State Reorganization Research Articles

Leftist Dynamics in Post-370 Kulgam of Kashmir: Contours of Change

Following the revocation of Article 370 and re-organisation of the erstwhile state of Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) into a Union Territory of India in August 2019, many questions arose about how democratic processes would work under the new dispensation. Within the context of the 2020 District Development Council elections, this article critically examines the surprisingly successful performance of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), the CPI(M), in the district of Kulgam, a constituency well-known for its historical ties with leftist politics. Investigating the factors contributing to the party’s success, the article identifies the strategic approach by the CPI(M) to emphasise developmental issues, thereby challenging the traditional role of religion as a tool for mobilisation. Despite the strong local presence of the Jamaat-e-Islami, the left-leaning party, as part of a multi-party alliance, succeeded in gaining substantial electoral support in the seats that they contested. This study relies on primary data collected through extensive field surveys to highlight the unique electoral dynamics witnessed within this specific region, which gain added relevance in view of future electoral contests.

Bringing English Back in School Education: English in Government Schools of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh

In the immediate aftermath of Indian Independence in 1947, there was a palpable attempt to replace English with Hindi and other Indian languages to unleash the processes of decolonisation. English was castigated as the language of the British Empire and was seen to be the basis of power and privilege for a handful of English-educated elites. A new nation-state thought it imperative to replace English with other languages which ultimately led to language-based reorganisation of Indian states. Subsequently, there was the replacement of English with Indian languages as mediums of instruction at different levels of education. Such a demand was hugely supported by a large number of Indian intelligentsia. However, six to seven decades down the line, there appears to be a reversal of earlier language politics as governments in various states of India are bringing English back as an aspirational language. This article attempts to understand the context of such a reversal. It also analyses ideological constructions of linguistic reality and its hold on popular perception. Ideologically constructed realities of language become a concrete, tangible force to reckon with. The article explores the renewed interest and urgency in learning English, using the frameworks of language ideology and the Bourdieusian framework of ‘language as a praxis’. Following Hilary Janks, the article underlines the significance of providing critical access to English by historicising and denaturalising its prevalence as one of the major contact languages at the international level.

Uncovering the sources of revolutionary violence: the case of Colombia’s National Front (1958-1964)

ABSTRACT Scholars often explain political violence by highlighting factors such as state weakness. This article shifts the analysis to a focus on state character. More specifically, the article analyses how the growth of revolutionary violence in 1960s Colombia was shaped by the earlier period of the National Front (1958–1964). This earlier period is crucial to understanding the outbreak of revolutionary violence because it gave rise to a project of state reorganization which refashioned the relationship between dominant and subaltern groups. The reorganization of alliances under the National Front helped to significantly reduce inter-party violence, but because of the way in which the form of state was reorganized, the National Front produced new conditions of conflict, which culminated in the growth of revolutionary violence. In making this case it is argued that the birth of the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC), reflected through the military offensive against Marquetalia in 1964, can only be effectively captured by appreciating how dominant forces implemented a state reorganization project, which produced new dynamics of conflict and ultimately failed to incorporate key subaltern groups.

The effect of the health cluster on local health development

The reorganization of the Brazilian State has transferred, to the federated entities, countless responsibilities due to the decentralization of tasks that were, before, of the federal government. This has challenged states and municipalities to manage, more efficiently and effectively, scarce public resources. Cities seek development that involves the attraction of local and global companies, fostering the economic activity of production and consumption that induces the generation of wealth in these societies. The constitution of clusters has been an auxiliary tool for the growth of local economies. The aim of the study, therefore, is to verify the effects of a cluster on the development of local health, based on the concentration, diversification and specialization of health in the municipalities under study, which have the potential to form a cluster. The study is characterized as a quantitative and descriptive research, which uses data from the Annual Social Information List (RAIS) and the socioeconomic development index (IDESE) from 2012 to 2016 in the municipalities of Porto Alegre, Caxias do Sul, Passo Fundo, Pelotas and Santa Maria. The results measure the concentration in health sector establishments; the specialization according to the established number of them, and the diversification that identifies the different types of these establishments; in addition, they describe the potential for the formation of health clusters in the studied places, and how health activities interact for the development of local health. From the results presented, it can be concluded that companies cluster in characteristics that refer to a health cluster, and that the effects on the development of local health can, in fact, contribute to the economic growth of the regions studied. Thus, with this work, it is expected to contribute to academic studies, in the construction of health clusters, as well as in health management.

