Reparation Of Damage Research Articles

Due Diligencia de las empresas transnacionales en la India

Due diligence is the minimum framework for responsibility and reparation for damages in matters of human rights that may arise during and after the production processes of companies have been carried out. In other words, an alternate strategy for encouraging businesses to voluntarily engage with the externalities that their operations may create. This paper aims to argue the notion of due diligence in international corporations situated in India using a qualitative case study technique. In this regard, due diligence and its guiding principles are defined to assess the transparency and management responsibility of international companies in India. Then, cases related to positive and negative aspects of due diligence in this Asian country are presented. Finally, conclusions are given. The results lead to the conclusion that even though India is a desirable destination for international investments in industries like electronics, fashion, finance, and the automotive sector, foreign firms have not yet demonstrated that they have complied with due diligence requirements. The most vulnerable population continues to be subjected to cycles of poverty, slavery, and mistreatment because some of the jobs paid by large corporations represent the only means of economic subsistence.

Reparation as a condition of the non-prosecution agreement in crimes against the tax system

This article problematizes the reparation of damage as a condition of the non-prosecution agreement (NPA) in crimes against Brazilian tax system. The applicability of this condition is addressed in crimes where the full reparation of the damage (payment of the tax) already has the effect of extinguishing criminal liability. This research is intended to answer the following problems: (i) Is the NPA applicable in tax crimes? (ii) Must the reparation of the damage, as a condition of the NPA, cover the full value of the tax, including interests and fines? (iii) Is the reparation of the damage always necessary to sign a NPA? The expectation of advantage to the accused, provided by the agreement as a negotiated justice instrument, is considered as a condition of its own meaning and effectiveness. On the other hand, the expectation of protection of the legal interest is considered in light of the sufficiency of the agreement as an instrument of prevention and repression of tax crimes. Possible ways of reconciling these expectations are delimited as hypotheses, through solutions such as a restricted understanding of the reparation of damage and the viability of partial reparation. The research is qualitative, exploratory, and propositional, based on the analysis of specialized legislation and literature.

The impact of the jurisprudential interpretation emanating from the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation and its application in local courts in Mexico

The jurisdictional decisión when resolving specific cases often exceed the content of the spirit of the law itself. of the law itself. Or, the scope that the legislator intended to give to the law may be limited. to give to it. The Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation, by means of its interprets what should prevail, and such interpretation is mandatory for local courts. such interpretation is mandatory for local courts. This is the case with the judgment in Amparo en Revisión 2666/2020, which resolves the unconstitutionality of the unconstitutionality related to the payment of the reparation of damages resulting from a crime and that crime and which is a right of the victims in criminal proceedings. Now then, justifies its analysis, derived from the fact that this interpretation will be applied in matters resolved on criminal matters resolved in criminal matters in local Courts, since the National Code of Criminalthe National Code of Criminal Procedures is applicable in all the courts of the country.

El desarrollo decisional de la jurisprudencia del Consejo de Estado colombiano en cuanto a la reparación del daño ambiental consecutivo directo

Between 2004 and 2021, the jurisprudence of the Colombian Council of State on tort liability addressed the study of cases in which the plaintiff, attributing environmental damage to the State, sought full reparation of damages. Given that these damages may deprive certain persons of the use or enjoyment of the values that the ecosystems they inhabit provide them, this research aims to answer the question of what is the ideal way to order the reparation of harm attributable to the State, of the individual facet of the constitutional right to a healthy environment. For this purpose, the methodology of the jurisprudential line proposed by López Medina (2006) is applied to those cases where direct consequential environmental damage is attributable to the State, arguing that the ideal way to compensate for this type of damage is reparation in kind. It is suggested that disregard for the individual facet of the right to a healthy environment in the contentious administrative jurisdiction implies that the reparation of environmental damage is partial; therefore, the study proposes as a solution a sentence in which the Council of State unifies its jurisprudence recognizing the individual facet of this right.

Less-lethal weapons: ocular trauma in Chile as psychosocial trauma. Challenges from a human rights and comprehensive perspective.

