangulation achievement, which makes the breakthrough for repeated observation to improve accuracy by increasing the base-height ratio and redundant observation. Georeferencing tests using data from multiple sensors and platforms with the repeated observation will be carried out in the follow-up research.

Repeated observation of immune gene sets enrichment in women with non-small cell lung cancer.

There are different biological and clinical patterns of lung cancer between genders indicating intrinsic differences leading to increased sensitivity to cigarette smoke-induced DNA damage, mutational patterns of KRAS and better clinical outcomes in women while differences between genders at gene-expression levels was not previously reported. Here we show an enrichment of immune genes in NSCLC in women compared to men. We found in a GSEA analysis (by biological processes annotated from Gene Ontology) of six public datasets a repeated observation of immune gene sets enrichment in women. “Immune system process”, “immune response”, “defense response”, “cellular defense response” and “regulation of immune system process” were the gene sets most over-represented while APOBEC3G, APOBEC3F, LAT, CD1D and CCL5 represented the top-five core genes. Characterization of immune cell composition with the platform CIBERSORT showed no differences between genders; however, there were differences when tumor tissues were compared to normal tissues. Our results suggest different immune responses in NSCLC between genders that could be related with the different clinical outcome.