Beginning of the Formation of Linguistic States

Reorganisation of states in an important provision provided under the Constitution of India. For understanding the concepts and factors working behind the reorganisation of states this article helps a lot. The aim of this article is to show how the states got formed on the linguistics states. This paper is not limited to the philosophical aspect but also discuss a present case. The content provided in this article is written after analysing various other scholars writings, due to this it gets its authenticity. This paper provides the analysis of the beginning of the formation of linguistic states. It is hoped that the analysis under this study will help the readers, researchers, and practitioners in understanding the concept of reorganisation of the states in India so that they can become more efficient in their work.

Linguistic minorities and strategic mobilisation in eastern India: Bengali-Biharis during the era of linguistic territorialism (1935–57)

This article analyses how linguistic minorities in the province of Bihar navigated the era of linguistic territorialism, when mainstream political organisations and figures within India largely agreed that specific linguistic communities ‘belonged’ in particular regions. Indian scholarship has tended to focus on the mechanisms that brought about the linguistic reorganisation of states in India, therefore, concentrating largely on the ways in which territory and language became intrinsically connected. This article will examine the link of language and belonging with regard to a ‘community’, which demanded that states remain linguistically and culturally heterogenous. It focuses on the section of Biharis that identified Bengali as their ‘mother-tongue’ and tracks the transformation of Bengali politics within the province/state during the transition from colonial rule to independence. It explores the ways in which narratives of historical Bengali settlement were deployed for different reasons across this period, and argues that Bengalis in Bihar conceptualised the ordering of the Indian nation in a way that was inherently different from mainstream understandings of how the country should be ordered during this period. Bengali-Bihari figures and publications deployed rhetoric that attached much greater value to territorial belonging than to linguistic or cultural belonging. This article demonstrates that contrary to common assumptions, there were large groups of people who conceptualised India not just as a linguistically heterogenous nation, but one that consisted of linguistically heterogenous states that protected minority linguistic communities.

Pattern Formation by Electric-Field Quench in a Mott Crystal.

The control of the Mott phase is intertwined with the spatial reorganization of the electronic states. Out-of-equilibrium driving forces typically lead to electronic patterns that are absent at equilibrium, whose nature is however often elusive. Here, we unveil a nanoscale pattern formation in the Ca2RuO4 Mott insulator. We demonstrate how an applied electric field spatially reconstructs the insulating phase that, uniquely after switching off the electric field, exhibits nanoscale stripe domains. The stripe pattern has regions with inequivalent octahedral distortions that we directly observe through high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy. The nanotexture depends on the orientation of the electric field; it is nonvolatile and rewritable. We theoretically simulate the charge and orbital reconstruction induced by a quench dynamics of the applied electric field providing clear-cut mechanisms for the stripe phase formation. Our results open the path for the design of nonvolatile electronics based on voltage-controlled nanometric phases.

Donor, Acceptor, and Molecular Charge Transfer Emission All in One Molecule.

The molecular photophysics in the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) spiro-acridine-anthracenone compound, ACRSA, is dominated by the rigid orthogonal spirocarbon bridging bond between the donor and acceptor. This critically decouples the donor and acceptor units, yielding photophysics, which includes (dual) phosphorescence and the molecular charge transfer (CT) states giving rise to TADF, that are dependent upon the excitation wavelength. The molecular singlet CT state can be directly excited, and we propose that supposed "spiro-conjugation" between acridine and anthracenone is more accurately an example of intramolecular through-space charge transfer. In addition, we show that the lowest local and CT triplet states are highly dependent upon spontaneous polarization of the environment, leading to energy reorganization of the triplet states, with the CT triplet becoming lowest in energy, profoundly affecting phosphorescence and TADF, as evident by a (thermally controlled) competition between reverse intersystem crossing and reverse internal conversion, i.e., dual delayed fluorescence (DF) mechanisms.

