Repair Tool Research Articles

Repairing Medical Equipment in Times of Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic that has gripped the world since early 2020 has underscored the need for an effective right to repair medical equipment. As healthcare systems have been pushed to the limit, keeping critical medical equipment (such as ventilators) in working order has become a matter of life and death. Unfortunately, the ability of hospitals and other health care providers to service and fix their medical equipment is often hindered by the tight control that original equipment manufacturers keep over repair of their products. On top of direct contractual restrictions on repair, one of the major difficulties encountered by hospital-based and third-party service providers is the lack of access to service manuals, service keys, schematics, replacement parts, and repair tools. The ability to block access to these critical items is abetted, in large part, by intellectual property laws.In August 2020, a new federal legislation was introduced to address this problem—the Critical Medical Infrastructure Right-to-Repair Act of 2020 (the “Act”). The Act is designed to facilitate repair of critical medical infrastructure during the current COVID-19 pandemic, and to do so, it addresses various relevant intellectual property issues. This Article provides a critical analysis of the Act and examines the extent to which it could serve its prescribed goal. We also investigate the role that courts could play, alongside such legislation, by using policy levers that already exist in intellectual property law to provide relief to hospital-based and independent service technicians and mandate manufacturers to cooperate with them in certain circumstances.

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The ability to effectively ensure pre-specified level of reliability of the equipment, while main-taining expenditures at a minimum, is one of the foremost requirements and biggest challenges of our time. One of the key elements of the current research is to determine main characteristics of spare parts, e.g. types of spare parts sets, their respective composition, indicators of suffi-ciency of spare elements in spare parts sets, which allows to define the most effective and cost-saving methods of spare elements inventory management for spare parts sets. There have been analyzed some methods for developing the inventory depending on the purpose of the equip-ment, its maintenance and repair, as well as the requirements for the equipment reliability, in-cluding periodic and continuous stocking, periodic stocking with emergency deliveries and re-plenishment by level. To ensure high operational reliability of electronic equipment, mainte-nance and repair, extending the service life of the equipment, a support system is proposed, which includes diagnostic and repair tools, sets of spare parts, etc. In addition, the paper ad-dresses the design of spare parts while taking into account the criteria of reliability of systems operation such as the level of sufficiency, composition and volume of spare parts, which should ensure the functioning of systems with necessary reliability indicators. The suggested methods for spare parts inventory planning and management are based on the most adequate models of reliability that, as a result, provide a significantly more accurate forecasting of the required amount of spare parts and, consequently, a more efficient equipment spare parts inventory plan-ning. The research suggests the main requirements and necessary input data to guarantee the accuracy of such calculations.

Study on corrosion failure prevention of expanded solid expandable tubular

The solid expandable tubular (SET), as a casing damaged well repair tool, should resist residual stress and liquid corrosion. The objective of this study is to reveal the SET expansion of mechanical properties and anti-corrosion performance to carry out a feasibility laboratory expansion experiment. The materials used in this study are 20G and 316L. The mechanical properties of the expansion process of materials and the corrosion behavior of the tube in two kinds of the simulated formation water environment are investigated. Scanning electron microscope (SEM)-energy spectrometer (EDS) comparative analysis displays the surface microstructure and corrosion products of the two materials in different corrosive environments. The results show that both SET materials can meet the requirements of 5–1/2in casing subsidy. The corrosion rate of 20G is similar, which is equivalent to reducing the thickness by 0.25 mm every 10 years, and the 316L corrosion rate is about one-fifth of 20G. The corroded surfaces of 20G and N80 are multi-crack brittle scales caused by iron oxidation. The surface of 316L has attachments without apparent corrosion. Compared with the N80 shell material, the corrosion product film of 20G is denser and has better corrosion resistance. The corrosion resistance of 316L SET is the strongest among these three materials and is suitable for harsh right conditions in corrosive environments.

