Repair Of Defects Research Articles

Advancements in Regenerative Medicine for Articular Cartilage Repair in the Management of Osteoarthritis: A Review of Modern Treatment Methods

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of chronic joint diseases, and its treatment still remains difficult with the current state of medicine. In this review, modern regenerative methods used in the repair of articular cartilage, both traditional techniques and innovative cellular therapies, are described. It focuses on the most updated treatment modalities, discussing, among other methods, microfracture, osteochondral grafts, autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI), novel approaches of matrix-assisted autologous chondrocyte transplantation (MACT) and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) treatments, with especial regard toward the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in relation to other intra-articular injections, namely hyaluronic acid and ozone therapy. The regenerative treatments analyzed in this review have great potential in cartilage defect repair and possible symptom alleviation for OA; long-term efficacy, however, and limitations of cost and invasiveness do have to be more extensively considered. Another discussion concerns macrophages, modulators of the inflammatory environment of the joint, and whether they could serve as potential therapeutic targets. The need for further investigation, in order to modify the existing methods and create other effective regenerative approaches in patients suffering from OA, is presented.

BRCA Mutation Testing in Men with Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Practical Guidance for Australian Clinical Practice.

Some patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) possess germline or acquired defects in the DNA damage repair (DDR) genes BRCA1 and BRCA2. Tumors with BRCA mutations exhibit sensitivity to poly-ADP ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) such as olaparib and rucaparib. As a result, molecular diagnostic testing to identify patients with BRCA mutations eligible for the PARPi therapy has become an integral component of managing patients with mCRPC. There are practical challenges in the current molecular testing pathway in Australia that can compromise testing success. Testing success is often contingent on quality of tissue handling and laboratory processing techniques to minimize DNA degradation and suboptimal sequencing data quality. Greater adoption of best testing practices in Australia can be facilitated with education and greater awareness of expert recommendations. Here, we provide expert recommendations on how to optimize BRCA molecular diagnostic testing in patients with mCRPC. Optimization and standardization of molecular diagnostic testing will support health care providers and institutes in establishing more efficient testing pathways, enabling access to targeted therapies such as PARPi, and improving patient outcomes.

Youthful Stem Cell Microenvironments: Rejuvenating Aged Bone Repair Through Mitochondrial Homeostasis Remodeling.

Extracellularmatrix (ECM) derived from mesenchymal stem cells regulates antioxidant properties and bone metabolism by providing a favorable extracellular microenvironment. However, its functional role and molecular mechanism in mitochondrial function regulation and aged bone regeneration remain insufficiently elucidated. This proteomic analysis has revealed a greater abundance of proteins supporting mitochondrial function in the young ECM (Y-ECM) secreted by young bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) compared to the aged ECM (A-ECM). Further studies demonstrate that Y-ECM significantly rejuvenates mitochondrial energy metabolism in adult BMMSCs (A-BMMSCs) through the promotion of mitochondrial respiratory functions and amelioration of oxidative stress. A-BMMSCs cultured on Y-ECM exhibited enhanced multi-lineage differentiation potentials in vitro and ectopic bone formation in vivo. Mechanistically, silencing of silent information regulator type 3 (SIRT3) gene abolished the protective impact of Y-ECM on A-BMMSCs. Notably, a novel composite biomaterial combining hyaluronic acid methacrylate hydrogel microspheres with Y-ECM is developed, which yielded substantial improvements in the healing of bone defects in an aged rat model. Collectively, these findings underscore the pivotal role of Y-ECM in maintaining mitochondrial redox homeostasis and present a promising therapeutic strategy for the repair of aged bone defects.

CD4+FOXP3Exon2+ regulatory T cell frequency predicts breast cancer prognosis and survival.