In October 2019 in Chile, massive protests broke out in the so-called social uprising. The repressive response of the armed forces and Carabineros (Police) resulted in serious and mas-sive violations of human rights, with between 400 and 500 victims of ocular trauma caused mainly by shots from anti-riot shotguns, constituting the largest number of cases in the world linked to a single event. It is proposed to evaluate the different dimensions of the impact of ocular trauma due to state violence, using the concept of psychosocial trauma and a support model that integrates the medical-psychological and social dimensions. Human rights violations of the period are described, focusing on cases of ocular trauma, and state and civil society responses. The requests of a survivors' organisations regarding truth, justice and reparation is presented. A clinical case of ocular trauma treated in our centre is analyzed. Survivors of ocular trauma manifest post-traumatic reactions regardless of the severity of their ocular injuries. The impact on the mental health of survi-vors of ocular trauma due to state violence is a phenomenon where the psychic and psychosocial im-pact of trauma due to socio-political violence intersects with the short- and long-term mental health effects. The impact of sociopolitical trauma must be understood considering both the in-dividual and social subject, considering their cultural, socioeconomic and political reality. Recovery from traumatic psychological injury must be addressed in its medical, sensory rehabilitation, psycho-logical and psychosocial dimensions, including processes of social recognition, search for justice and comprehensive reparation of damage. In contexts of impunity, a model is proposed that integrates rehabilitation with psycho-legal support, promotion of agency and organisation, within the frame-work of commitment to the movement and principles of human rights.

The Public Prosecutor’s Office’s experience using Global Forest Watch to monitor and deter deforestation in the Cerrado

Summary The Cerrado biome is a global biodiversity hotspot, and more than half of its area has been devastated in recent decades. Nevertheless, environmental enforcement agencies have a low capacity for monitoring and curbing illegal deforestation and fires. In this context, the local unit of the Public Prosecutor’s Office in Itiquira, Mato Grosso, has been experimenting since mid-2018 with the Global Forest Watch platform to detect illegal deforestation at its onset and notify landowners by electronic means (WhatsApp, email, etc.). With this remote inspection there has been a significant increase in the number of infraction notices, criminal actions, agreements for civil reparation of damage and public civil suits. By seeking to identify illegal deforestation in progress (in flagrant situations), the Public Prosecutor’s Office has prevented such events from turning into major deforestation. Preliminary data indicate that the practice of monitoring and notifications by the Public Prosecutor’s Office and environmental control agencies has increased law enforcement on deforestation and fires in that municipality and halted infractions at their inception. The challenge now is to determine the extent to which this method can be replicated in broader territories and other biomes such as Amazonia and Pantanal.

Due diligence of transnational companies in India

Due diligence is the minimum framework for responsibility and reparation for damages in matters of human rights that may arise during and after the production processes of companies have been carried out. In other words, an alternate strategy for encouraging businesses to voluntarily engage with the externalities that their operations may create. This paper aims to evaluate the notion of due diligence in international corporations situated in India using a qualitative case study technique. In this regard, due diligence and its guiding principles are defined to assess the transparency and management responsibility of international companies in India. Then, cases related to positive and negative aspects of due diligence in this Asian country are presented. Finally, conclusions are given. The results lead to the conclusion that even though India is a desirable destination for international investments in industries like electronics, fashion, IT, finance, and the automotive sector, foreign firms have not yet demonstrated that they have complied with due diligence requirements. The most vulnerable population continues to be subjected to cycles of poverty, slavery, and mistreatment because some of the jobs paid by large corporations represent the only means of economic subsistence.

Legitimación para exigir la reparación del daño causado por delitos contra la administración pública en el ordenamiento jurídico colombiano

Corruption is a phenomenon that seriously affects individuals and society in general, as it distorts the market, undermines the legitimacy of institutions, and negatively impacts human rights and societal development, among other adverse effects. However, although its impact on the community is a certain fact, the extent of the damage suffered by it is not always clear, nor is the determination of who is entitled to demand its reparation before the competent administrative and/or judicial authorities. Regarding the reparation of damages caused by acts of corruption, the Colombian legal system seems to exhibit a "monopolization" by the State and its institutions, which either overlooks or relegates the participation of individuals. However, in the field of criminal law, this appearance is contradicted by the recognition that the legislature has given to the victims of crime. In this context, this article aims to contribute to the determination of who is entitled in the Colombian legal system to demand reparation for damages caused by acts of corruption associated with the commission of crimes against public administration. To this end, this article determines (i) the nature of the legal good protected in crimes against public administration, (ii) the scope of the right to reparation in relation to such crimes, and (iii) the subjects entitled to intervene in the criminal process based on elements (i) and (ii) within the framework of the Colombian legal system.