Priority Measurement of Patches for Program Repair Based on Semantic Distance

Automated program repair is an effective way to ensure software quality and improve software development efficiency. At present, there are many methods and tools of automated program reapir in real world, but most of them have low repair accuracy, resulting in a large number of incorrect patches in the generated patches. To solve this problem, we propose a patch quality evaluation method based on semantic distance, which measures the semantic distance of patches by using features of interval distance, output coverage, and path matching. For each evaluation feature, we give a quantitative formula to obtain a specific distance value and use the distance to calculate the recommended patch value to measure the quality of the patch. Our quality evaluation method evaluated 279 patches from previous program repair tools, including Nopol, DynaMoth, ACS, jGenProg, and CapGen. This quality evaluation method successfully arranged the correct patches before the plausible but incorrect patches, and it recommended the higher-ranked patches to users first. On this basis, we compared our evaluation method with the existing evaluation methods and judged the evaluation ability of each feature. We showed that our proposed patch quality evaluation method can improve the repair accuracy of repair tools.

Influence of imbalance of balancing of crankshafts during engine repair

Currently, tractors and other complex machines repaired at advanced repair enterprises perform worse than new ones and have a shorter overhaul life. Let us consider what losses in the quality of the car are not replenished even with a well-organized repair in compliance with the existing technical conditions and whether they are really recoverable. If during the repair the car was assembled entirely from new good-quality parts and the required technical conditions were observed during the assembly, then no loss of serviceability of the machine during repair could take place. This means that it is difficult to eliminate the losses associated with the use during repair, firstly, partially worn out (with acceptable wear and tear) and, secondly, restored parts. The experience of using agricultural machinery shows that by using maintenance and repair tools that do not require large investments, it is possible to significantly reduce the downtime of the machine and tractor fleet. With the introduction of new, more progressive technological processes into technology, an increase in the speed and power of technology, as well as with the tasks of automatic regulation and control of machines, machine designs have radically changed. along with the mechanical ones, the machines include hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical, electronic devices. The imbalance in the correction planes of the crankshafts assembled with a flywheel and clutch supplied to spare parts is 1.2-6.5 times and 1.3-10.7 times, respectively, higher than the allowable one. after grinding the main and connecting rod journals for repair dimensions, the imbalance of these assembly units is also 1.5-7.2 and 1.7-12.3 times greater than the permissible unbalance of the crankshafts and to develop recommendations for improving the balancing accuracy during engine repair.

Studi Penyelenggaraan Pelayanan Kesehatan Lingkungan Di Puskesmas Kota Denpasar Tahun 2020

Abstract.For the implementation of environmental health services in the Public health center need to be analyzed human resources, funding sources, implementation activities, and infrastructure facilities. The purpose of this research is to determine the implementation of environmental health services. Research is conducted throughout the public health center of Denpasar City, by providing an overview, description and analysis of the implementation of environmental health services. The results showed human resources showed a 100% good figure, all respondents of 100% expressed the importance of funding sources, as many as 5 public health centers carry out environmental health services every day, and the remaining 6 public health centers carry out according to the schedule. Facilities and infrastructures at the Public health center of Denpasar City there are still less like environmental health laboratories, environmental quality gauges and tool repair tools. Thus it is advised that the public health center that facilities and infrastructure is still lacking to be equipped and to the Public health center that carries out the activities of environmental health services on a schedule/not daily to review to the implementation of environmental health services

Evaluating the usage of fault localization in automated program repair: an empirical study

Fault localization techniques are originally proposed to assist in manual debugging by generally producing a rank list of suspicious locations. With the increasing popularity of automated program repair, the fault localization techniques have been introduced to effectively reduce the search space of automated program repair. Unlike developers who mainly focus on the rank information, current automated program repair has two strategies to use the fault localization information: suspiciousness-first algorithm (SFA) based on the suspiciousness accuracy and rank-first algorithm (RFA) relying on the rank accuracy. However, despite the fact that the two different usages are widely adopted by current automated program repair and may result in different repair results, little is known about the impacts of the two strategies on automated program repair. In this paper we empirically compare the performance of SFA and RFA in the context of automated program repair. Specifically, we implement the two strategies and six well-studied fault localization techniques into four state-of-the-art automated program repair tools, and then use these tools to perform repair experiments on 60 real-world bugs from Defects4J. Our study presents a number of interesting findings: RFA outperforms SFA in 70.02% of cases when measured by the number of candidate patches generated before a valid patch is found (NCP), while SFA performs better in parallel repair and patch diversity; the performance of SFA can be improved by increasing the suspiciousness accuracy of fault localization techniques; finally, we use SimFix that deploys SFA to successfully repair four extra Defects4J bugs which cannot be repaired by SimFix originally using RFA. These observations provide a new perspective for future research on the usage and improvement of fault localization in automated program repair.