ПЕРЕОСМЫСЛЕНИЕ РОЛИ ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВА (ГОСУДАРСТВА)

This paper responds to calls for more research into public entrepreneurship, for delivering public value as opposed to the narrower view of public goods, and for re-organising states for alternative post-capitalist governance by revisiting a long-term but unresolved academic debate: the role of the state (government). It presents conceptually relevant arguments from seminal and contemporary academic debates on the role of the state and state establishments. It demonstrates that an understanding of the role of the state is a starting point in the reorganisation of states and proposes a novel additional role that most states have not yet considered, as well as identifying the state establishments that are available to assist states in fulfilling the extended role. Propositions were developed to sustain the extended role and to indicate that the approach to re-imagining the role of the state adds value for academic, practice, and policymaker observers. The report concludes by providing avenues for further research opportunities.

Distributed Observer Design for Linear Systems to Achieve Omniscience Asymptotically Under Jointly Connected Switching Networks.

The distributed observer problem is motivated by the case where the output information of the system is decentralized in different subsystems. In this scene, all the subsystems form an observer network, and each of them has access to only a part of output information and the information exchanged via the given communication networks. Due to the limitation of communication conditions among subsystems, the communication network is often time varying and disconnected. However, the existing research about the aforementioned scene is still not enough to solve this problem. To this end, this article is concerned with the challenge of the distributed observer design for linear systems under time-variant disconnected communication networks. The design method is successfully established by fixing both completely decentralized output information and incompletely decentralized output information into account. Our work overcomes the limitation of the existing results that the distributed observer can only reconstruct the full states of the underlying systems by means of fast switching. In the case of completely decentralized output information, a group of sufficient conditions is put forward for the system matrix, and it is proved that the asymptotical omniscience of the distributed observer could be achieved as long as anyone of the developed conditions is satisfied. Furthermore, unlike similar problems in multiagent systems, the systems that can meet the proposed conditions are not only stable and marginally stable systems but also some unstable systems. As for the case where the output information is not completely decentralized, the results show with the observable decomposition and states reorganization technology that the distributed observer could achieve omniscience asymptotically without any constraints on the system matrix. The validity of the proposed design method is emphasized in two numerical simulations.

Evolving rationales of boundary making in India: beyond states

ABSTRACT Academic scholarship on boundary making in India is disproportionately concentrated on state boundaries. Isolated attention given to other areas fails to adopt a holistic framework. The present paper traces the evolving rationales of delimiting district boundary, scheduled area boundary, and parliamentary constituency boundary. It further attempts to find a common thread to organize the boundary making principles in different arenas. Since its inception, India has embarked on a path of steady decentralization. Initially, the State reorganization commission and several constituency delimitation commissions tried to implement a pan-Indian objective. Ethnic diversity was gradually recognized in boundary making from 1970 onward, most notably in the Northeast. A drive toward ever smaller states and districts is observed under the “small is better” paradigm since 1990s. Overall, boundary making in India is intricately intertwined with political agenda and is increasingly being used for electoral expedience over achieving cardinal visions.

Measuring Adaptive Team Coordination in an Enroute Care Training Scenario

Teams must adapt and coordinate in high-stress environments in response to challenging situations. Communication is vital to coordination and can provide insights into effective team adaptation. We analyzed communication speaker data, consisting of a physician, nurse, and respiratory therapist, from a critical care simulation. We analyzed speaker flow data and quantified continuous reorganization of team communication states using entropy, which measures variety, and determinism, which measures repeatability of patterns. Using Ashby’s law of requisite variety, we hypothesized that higher performance would be correlated with greater variety: higher entropy and lower determinism. We further hypothesized that relationships would be stronger during times containing perturbations than during times without perturbations. Results supported the first hypothesis, effectiveness was correlated with greater communication variety. The correlation was numerically larger for perturbation segments, but the difference from non-perturbation segments was not statistically significant. We discuss potential applications and implications for dynamic measures of team effectiveness.