CD4+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress immune responses to tumors, and their accumulation in the tumor microenvironment (TME) correlates with poor clinical outcome in several cancers, including breast cancer (BC). However, the properties of intratumoral Tregs remain largely unknown. Here, we found that a functionally distinct subpopulation of Tregs, expressing the FOXP3 Exon2 splicing variants, is prominent in patients with hormone receptor-positive BC with poor prognosis. Notably, a comprehensive examination of the TCGA validated FOXP3E2 as an independent prognostic marker in all other BC subtypes. We found that FOXP3E2 expression underlies BCs with defective mismatch repair and a stem-like signature and highlights pathways involved in tumor survival. Last, we found that the TME induces FOXP3E2 through the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis and confirmed the higher immunosuppressive capacity of FOXP3E2+ Tregs derived from patients with BC. Our study suggests that FOXP3E2+ Tregs might be used as an independent biomarker to predict BC prognosis and survival and to develop super-targeted immunotherapies.

The clinical application and anatomical analysis of proximal peroneal artery perforator in free fibula flap based on CTA

BackgroundThe vascularized free fibular flap is increasingly recognized as the standard technique for the repair of complex soft tissue and hard tissue defects in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Conventionally, the vascular supply to the skin island is derived from the distal perforators of the peroneal artery. However, complications may arise if these distal perforators are either absent or damaged during surgical procedures, highlighting the necessity to employ the proximal peroneal perforators as an alternative. This study aims to investigate the anatomical characteristics—including the presence, distribution, and origin—of proximal peroneal perforators through computed tomography angiography (CTA) prior to surgical intervention. A secondary objective is to confirm their viability when distal perforators are unavailable or when dual-skin paddles are needed.MethodsA comprehensive review was conducted involving 50 patients who underwent CTA examinations. Three-dimensional reconstruction of DICOM data was utilized to document the presence, quantity, location, and variations of proximal perforators. Relative positions of the origin points were measured, and the distances from these points to the fibula were calculated. Additionally, 11 studies were included in which a proximal perforator was successfully used to prepare a free fibula chimeric myocutaneous flap for the reconstruction of maxillofacial defects.ResultsAmong the 100 lower limbs evaluated, a successful identification rate of 98% for proximal perforators was achieved via CTA. Of those identified, 70% were found to originate from the fibular artery, 22% branched concurrently with it, and 8% emerged prior to the point of emergence of the fibular artery. Analysis through curve fitting indicated that the origin points of proximal perforators were predominantly located approximately 13.17 mm below the origin of the fibular artery, with their endpoints projecting about 123.9 mm below the fibular head.ConclusionsThe high prevalence of proximal peroneal perforators identified in this population, along with their relatively stable anatomical positions, suggests their significant surgical potential. In scenarios where the distal peroneal perforator is absent or suffers intraoperative injury, the proximal peroneal perforator can serve as a reliable alternative for preparing a free fibula osteal flap combined with a proximal peroneal perforator skin paddle.

Coixol-Loaded Hydrogels Promote Osteochondral Defect Repair via Modulation of Ferroptosis and Autophagy in Chondrocytes.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic multifactorial disease characterized by cartilage degeneration, pain, and reduced mobility. Current therapies primarily aim to relieve pain and restore function, but they often have limited effectiveness and side effects. Coixol, a bioactive compound from Coix lacryma-jobi L., exhibits anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, suggesting potential benefits in OA treatment. This study explored the effects of coixol on OA chondrocytes. Primary chondrocytes from OA rats were isolated and treated with varying concentrations of coixol. Cell viability and proliferation were assessed by using CCK-8 assays. The expression of genes related to ferroptosis and autophagy was analyzed through RT-qPCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence. Moreover, the study investigated the characteristics and performance of coixol-loaded PDLLA-PEG-PDLLA (PLEL)/gelatin sponge (GS) hydrogels (Coixol@PLEL/GS) for enhancing osteochondral defect repair by specifically targeting chondrocyte ferroptosis and autophagy. The characteristics of coixol-loaded PDLLA-PEG-PDLLA/gelatin sponge (Coixol@PLEL/GS) hydrogels were evaluated using cryo-scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or SEM, and coixol release kinetics were determined. In vivo, a rat osteochondral defect model was used to assess the efficacy of Coixol@PLEL/GS in osteochondral defect repair using International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) scores, Safranin O/Fast green staining, Toluidine blue staining, and immunofluorescence. Coixol significantly increased the viability and proliferation of OA chondrocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, coixol inhibited ferroptosis and stimulated autophagy, as evidenced by the upregulation of related genes. In vivo, Coixol@PLEL/GS remarkably enhanced the repair of osteochondral defects compared to that of control groups. In conclusion, coixol protects OA chondrocytes by improving survival, inhibiting ferroptosis, and activating autophagy, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic strategy for OA treatment.