A comprehensive study of automatic program repair on the QuixBugs benchmark

Automatic program repair papers tend to repeatedly use the same benchmarks. This poses a threat to the external validity of the findings of the program repair research community. In this paper, we perform an empirical study of automatic repair on a benchmark of bugs called QuixBugs, which has been little studied. In this paper, (1) We report on the characteristics of QuixBugs; (2) We study the effectiveness of 10 program repair tools on it; (3) We apply three patch correctness assessment techniques to comprehensively study the presence of overfitting patches in QuixBugs. Our key results are: (1) 16/40 buggy programs in QuixBugs can be repaired with at least a test suite adequate patch; (2) A total of 338 plausible patches are generated on the QuixBugs by the considered tools, and 53.3% of them are overfitting patches according to our manual assessment; (3) The three automated patch correctness assessment techniques, RGTEvosuite, RGTInputSampling and GTInvariants, achieve an accuracy of 98.2%, 80.8% and 58.3% in overfitting detection, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the largest empirical study of automatic repair on QuixBugs, combining both quantitative and qualitative insights. All our empirical results are publicly available on GitHub in order to facilitate future research on automatic program repair.

A critical review on the evaluation of automated program repair systems

Automated Program Repair (APR) has attracted significant attention from software engineering research and practice communities in the last decade. Several teams have recorded promising performance in fixing real bugs and there is a race in the literature to fix as many bugs as possible from established benchmarks. Gradually, repair performance of APR tools in the literature has gone from being evaluated with a metric on the number of generated plausible patches to the number of correct patches. This evolution is necessary after a study highlighting the overfitting issue in test suite-based automatic patch generation. Simultaneously, some researchers are also insisting on providing time cost in the repair scenario as a metric for comparing state-of-the-art systems.In this paper, we discuss how the latest evaluation metrics of APR systems could be biased. Since design decisions (both in approach and evaluation setup) are not always fully disclosed, the impact on repair performance is unknown and computed metrics are often misleading. To reduce notable biases of design decisions in program repair approaches, we conduct a critical review on the evaluation of patch generation systems and propose eight evaluation metrics for fairly assessing the performance of APR tools. Eventually, we show with experimental data on 11 baseline program repair systems that the proposed metrics allow to highlight some caveats in the literature. We expect wide adoption of these metrics in the community to contribute to boosting the development of practical, and reliably performable program repair tools.

Transcatheter therapies for tricuspid valve regurgitation.

: Tricuspid regurgitation, either isolated or associated with left-valve disease, has a strong impact on outcome. Surgical treatment of tricuspid regurgitation has increased in recent years, but in-hospital mortality remains high probably due to the risk profile of the recipients. As a consequence, most of the patients with severe tricuspid regurgitation, especially if isolated, remain untreated. Transcatheter tricuspid valve interventions are rapidly spreading as alternative options to open-heart procedures fulfilling this important unmet need. Although patient selection and timing of intervention are unclear, many devices have been developed in recent years for both repair and replacement of tricuspid valve. Repair tools can be targeted to leaflets or annulus. Replacement devices include heterotopic and orthotropic systems. The aim of this review is to report possible indications and summarize current data about the different devices available for transcatheter tricuspid valve interventions.