Unfreezing of molecular motions in protein-polymer conjugates: a calorimetric study

Protein-polymer conjugates are a promising class of biohybrids. In this work, the dynamics of a set of biodegradable conjugates myoglobin-poly(ethyl ethylene phosphate) (My-PEEP) with variations in the number of attached polymers and their molar mass in the dry-state, have been investigated to understand the role of polymer on protein dynamics. We performed Differential Scanning Calorimetry measurements between 190 and 300 K, observing the large-scale dynamics arising from reorganization of conformational states, i.e. within the 100 s timescale. The application of an annealing time during the cooling scans was used to investigate the non-equilibrium glassy-state of the samples, observing the relaxation enthalpy at different annealing temperatures. This procedure permitted to extensively describe the transition broadness and the system relaxation kinetics in the glassy state. The samples show an experimental behaviour different from the theoretical predictions, suggesting the establishment of interactions among the protein and the polymer chains. The different behaviour of the conjugates and the physical mixture (composed of the protein and the polymer physically mixed) highlighted the importance of the covalent bond in defining the system dynamics.Graphical abstract

Directed Evolution of a Bright Variant of mCherry: Suppression of Nonradiative Decay by Fluorescence Lifetime Selections.

The approximately linear scaling of fluorescence quantum yield (ϕ) with fluorescence lifetime (τ) in fluorescent proteins (FPs) has inspired engineering of brighter fluorophores based on screening for increased lifetimes. Several recently developed FPs such as mTurquoise2, mScarlet, and FusionRed-MQV which have become useful for live cell imaging are products of lifetime selection strategies. However, the underlying photophysical basis of the improved brightness has not been scrutinized. In this study, we focused on understanding the outcome of lifetime-based directed evolution of mCherry, which is a popular red-FP (RFP). We identified four positions (W143, I161, Q163, and I197) near the FP chromophore that can be mutated to create mCherry-XL (eXtended Lifetime: ϕ = 0.70; τ = 3.9 ns). The 3-fold higher quantum yield of mCherry-XL is on par with that of the brightest RFP to date, mScarlet. We examined selected variants within the evolution trajectory and found a near-linear scaling of lifetime with quantum yield and consistent blue-shifts of the absorption and emission spectra. We find that the improvement in brightness is primarily due to a decrease in the nonradiative decay of the excited state. In addition, our analysis revealed the decrease in nonradiative rate is not limited to the blue-shift of the energy gap and changes in the excited state reorganization energy. Our findings suggest that nonradiative mechanisms beyond the scope of energy-gap models such the Englman-Jortner model are suppressed in this lifetime evolution trajectory.

Nonradiative Recombination via Charge‐Transfer‐Exciton to Polaron Energy Transfer Limits Photocurrent in Organic Solar Cells

AbstractA recombination and exciton loss mechanism is reported in organic solar cells involving energy transfer between charge transfer (CT) excitons and polarons, impacting photocurrent generation, particularly in the near‐infrared where polaronic transitions typically reside. This process sets a low‐energy cut‐off in the external quantum efficiency spectrum of an excitonic donor/acceptor interface, determined by the low‐energy polaron absorption peak and the CT state reorganization energy. Furthermore, this process explains the deviation from unity and bias dependence of the CT state's internal quantum efficiency at low photon energies. This process is demonstrated in a variety of systems and it is hypothesized that CT state to polaron energy transfer recombination may be responsible for a share of nonradiative recombination in all organic photovoltaics and can explain numerous experimentally observed device trends regarding photocurrent generation and energy losses. Overall, this work enhances the understanding of photophysical processes in organic materials and allows the design of systems that can avoid this recombination pathway.