Zinc-doped hydroxyapatite loaded chitosan gelatin nanocomposite scaffolds as a promising platform for bone regeneration

The advancement in the arena of bone tissue engineering persuades us to develop novel nanocomposite scaffolds in order to improve antibacterial, osteogenic, and angiogenic properties that show resemblance to natural bone extracellular matrix. Here, we focused on the development of novel zinc-doped hydroxyapatite (ZnHAP) nanoparticles (1, 2 and 3 wt%; size: 50-60 nm) incorporated chitosan-gelatin (CG) nanocomposite scaffold, with an interconnected porous structure. The addition of ZnHAP nanoparticles decreases the pore size (∼30 µm) of the CG scaffolds. It was observed that with the increase in the concentration of ZnHAP nanoparticles (3 wt%) in CG scaffolds, the swelling ratio (1760% ± 2.0%), porosity (71% ± 0.98%) and degradation rate (35%) decreased, whereas mechanical property (1 MPa) increased, which was better as compared to control (CG) samples. Similarly, the high deposition of apatite crystals especially CG-ZnHAP3nanocomposite scaffold revealed the excellent osteoconductive potential among all other scaffolds. MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells seeded with CG-ZnHAP nanocomposite scaffolds depicted better cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation to osteogenic lineages. Finally, the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay revealed better angiogenesis of ZnHAP nanoparticles (3 wt%) loaded CG scaffolds supporting vascularization after 7th day incubation in the CAM area. Overall, the results showed that the CG-ZnHAP3nanocomposite scaffold could be a potential candidate for bone defect repair.

Oscillatory fluid flow enhanced mineralization of human dental pulp cells

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the optimum frequency of oscillatory fluid flow (OFF) for increasing osteogenesis in human dental pulp cells (DPCs) in an incubating rocking shaker. DPCs from 3 donors were cultured in an osteogenic induction medium (OIM) and mechanical stimulation was applied using an incubating rocking shaker at frequencies of 0 (control), 10, 20, 30, and 40 round per minute (RPM) for 1 h/day, 5 days/week. Cell proliferation was measured using total protein quantification, and osteogenic activity was measured by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, calcium deposition, and collagen production on days 7, 14, and 21 of culture. Results of DPCs morphology in the 30 RPM group were more clustered and formed interconnections between cells. Results of DPC proliferation and collagen production showed no significant differences between the experiment groups. The ALP activity on day 7 and 14, and calcium deposition on day 21 of the 30 RPM group were significantly higher than the control groups. Thus 30 RPM is likely an effective frequency for increasing calcium deposition. This study uses strategies in Tissue Engineering followed the research topic about an application of human cells to stimulate oral and maxillofacial hard tissue regeneration. In the future, the mineralization of DPCs could be enhanced by using an incubating rocking shaker at 30 RPM in the lab to create a cell sheet. The mineralized cell sheet could then be implanted into the patient for bone repair of orofacial defects.

Case Report: First use of dental bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate composite without UV light polymerization for repair of iatrogenic CSF leak following a frontal craniotomy plus tumor resection

ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (bis-GMA) without UV light polymerization for the repair of refractory iatrogenic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks with large skull base defects.BackgroundCSF leakage remains a common complication after neurosurgical interventions with a substantial resultant impact on morbidity and increased healthcare costs. The management of refractory CSF leaks with large skull base defects remains challenging. Radiological investigations are highly contributive as they visualize the defect and assess the herniated content. Optimal treatment depends on the breach parameters and the consequent hernia. Surgery, when indicated, consists of exposure of the defect and its reconstruction using different grafts. The dental composite bis-GMA has been investigated and has shown effectiveness for the repair of anterior skull base defects. This is due to its compactible mechanical properties, long-term stability, and good osteo-integration. Hence, it presents a promising solution for refractory CSF leaks not responding to extradural endoscopic techniques.Case reportWe describe the case of a 40-year-old female with persistent CSF rhinorrhea following a left frontal craniotomy performed 4 years before. A high-resolution cerebral CT scan and MRI revealed a bilateral fronto-ethmoidal osteo-meningeal breach and a hyperintense T2 signal in the ethmoidal sinus interrupting the hypo-intensity of the bone, respectively. In our patient, surgical treatment involved a bifrontal craniotomy and osteo-meningeal reconstruction with the use of bis-GMA without UV light polymerization. This reconstruction gave rigid structural support and watertight closure of the defect. Postoperatively, the CSF rhinorrhea ceased and there were no perceivable associated complications.ConclusionGiven the favorable outcome, the composite bis-GMA without UV light polymerization can be used as a reliable material for the repair of iatrogenic CSF leaks.

Differential bone and vessel type formation at superior and dura periosteum during cranial bone defect repair

The cranial mesenchyme, originating from both neural crest and mesoderm, imparts remarkable regional specificity and complexity to postnatal calvarial tissue. While the distinct embryonic origins of the superior and dura periosteum of the cranial parietal bone have been described, the extent of their respective contributions to bone and vessel formation during adult bone defect repair remains superficially explored. Utilizing transgenic mouse models in conjunction with high-resolution multiphoton laser scanning microscopy (MPLSM), we have separately evaluated bone and vessel formation in the superior and dura periosteum before and after injury, as well as following intermittent treatment of recombinant peptide of human parathyroid hormone (rhPTH), Teriparatide. Our results show that new bone formation along the dura surface is three times greater than that along the superior periosteal surface following injury, regardless of Teriparatide treatment. Targeted deletion of PTH receptor PTH1R via SMA-CreER and Col 1a (2.3)-CreER results in selective reduction of bone formation, suggesting different progenitor cell pools in the adult superior and dura periosteum. Consistently, analyses of microvasculature show higher vessel density and better organized arterial-venous vessel network associated with a 10-fold more osteoblast clusters at dura periosteum as compared to superior periosteum. Intermittent rhPTH treatment further enhances the arterial vessel ratio at dura periosteum and type H vessel formation in cortical bone marrow space. Taken together, our study demonstrates a site-dependent coordinated osteogenic and angiogenic response, which is determined by regional osteogenic progenitor pool as well as the coupling blood vessel network at the site of cranial defect repair.

Biological Behavior of Bioactive Glasses SinGlass (45S5) and SinGlass High (F18) in the Repair of Critical Bone Defects

This study evaluated the osteogenic potential of the bioactive glasses SinGlass (45S5) and SinGlass High (F18) in regenerating critical bone defects in rat calvaria. Both biomaterials promoted new bone formation around the particles, with the SinGlass High (F18) group exhibiting a higher rate of bone maturation. Histomorphological and birefringence analyses revealed better organization of the newly formed bone in the biomaterial-treated groups, and immunohistochemistry indicated the expression of osteogenic markers such as osteocalcin, immunostaining for bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP 2), and immunostaining for bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP 4). Microtomography computadorized (Micro-CT) revealed centripetal bone formation in both groups, with greater integration of the particles into the surrounding bone tissue. The superior performance of SinGlass High (F18) was attributed to its higher potassium and magnesium content, which enhance osteoconductivity. After 42 days, the SinGlass High (F18) group showed the highest percentage of new bone formation, in line with previous studies. Although our results are promising, the limited follow-up period and use of a single animal model highlight the need for further research to validate clinical applicability. SinGlass High (F18) appears to be a viable alternative to autografts in bone repair, with potential to improve tissue integration and accelerate recovery.