Electric power repair tools made of shape memory composites: Analysis and investigation

Shape memory polymers (SMPs) and shape memory polymer composites (SMPCs) are widely applied to devices in many fields due to their characteristics of large deformation and shape recovery. Epoxy resin (EP), which has excellent dielectric properties, is extensively used in the field of power and electronic devices. In this paper, the mechanical and dielectric properties of EP-SMPs and EP composites toughened by carbon fiber (CF)/glass fiber (GF) fabric were investigated based on the large deformation of SMPCs and the intrinsic electrical properties. SMPCs and EP-SMPs can withstand a high voltage to some extent. The addition of CF and GF fabric improved the mechanical properties of the composites. Hence, the hinged SMPC tools that could repair the damaged cable were prepared, which would promote the application and development of SMPs in the field of electric power.

Easy and rapid pen-on-paper protocol for fabrication of paper analytical devices using inexpensive acrylate-based plastic welding repair kit

This work describes a novel, simple and inexpensive pen-on-paper (PoP) method for patterning hydrophobic structures in paper substrates aiming the production of paper-based analytical devices (PADs). This fabrication protocol uses a commercially available plastic welding kit that can be easily acquired and is sold as a repair tool. It consists of an acrylate-based resin which is deposited on the paper and then cured using a UV led, or even the sunlight, for creation of the hydrophobic barriers. The protocol is instrument-free and can be easily implemented in any laboratory. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the use of this material for production of analytical devices. The developed PADs were fully characterized and exhibited better chemical resistance than other recently reported PoP approaches regarding organic media and surfactants. Moreover, the fabrication method demonstrated good analytical versatility since it allowed the production of flexible devices, flow-based devices and pencil-drawn electrochemical devices. These findings are very interesting since overcome some limitations related by other PoP reports and expand the possibilities of using this technology in several aqueous and non-aqueous applications. Lastly, the analytical usefulness of the developed devices was successfully explored through colorimetric determination of nitrite. A detection limit of 0.14 mg L−1 was achieved and several samples of natural waters were analyzed. The results showed good agreement when compared with a reference technique. So, considering the simplicity and the results presented here, this fabrication method shows great potential for use in analytical chemistry.

Monitoring and repair of defects in ultrasonic additive manufacturing

Ultrasonic additive manufacturing (UAM) involves ultrasonic welding of similar or dissimilar metal foils on top of a base substrate. UAM can produce solid consolidated structures under optimal processing conditions. However, inter-layer defects such as delamination/kissing bonds (type 1) and inter-track (type 2) defects are common. The authors previously developed an ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation (NDE) monitoring methodology to quantify layer-bonding stiffness modeled as an interfacial spring. In this study, ultrasonic NDE is used to monitor the evolution of type 1 defects in a UAM component divided into two zones. The first represents the base/build interface comprising of the first few layers on the base substrate, and the second region represents the bulk of the UAM stack. A mechanism for the formation and evolution of type 1 defects was proposed based on NDE and optical examination. Type 2 defects are often more catastrophic and are challenging to repair. In the present work, a novel solid-state repair technique using friction stir processing (FSP) was used to repair typical UAM defects. The use of FSP ensures that the microstructural advantages of UAM are retained while improving the part quality. Two modes of FSP were designed—FSP from above for repair of inter-track (type 2) defects and FSP from below the base for the repair of base/build (type 1a) defects. The results of this study pave the way towards the development of an integrated solid-state additive manufacturing system with UAM as the primary bonding mechanism and FSP as an enhancement and repair tool.

Interdisciplinary Synergy to Reveal Mechanisms of Annexin-Mediated Plasma Membrane Shaping and Repair.

The plasma membrane surrounds every single cell and essentially shapes cell life by separating the interior from the external environment. Thus, maintenance of cell membrane integrity is essential to prevent death caused by disruption of the plasma membrane. To counteract plasma membrane injuries, eukaryotic cells have developed efficient repair tools that depend on Ca2+- and phospholipid-binding annexin proteins. Upon membrane damage, annexin family members are activated by a Ca2+ influx, enabling them to quickly bind at the damaged membrane and facilitate wound healing. Our recent studies, based on interdisciplinary research synergy across molecular cell biology, experimental membrane physics, and computational simulations show that annexins have additional biophysical functions in the repair response besides enabling membrane fusion. Annexins possess different membrane-shaping properties, allowing for a tailored response that involves rapid bending, constriction, and fusion of membrane edges for resealing. Moreover, some annexins have high affinity for highly curved membranes that appear at free edges near rupture sites, a property that might accelerate their recruitment for rapid repair. Here, we discuss the mechanisms of annexin-mediated membrane shaping and curvature sensing in the light of our interdisciplinary approach to study plasma membrane repair.