Theory and Practice of Legal Liability for Environmental Offences: A Regional Aspect

Introduction. The XXI century is becoming not only an era of great discoveries and achievements, but also a time of extreme anthropogenic pressure the humans have on the various ecosystems. Alongside, the condition of all the natural components of the environment (water, forests, lands, air, etc.) deteriorates, which affects the human life and health, food quality, working and resting conditions. As soon as the state and society became aware about the danger of this trend, the various legal acts regulating the negative impact of the humans on the nature and containing a mechanism of ensuring the ecological rights of a person and a citizen began to be adopted. One of such ensuring mechanisms is the environmental liability institution, which envisages the liability of the environmental law breakers to be subject to the certain measures of the state coercion (of personal, property or organisational nature). The present article studies the efficiency of this mechanism. The aim of the paper is to investigate the general theory of legal liability for environmental offences, to express the authors' point of view on the debatable issues of improving the regulation thereof, as well as to demonstrate the dynamics of the environmental liability at the regional scale (in three Caspian regions). Materials and Methods. The research was carried out using the methods of scientific cognition commonly applied in Russia: general scientific (dialectical method) and specific scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, historical case-specific, logical, comparative legal, systemic methods and others). Results. Within the research the theory and practice of legal liability for environmental offences (in the frame of the criminal, administrative, civil laws) have been analysed. The authors have substantiated their point of view on the main debatable issues in the frame of each type of legal liability, expressed a number of critical comments regarding the concept of independent environmental liability, implying reparation of environmental damage. Cases of judicial practice for the regional level environmental offenses (in three Caspian regions of the Russian Federation — the Astrakhan region, theRepublics of Dagestan and Kalmykia) have been presented, the identified trends have been assessed. Discussion and Conclusion. The conducted research is important for the Russian legal science, since the efficiency of functioning the environmental liability institution is a condition for achieving the sustainable development goals and transition to the green economy, however its current state arises a number of doctrinal and practical issues. Among them could be distinguished: the insufficient activity of the Russian Federation subjects in development of the administrative liability sub-institution for the environmental offences, on-going problem of differentiation between the administrative and criminal liability, high latency of the environmental crimes, inefficient work of the law-enforcement authorities, insufficient elaboration of the issues of environmental damage reparation (e.g., harm to the health of citizens, compensation for the moral damage caused by the environmental offense, etc.). The study of judicial practice of three Caspian regions made it possible to conclude that within their boundaries there is no distinct specificity that would differ them completely from the other subjects of the Russian Federation having access to the sea or located in the large river basins. The same as in the other regions, the cases of soil, water and air pollution; poaching; the nature reserve protection regime violations; negligence of the owners towards the sunken vessels; restricted access to the shores of water bodies, etc. are quite widespread here. In these regions the specificity of liability lies not in the statistics of the separate offenses, but in the need to combat the environmental offences at the scale of the whole Caspian Sea, which requires coordination and political will of the Governments of all five littoral states (Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan and Iran).

Impact of Heavy Metals on Cold Acclimation of Salix viminalis Roots.

In nature, plants are exposed to a range of climatic conditions. Those negatively impacting plant growth and survival are called abiotic stresses. Although abiotic stresses have been extensively studied separately, little is known about their interactions. Here, we investigate the impact of long-term mild metal exposure on the cold acclimation of Salix viminalis roots using physiological, transcriptomic, and proteomic approaches. We found that, while metal exposure significantly affected plant morphology and physiology, it did not impede cold acclimation. Cold acclimation alone increased glutathione content and glutathione reductase activity. It also resulted in the increase in transcripts and proteins belonging to the heat-shock proteins and related to the energy metabolism. Exposure to metals decreased antioxidant capacity but increased catalase and superoxide dismutase activity. It also resulted in the overexpression of transcripts and proteins related to metal homeostasis, protein folding, and the antioxidant machinery. The simultaneous exposure to both stressors resulted in effects that were not the simple addition of the effects of both stressors taken separately. At the antioxidant level, the response to both stressors was like the response to metals alone. While this should have led to a reduction of frost tolerance, this was not observed. The impact of the simultaneous exposure to metals and cold acclimation on the transcriptome was unique, while at the proteomic level the cold acclimation component seemed to be dominant. Some genes and proteins displayed positive interaction patterns. These genes and proteins were related to the mitigation and reparation of oxidative damage, sugar catabolism, and the production of lignans, trehalose, and raffinose. Interestingly, none of these genes and proteins belonged to the traditional ROS homeostasis system. These results highlight the importance of the under-studied role of lignans and the ROS damage repair and removal system in plants simultaneously exposed to multiple stressors.