Application of Light-Responsive Nanomaterials in Bone Tissue Engineering

The application of light-responsive nanomaterials (LRNs) in bone tissue engineering shows broad prospects, especially in promoting bone healing and regeneration. With a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of bone defects and healing disorders, LRNs are receiving increasing attention due to their non-invasive, controllable, and efficient properties. These materials can regulate cellular biological reactions and promote bone cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation by absorbing specific wavelengths of light and converting them into physical and chemical signals. In addition, the unique surface morphology and biocompatibility of LRNs enable them to effectively load drugs in bone tissue engineering, achieve precise release, and optimize the bone regeneration process. Through photothermal and photodynamic therapy, these materials also possess antibacterial properties and can play an important role in the repair of infectious bone defects. Although LRNs have shown significant advantages in bone tissue regeneration, a series of challenges still need to be overcome to achieve their widespread and effective clinical applications. This article summarizes the basic principles, classification, and potential applications of LRNs in bone tissue regeneration, aiming to provide reference for future research and clinical applications.

Evaluation of osseointegration of plasma treated polyaryletherketone maxillofacial implants

Osseointegration is a crucial property of biomaterials used for bone defect repair. While titanium is the gold standard in craniofacial surgeries, various polymeric biomaterials are being explored as alternatives. However, polymeric materials can be bioinert, hindering integration with surrounding tissues. In this investigation, plasma ion immersion implantation (PIII)-treated polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and polyether ketone (PEK) implants were assessed in a sheep maxilla and mandible model. Defects were filled with PIII-treated PEEK and PEK implants, produced through fused filament fabrication (FFF) and selective laser sintering (SLS), respectively. Positive controls were grade 23 titanium implants via selective laser melting, while untreated PEEK implants served as negative controls. Surface analyses using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy revealed favorable properties. Osseointegration was qualitatively and quantitatively assessed at 8-, 10-, and 12-weeks post-implantation, showing significantly improved outcomes for both PIII-treated PEEK and PEK implants compared to untreated controls. The study suggests PIII treatment enhances FFF-printed PEEK’s osseointegration, and PIII-treated SLS-printed PEK achieves comparable osseointegration to 3D printed titanium. These findings underscore surface modification strategies’ potential for polymeric biomaterials, offering insights into developing alternative implant materials for craniofacial surgeries, with enhanced biocompatibility and osseointegration capabilities for improved clinical outcomes.

3D printing of different fibres towards HA/PCL scaffolding induces macrophage polarization and promotes osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs.

With the rise of bone tissue engineering (BET), 3D-printed HA/PCL scaffolds for bone defect repair have been extensively studied. However, little research has been conducted on the differences in osteogenic induction and regulation of macrophage (MPs) polarisation properties of HA/PCL scaffolds with different fibre orientations. Here, we applied 3D printing technology to prepare three sets of HA/PCL scaffolds with different fibre orientations (0-90, 0-90-135, and 0-90-45) to study the differences in physicochemical properties and to investigate the response effects of MPs and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on scaffolds with different fibre orientations. The results showed that multi-angle staggered fibres affected the overall porosity and compressive strength of the scaffolds. Compared with the other two groups, the 0-90-45 scaffold induced osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs more significantly, while promoting the polarisation of MPs towards the M2 phenotype to form an osteogenic-friendly immune microenvironment. Unexpectedly, the 0-90-45 scaffold significantly upregulated the expression of angiogenic genes (PDGF, VEGF). Therefore, we conclude that the multi-angle interlaced fibres better mimic the physiological structure of cancellous bone, and that the excellent biomimetic properties reflect the best in vitro osteogenic, immunomodulatory and angiogenic effects. In conclusion, this study is a step forward in the exploration of BET scaffolds and provides a very promising bone filling material.

Multifunctional electrospinning periosteum: Development status and prospect.

In the repair of large bone defects, loss of the periosteum can result in diminished osteoinductive activity, nonunion, and incomplete regeneration of the bone structure, ultimately compromising the efficiency of bone regeneration. Therefore, the research and development of tissue-engineered periosteum which can replace the periosteum function has become the focus of current research. The functionalized electrospinning periosteum is expected to mimic the natural periosteum and enhance bone repair processes more effectively. This review explores the construction strategies for functionalized electrospun periosteum from the following perspectives: ⅰ) bioactive factor modification (bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) etc.), ⅱ) inorganic compound modification, ⅲ) drug modification, ⅳ) artificial periosteum in response to physical stimuli. Furthermore, the construction of artificial periosteum through electrospinning, in conjunction with other strategies, is also analyzed. Finally, the current challenges and prospects for the development of electrospinning periosteum are also discussed.