Restore: Retrospective Fault Localization Enhancing Automated Program Repair

Fault localization is a crucial step of automated program repair, because accurately identifying program locations that are most closely implicated with a fault greatly affects the effectiveness of the patching process. An ideal fault localization technique would provide precise information while requiring moderate computational resources—to best support an efficient search for correct fixes. In contrast, most automated program repair tools use standard fault localization techniques—which are not tightly integrated with the overall program repair process, and hence deliver only subpar efficiency. In this paper, we present <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">retrospective fault localization</i> : a novel fault localization technique geared to the requirements of automated program repair. A key idea of retrospective fault localization is to reuse the outcome of failed patch validation to support mutation-based dynamic analysis—providing accurate fault localization information without incurring onerous computational costs. We implemented retrospective fault localization in a tool called <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Restore</small> —based on the <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Jaid</small> Java program repair system. Experiments involving faults from the <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Defects4J</small> standard benchmark indicate that retrospective fault localization can boost automated program repair: <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Restore</small> efficiently explores a large fix space, delivering state-of-the-art effectiveness (41 <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Defects4J</small> bugs correctly fixed, 8 of which no other automated repair tool for Java can fix) while simultaneously boosting performance (speedup over 3 compared to <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Jaid</small> ). Retrospective fault localization is applicable to any automated program repair techniques that rely on fault localization and dynamic validation of patches.

High-Capacity Adenoviral Vectors Permit Robust and Versatile Testing of DMD Gene Repair Tools and Strategies in Human Cells.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal X-linked muscle wasting disorder arising from mutations in the ~2.4 Mb dystrophin-encoding DMD gene. RNA-guided CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases (RGNs) are opening new DMD therapeutic routes whose bottlenecks include delivering sizable RGN complexes for assessing their effects on human genomes and testing ex vivo and in vivo DMD-correcting strategies. Here, high-capacity adenoviral vectors (HC-AdVs) encoding single or dual high-specificity RGNs with optimized components were investigated for permanently repairing defective DMD alleles either through exon 51-targeted indel formation or major mutational hotspot excision (>500 kb), respectively. Firstly, we establish that, at high doses, third-generation HC-AdVs lacking all viral genes are significantly less cytotoxic than second-generation adenoviral vectors deleted in E1 and E2A. Secondly, we demonstrate that genetically retargeted HC-AdVs can correct up to 42% ± 13% of defective DMD alleles in muscle cell populations through targeted removal of the major mutational hotspot, in which over 60% of frame-shifting large deletions locate. Both DMD gene repair strategies tested readily led to the detection of Becker-like dystrophins in unselected muscle cell populations, leading to the restoration of β-dystroglycan at the plasmalemma of differentiated muscle cells. Hence, HC-AdVs permit the effective assessment of DMD gene-editing tools and strategies in dystrophin-defective human cells while broadening the gamut of DMD-correcting agents.

Design of Mobile and Integrated Tyre Repair Tools for Motorcycle

Tyres are a very important component of a motorcycle. Not only vehicle driving components, tyres also play a role in safety, passenger comfort, fuel consumption efficiency, endurance components of car legs and so forth. So, the condition of the tyre must receive special attention from the owner of a motorized vehicle. When riding on a motorcycle, tyre leakage is one of the problems that is often encountered. Not only because of sharp objects, tyres can also leak due to several other reasons. If problems are not immediately sought, leaks in tyres can cause loss of control, endangering the safety of motorists and other road users. And the place and timing of leakage events that cannot be predicted are often a scourge for motorists. After a leak, motorists, especially motorcycle riders, are very dependent on the existence of patched tyre entrepreneurs. With helps from IoT application based in advance, the design of this tool will be an opportunity for tyre patch entrepreneurs to be able to “Pick Up the Ball” to every customer / driver who has a leak. The design of this tool is quite concise and integrated thru Programmable Logic Control (PLC) with each main component making easier for entrepreneurs for patching tyres and can reduce downtime repair / replacement of the tyre.