Protecting collective rights in Colombia

The defense of collective rights and the appropriate reparation of damages to victims is a recent development issue in the Colombian legal system. Although some legal provisions mentioned damages to an indeterminate group of people in cases of negligence, it was not until the 1991 Constitution that Colombia established the types of actions all individuals or groups can initiate to advocate for the integrity of their rights in the face of illegal actions or omissions by the State. There is currently no mechanism for groups to sue private entities efficiently that guarantees all individual and collective rights, akin to class actions. This scientific article delves into the multifaceted landscape of collective rights protection in Colombia, focusing specifically on the mechanisms and implications surrounding the deployment of group actions.

Expropriation and other forms of reparation in terms of compensation for damage caused as a result of war crimes: International legal experience

As a result of international armed conflicts, questions always arise about the payment of post-war reparations. Although the process of reparation for damages caused as a result of war crimes, in most cases, begins only after the end of such a conflict, its duration and effectiveness depend on the preliminary analysis and choice of an existing reparation or development of a new model. The purpose of the work was the analysis of existing mechanisms for the payment of post-war reparations, and the search for the most effective models of compensation for Ukraine by Russia for the damage caused as a result of military aggression and the commission of international crimes. The dialectical, systemic-structural, historical, comparative, logical-formal, comparative-legal and systemic-functional methods were used. In the results, the legal nature and historical mechanisms of reparation of damage are explained, as well as problematic issues of this institution of the law of international liability are outlined. In the conclusions, different mechanisms of reparation that can be used by the State and those available to individuals, victims of violations of international crimes committed on their territory and mixed models are considered.

Development of Excel-Based Building Defect Management System Using Business Process Reengineering in Education Building

Effective maintenance of a university campus building is crucial to ensure the safety and well-being of its academic community. However, maintaining the building and its various equipment and assets can take time and effort. This study aims to optimize building maintenance by implementing Business Process Reengineering (BPR) and using an Excel-based application system to detect points of damage. The study analyzes the maintenance process's cost, duration, and damage reports using dashboard features such as Gantt chart diagrams. By comparing the Excel-based application system with the conventional system, we found that the former is more effective and efficient. The results show that the application system saves 12 hours of recapitulation time per week, increases labor productivity by 32.2%, and speeds up damage reparation by 5%.

Participation and social control in sanitation within the context of the reparation of damage from the disasters in Mariana and Brumadinho, Minas Gerais, Brazil

The disasters that occurred in Mariana and Brumadinho, in addition to the enormous loss of human lives and environmental damage, also generated impacts on the water supply, in the springs, thereby causing catchment to become unachievable, in some cases for a long period of time, and in the infrastructures, in the territories and municipalities along the basins of the Doce and Paraopeba Rivers. The impacts and damage resulting from disasters cause substantial disruption and may foster social mobilization and participation throughout these territories. This study seeks to analyze the perspectives of social participation and social control in basic sanitation in the agreements related to the reparation of damage resulting from the collapse of the Fundão dam, in Mariana, Brazil, under the responsibility of Samarco, and of the Córrego do Feijão dam, in Brumadinho, Brazil, under the responsibility of Vale. Inconsistencies and gaps have been identified in the strategies adopted by the government aimed at participation and social control in sanitation in both disasters, thereby potentially compromising the Human Rights to Water and Sanitation.

Healthcare-acquired Sars-Cov-2 infection: A viable legal category?

In the context of the Sars-Cov-2 pandemic, according to the various periods of emergency and the rate of infections, hospitalized subjects also contracted the infection within the ward, sometimes with the development of disease (COVID-19) and sometimes with permanent damage. The authors wondered if Sars-Cov-2 infection should be considered on a par with other infections acquired in the healthcare setting. The non-diversified diffusion between the health and non-health sectors, the ubiquity of the virus and the high contagiousness, together with the factual inability to prevent it by the health structures, despite the adoption of entry control, practices of isolation of positive subjects, and staff surveillance, lead to consider COVID-19 in a different way, in order to otherwise burden health structures in the face of unmanageable risks, clearly also dependent on exogenous and uncontrollable factors. The guarantee of care safety must, in the pandemic, be able to compare with the real capacity for intervention according to the asset of the current health service, requesting State intervention with alternative instruments, such as una tantum compensation, for COVID-19 damage reparation occurred in the health sector.