Successful Anesthetic Management for Redo Mitral Valve Replacement in the Setting of Severe Postoperative Right Ventricular Failure: A Case Report

: Mitral regurgitation, a prevalent form of heart valve dysfunction, presents a significant challenge in global cardiovascular health. With diverse etiologies, this condition increasingly affects adult populations. Over the past decades, the demand for redo valvular surgeries has steadily risen. The complexity of such procedures is further compounded when patients have underlying conditions such as severe ventricular failure, chronic hypertension, anemia, or drug allergies. Right ventricular failure occurs when the right ventricle cannot maintain adequate blood flow through the pulmonary circulation to ensure proper filling of the left ventricle. This report highlights a remarkable case of mitral valve replacement (MVR) in a 46-year-old female with an extensive surgical history, including previous mitral valve repair and atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) repair. The patient also had chronic hypertension, anemia, and a documented allergy to valsartan. During surgery, she experienced acute right ventricular failure, necessitating complex medical management. This case underscores the critical need for thorough preoperative evaluation and meticulous intraoperative medical management in patients with intricate medical histories.

Extracellular vesicles: essential agents in critical bone defect repair and therapeutic enhancement.

Bone serves as a fundamental structural component in the body, playing pivotal roles in support, protection, mineral supply, and hormonal regulation. However, critical-sized bone injuries have become increasingly prevalent, necessitating extensive medical interventions due to limitations in the body's capacity for self-repair. Traditional approaches, such as autografts, allografts, and xenografts, have yielded unsatisfactory results. Stem cell therapy emerges as a promising avenue, but challenges like immune rejection and low cell survival rates hinder its widespread clinical implementation. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have garnered attention for their regenerative capabilities, which surpass those of MSCs themselves. EVs offer advantages such as reduced immunogenicity, enhanced stability, and simplified storage, positioning them as a promising tool in stem cell-based therapies. This review explores the potential of EV-based therapy in bone tissue regeneration, delving into their biological characteristics, communication mechanisms, and preclinical applications across various physiological and pathological conditions. The mechanisms underlying EV-mediated bone regeneration, including angiogenesis, osteoblast proliferation, mineralization, and immunomodulation, are elucidated. Preclinical studies demonstrate the efficacy of EVs in promoting bone repair and neovascularization, even in pathological conditions like osteoporosis. EVs hold promise as a potential alternative for regenerating bone tissue, particularly in the context of critical-sized bone defects, offering new avenues for effective bone defect repair and management.

A Triple‐Integrated 3D‐Printed Composite Scaffold of High‐Activity Peptide‐Metal Ion‐Bone Cement Facilitates Osteo‐Vascular Regenerative Repair of Diabetic Bone Defects

A Triple‐Integrated 3D‐Printed Composite Scaffold of High‐Activity Peptide‐Metal Ion‐Bone Cement Facilitates Osteo‐Vascular Regenerative Repair of Diabetic Bone Defects

A pan-tumor review of the role of poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase inhibitors.

Poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, such as olaparib, talazoparib, rucaparib, and niraparib, comprise a therapeutic class that targets PARP proteins involved in DNA repair. Cancer cells with homologous recombination repair defects, particularly BRCA alterations, display enhanced sensitivity to these agents because of synthetic lethality induced by PARP inhibitors. These agents have significantly improved survival outcomes across various malignancies, initially gaining regulatory approval in ovarian cancer and subsequently in breast, pancreatic, and prostate cancers in different indications. This review offers a comprehensive clinical overview of PARP inhibitor approvals, emphasizing their efficacy across different cancers based on landmark phase 3 clinical trials.

Oyster Shell Powder/PCL Composite Scaffolds Loaded with Psoralen Nanospheres Promote Large Bone Defect Repair

Oyster Shell Powder/PCL Composite Scaffolds Loaded with Psoralen Nanospheres Promote Large Bone Defect Repair