Right to Repair: Pricing, Profit, Welfare, and Environmental Implications

The right to (RTR) movement calls for government legislation that requires manufacturers to provide repair information, tools, and parts so that consumers can independently repair their own products with more ease. The initiative has gained global traction in recent years. Repair advocates argue that such legislation would break manufacturers’ monopoly on the repair market and benefit consumers. They further contend that it would reduce the environmental impact by reducing e-waste and new production. Yet, the RTR legislation may also trigger a price response in the product market as manufacturers try to mitigate the profit loss. This paper employs an analytical model to study the pricing, welfare, and environmental implications of RTR. We find that as the RTR legislation continually lowers the independent repair cost, manufacturers may initially cut the new product price and then raise it. This non-monotone price adjustment may further induce a non-monotone change in consumer surplus, social welfare, and the environmental impact. Strikingly, the RTR legislation can potentially lead to a \lose-lose-lose outcome that compromises manufacturer profit, reduces consumer surplus, and increases the environmental impact, despite repair being made easier and more affordable.

Анализ износа бандажей колесных пар электровозов 2ЭС10

The article focuses on monitoring of wheelset binding bands condition of electric locomotives with rotary-field traction motors and, since it is a very important factor in reliability of the electric locomotive by and large, the obtained decisions are based on its results. In analysis there were examined wheelset defects of common occurrence and their natural wear during exploitation. The electric rolling stock works under complicated conditions which affect the nature of wear and electric and mechanical equipment damage. One of the main tasks is to ensure reliable operation of different machinery, as failures on track disorder the traffic schedule, distort the transportation rhythm, leading to considerable loss of throughput capacity of sections, which also reduces movement safety and results in great economic losses. Reliability evaluation is a set of measures aimed at monitoring of condition of electric locomotives, which is based on real operational particulars. By virtue of these particulars one can see an ultimately complete picture, analyze it and correct the structure of repair cycle of electric locomotive particulars. The article accentuates the analysis of risks, related to probable defects, unexpectedly high wear out, incorrect choice of repair cycle structure, ways and tools of reliability evaluation, incorrect statutory, results of incorrect measurement.

Methodology of justification of tactical and technical requirements for movable means of repairing arms and military equipment

An analysis of the qualitative and quantitative state of mobile repair equipment, which are armed with repair units (military units), shows that the existing park consists mainly of samples that were designed in the 70's. The main disadvantage of these is the physical and moral aging and the lack of compliance with the requirements for weapons renewal systems and military equipment. Accordingly, there are drawbacks and inconsistencies between the need for repair work and the production capabilities of rolling stock.&#x0D; Therefore, the article proposes a technique for substantiating the tactical and technical requirements for mobile weapons repair and military equipment operating at different levels of the hierarchy. All indicators considered in this methodology have their own specifics in the development of different types of equipment. However, they can be expressed by such groups of requirements as tactical, technical, operational, production and economic. The application of this technique will provide an opportunity to obtain technical outlines of mobile repair equipment for battalion, brigade, operational, strategic levels.&#x0D; As base platforms for mobile repair tools, it is proposed to create base platforms built on a modular basis. These base platforms must allow for the placement of the control module, the power unit, the transmission module, the chassis module, in addition, the platform base must contain cells for mounting those modules to allow for the rapid replacement of damaged modules, the possibility of mounting container modules with process equipment.&#x0D; For placement of technological equipment it is proposed to use bodies built on a modular principle. Assembly of such bodies with modules of technological equipment and their subsequent use will be possible depending on the intended purpose of the movable means of repair. In this case it will be possible to largely solve the problem of standardization and specialization of equipment.