Abstract 2599: Targeting SETD2-inactivated cells with STF-62247 leads to cell cycle arrest

Abstract The SETD2 gene encodes a histone methyltransferase responsible for the trimethylation of histone 3 on lysine 36 (H3K36me3). While this canonic function plays a role in the regulation of cellular processes such as transcription, alternative splicing, and DNA damage reparation, SETD2 is also important for the methylation of other proteins like EZH2, STAT1, and the cytoskeletal proteins actin and α-tubulin. Mutations in SETD2 are found in a broad range of cancers, including Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC). Loss of chromosome 3p followed by the inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) is a focal characteristic of ccRCC, however, additional mutations are common on other genes also found on chromosome 3p, including SETD2. Our previous studies demonstrated the possibility of targeting VHL-deficient cells by blocking the late stages of autophagy with the small molecule STF-62247. We recently identified PIKfyve, a phosphoinositide kinase important for the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol 3,5-biphosphate (PI(3,5)P2), as STF-62247’s target. In the mindset of personalized medicine, we hypothesize that other mutations on genes like SETD2 could influence cell response to STF-62247 and other PIKfyve inhibitors such as apilimod. The objectives of this project are to 1) evaluate whether SETD2 expression influences the response to STF-62247 and PIKfyve inhibitors in ccRCC and 2) investigate the mechanism by which STF-62247 is selectively targeting SETD2-inactivated cells. Molecular biology approaches such as CRISPR/Cas9 and the Gateway cloning system were used to repress or reintroduce the gene coding for SETD2 in ccRCC cells like 786-0 and RCC-ER. Western blots were used for the validation of our models. Cell response to STF-62247 and other agents was measured by clonogenic assays, cell counts, and XTT viability assay. Flow cytometry, in addition to western blots, was used to study the cell cycle. Our results indicate that repression of SETD2 in 786-0, especially in 786-0 where VHL was reintroduced (786-0/VHL), sensitized cells to STF-62247 and apilimod. When treated with STF-62247, sensitive cells stopped proliferating and the reintroduction of a truncated version of SETD2 partially rescued them. In RCC-ER, a SETD2-deficient cell line, the reintroduction of SETD2 or VHL increased the viability and proliferation of the cells when treated with STF-62447. That resistance was increased when both genes were reintroduced together. Flow cytometry results showed an increase in S-phase in SETD2-inactivated 786-0/VHL cells treated with STF-62247. Likewise, decreased expression of some proteins related to DNA replication and mitosis, such as CDT1 and Cyclin B1, also indicate alterations in the cell cycle. Altogether, our results put forward the potential of using PIKfyve inhibitors as a new therapeutic approach to treat cancer patients with inactivated SETD2. Citation Format: Mathieu Johnson, Sandra Turcotte. Targeting SETD2-inactivated cells with STF-62247 leads to cell cycle arrest [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 2599.

THE RIGHT TO REPAIR OF DAMAGES IN THE EVENT OF AFFECTION OF THE INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM OF THE PERSON DURING THE CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS

Starting from the need to respect, in any judicial procedure, the right to liberty and security of the person, in order to guarantee public safety and ensure a high level of social capital, this study addresses the issue of reparation for damage to the individual's liberty during the criminal proceedings. The paper presents the special procedure for reparation of material damage or non-pecuniary damage in case of illegal deprivation of liberty in the regulation of the current Romanian Code of Criminal Procedure, with the interpretations given by the High Court of Cassation and Justice for ensuring a unitary judicial practice, as well as with the aspect of unconstitutionality ascertained by the Decision of the Constitutional Court of Romania no. 136/2021. In the context of the legislative interventions envisaged by the latest draft law on amending and supplementing the Code of Criminal Procedure, concrete regulatory proposals are made in the paper so that this special procedure guarantees the exercise of the right to reparation for all situations of unlawful or unjust deprivation of liberty in the course of criminal proceedings, according to the standard of protection established by the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The possibility of extending the scope of the special reparation procedure to the case of impairment of individual liberty by restrictive measures of liberty is also being considered.