LANGUAGE WITHOUT A LAND: PARTITION, SINDHI REFUGEES, AND THE EIGHTH SCHEDULE OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION

Scholars have paid significant attention to the linguistic reorganisation of states in India but there is less consideration of how the demands of linguistic movements to redraw the map of India is linked to the history of partition across the colonial-postcolonial divide as well as of the new minorities that linguistic states created. This article draws attention at first to the unsuccessful pre-partition resistance of Sindhi Hindus to the separation of Sindh from the Bombay Presidency on linguistic lines as separation would make them a religious minority. The article then discusses Sindhi resettlement in India as deterritorialised partition refugees, when they had to claim belonging in the context of reinvigorated calls for the redistribution of boundaries based on linguistic majorities. As an alternative to territorial representation, Sindhi refugees successfully sought inclusion in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India, a list of officially supported languages meant originally to enrich Hindi. This history reveals how partition and partition's refugees reshaped constitutional conceptions of minority citizenship in a manner not yet acknowledged. The inclusion of Sindhi in the Eighth Schedule transformed the Schedule's primary purpose from that of augmenting Hindi to additionally conferring protections to a group of minority languages. The Sindhi demand for inclusion paved the way for other minorities whose linguistic identity did not necessarily map neatly on to a geographically defined state to claim recognition in the Schedule. This opened a new but limited option for constitutional safeguards for linguistic minorities without a linguistic state in India.

A midbrain-thalamus-cortex circuit reorganizes cortical dynamics to initiate movement

Motor behaviors are often planned long before execution but only released after specific sensory events. Planning and execution are each associated with distinct patterns of motor cortex activity. Key questions are how these dynamic activity patterns are generated and how they relate to behavior. Here, we investigate the multi-regional neural circuits that link an auditory "Go cue" and the transition from planning to execution of directional licking. Ascending glutamatergic neurons in the midbrain reticular and pedunculopontine nuclei show short latency and phasic changes in spike rate that are selective for the Go cue. This signal is transmitted via the thalamus to the motor cortex, where it triggers a rapid reorganization of motor cortex state from planning-related activity to a motor command, which in turn drives appropriate movement. Our studies show how midbrain can control cortical dynamics via the thalamus for rapid and precise motor behavior.

Neoliberalism and state formation in Iran

ABSTRACT Stemming from the exceptionalist understanding of the 1979 revolution and/or relying on the key political and economic characteristics of the rentier state theory, most explanations of the Iranian post-revolutionary state privilege national space and downgrade capitalism as a totalizing unity. In contrast, this article defines the state as a set of institutional forms reflective of social relations that are generated from contestations over the processes of capital accumulation, arguing that these national social relations have been constituted through their interaction with global social relations. Accordingly, by documenting a conspicuous institutional reorganization of the Iranian state since the late 1980s, it contends that this transformation is the consequence of the reconfiguration of the class basis of the state. The article maintains that this class reconfiguration is internally related to the process of Iranian neoliberalization which has been spawned as a result of the interaction of global and local dynamics.

Recent Challenges on States Reorganization: Reorganization of Jammu and Kashmir

After India’s liberation from the British rule, India was partitioned to form two nations: India and Pakistan, there were several princely states existing under the rule of royals. Jammu and Kashmir was one such state, under the rule of the Hindu ruler, Raja Hari Singh. All princely states were given the option to join either of the two nations: India or Pakistan. After pressure from Pakistan and the support from India, he chose to sign “Instrument of Accession” with the Indian government. The Indian government gave special constitutional status to the state under article 370. However, on August 5, 2019, article 370 and 35A have been revoked, dissolving their special status.

Environmental conditions of the landscape functioning in the Pribaikalskii National Park: historical perspective

The history of the economic development of the valley complexes of the Goloustnaya River basin is considered. Forestry and agricultural activities are designated as the main activities developed by the local population. Fluctuation changes in the intensity of their implementation are highlighted, specifically. the slowly developing process of economic development of valley landscapes due to low population in the second half o f the 17th century and until the first half of the 20th century; expansion of agricultural land and growth of industrial development of forest resources, starting from the middle of the 20th century until the end of the 1980s; and a decrease in economic activities since the end of the last century, which is connected both with the state reorganization of the country’s economy and with creation of specially protected natural territories within the studied area. The valley complexes of the Goloustnaya River are at risk from the recreational development of coastal areas of Lake Baikal that have been actively developing in recent years. Taiga landscapes of the upper and middle reaches of the river are at risk of spreading forest fires. Negative consequences from economic activities have been contributing to a significant anthropogenic transformation of landscapes of the Pribaikalskii National Park for a long period.