Issues of Compensation for Damages Caused to a Citizen as a Result of Armed Aggression: riminal and Procedural Aspects

Current issues of reparation for damages caused to Ukraine by Russia armed aggression: a full-scale war, unprecedented (compared to the Second World War and the rest of the wars of the 21st century) in scope, cruel in essence, genocidal in purpose, devastating in means and consequences are considered. One of consequences of war and war crimes committed by Russian aggressors starting from February 24, 2022, is massive destruction and damage to housing and other property of Ukrainian citizens. Within framework of initiated criminal proceedings, damages are compensated by filing a civil lawsuit. However, specifics of the grounds of such a lawsuit cause the occurrence of certain risks for the victim, as well as problems with law enforcement and the exercise of their powers by investigators and prosecutors. In particular, difficulties may lie in the impossibility of inspecting the scene of the incident, which will ultimately negatively affect the determination of the amount of damage caused (calculation of the material equivalent of the damage). Determining the amount of damage caused as a result of the destruction or destruction of housing is also problematic, as it often requires the appointment of an expert opinion, while the scale of the destruction within the state makes it impossible to conduct such an expert opinion in a reasonable time. Attention is focused on the issues of establishing the person who should be responsible for the claim, or the civil defendant. Possibility of overcoming the jurisdictional immunity of Russia as a defendant in the declared civil lawsuits was also considered. Conducted research made it possible to formulate proposals on mechanism of compensation for the damage caused, as well as on improvement of current criminal procedural legislation of Ukraine.

Towards sufficiency and solidarity: COP27 implications for construction and property

With COP27 being held in Egypt, a non-Western country, poorer and adversely impacted societies will demand a stronger say in negotiations. There is increased pressure on the rich to dramatically reduce their emissions, provide reparation for past damage and exploitation, and assist poorer nations to improve social livelihoods. Such a new world order will require that global inequity in resource consumption be placed in the spotlight, with fair shares demanded for all. Calling for drastic and urgent action and a paradigm shift to contain warming to 1.5°C, the 2022 IPCC report <em>Climate Change 2022</em> emphasised the need for ‘sufficiency’ to avoid demand for resources while providing wellbeing for all within planetary limits. However, responses to date have been grossly inadequate, amid continued economic growth and policies based upon resource efficiency, renewables and a circular economy. This is most evident in the construction and property sectors, where high rates of new construction continue in both the Global North and South, while claiming this is green and carbon neutral. Bolder, more ambitious policies are proposed that seek to rebalance construction to suit needs, not wants, and especially to restrain the excesses of the property industry driven by financialisation. <strong><em><br /></em></strong> <strong><em>Policy relevance</em></strong> <strong><em></em></strong>Current policies and approaches are inadequate to make the required savings in carbon and resource consumption. While embodied carbon is increasingly recognised, this largely applies at the materials level and to carbon intensity metrics, which may lead to around 50–60% reduction. However, building less (<em>e.g.</em> by adapting existing stock) or not building at all lead to significantly greater savings of greenhouse gases and resources. To meet climate and other targets, policies and approaches are required that question the global demand for new construction within high- and medium-income societies, rebalance such construction and resource consumption, restrain building size and floor area, and invoke ‘sufficiency’ metrics. Maximum carbon reduction and improved resource allocation may be achieved by carbon budgets and (radically) questioning the need for certain building types, especially when digitalisation enables work from home. Means of diverting investment for social purposes, while integrating such policies in the planning system, are examined.

The Evolution of the Regulations regarding the Right to Compensation for Judicial Errors in Criminal Trials - Based on the Influence of International Conventions, National and ECHR Jurisprudence

The legal institution regulated by art. 505-507 of the Criminal Procedure Code represents the last step of the complex of procedural guarantees subsumed by the notion of purpose of the criminal trial. The entire regulation in criminal procedural matters has in mind this axis, of finding out the truth, in the event that the mentioned finality would not be achieved by resorting to the procedural remedy of the ordinary and extraordinary appeals, so that, in the end, the court decision, once definitive, is considered the expression of the truth (res judicato pro veritate habetur). It was noticed, however, that the elimination of errors by means of the above-mentioned procedure does not always lead to the removal of all the consequences of an unjust act of justice, due to the consequences they generate, specifically, for on the person who was previously subjected to judgment. As a result, the legal provisions regarding the reparation of damage in case of false conviction or ilegal arrest are emerging as a complementary institution to the criminal process, necessary for the execution of justice and the restoration of the legal order.