Rental Policy Research Articles

RENT POLICY DILEMMAS. REVIEW AND ATTEMPTED EVALUATION

This article aims to present (1) the mechanism of the establishment and consequences of maintaining a policy of low rents in the housing sector, (2) the complex process of transition to market rents, and (3) the risks associated with maintaining these market rents. Two main research hypotheses are proposed: (1) that government intervention in setting low rents leads to a so-called 'rent stabilization trap', with detrimental long-term effects on the housing economy, and (2) that the adoption of market rents in areas with unmet housing demand – which is politically and socially sensitive, especially in the context of high inflation - leads to a 'high rent trap', exacerbating housing availability problems. As the experience of several countries shows, such dynamics often force further legislative action on rent regulation. The study uses three research methods: document review, literature analysis and critique, and a case study approach.

Secure renting by living collectively? A relational exploration of home and homemaking in rental housing cooperatives

In many countries, rental housing is associated with insecure occupant rights and limited control for residents and homeownership is linked with ontological security. In the literature on homemaking, ontological security comprises a set of attributes, i.e., secure occupancy, autonomy and control, but these are often bundled, or treated jointly. In this paper we draw on the lived experiences of residents in Rental Housing Cooperatives (RHC) in Honduras and Australia, and ask how the experience of ontological security in RHC is shaped by its distinct characteristics? We argue that, if the experience of ontological security can be ‘unbundled’, wellbeing in rental housing, particularly for population groups increasingly locked out of homeownerships, can be advanced through housing policy innovation that enhances these, or specific, attributes of ontological security. Methodologically the paper draws on relational thinking, interview data (n = 15) and qualitative analysis of homemaking practices within RHC in Honduras and Australia. The paper utilises a four-quadrant qualitative assessment framework for evaluating occupants’ sense of security and autonomy/control, relative to their sense of home and simply being housed. Our results suggest that secure occupancy more fundamentally underpins a sense of home, than autonomy/control. Implications for rental policy and research are considered.

Rental and Tenement Housing Problems in Sapele Local Government Area, Delta State

Rental/tenement housing problem is a persistent sustainable development challenge that affects livability, particularly in developing countries. The research examined the availability of rental housing, accessibility of rental housing location and neighbourhood facilities, environmental condition and overcrowding as factors of rental/tenement housing problems in Sapele Local Government Area. A total of 384 questionnaires were systematically distributed to household heads and 339 were returned. Data were analysed using both inferential and descriptive statistics. The result revealed that there is inadequacy in the availability of rental housing, and that the location of rental housing is highly accessible and rentals have high accessibility to neighbourhood facilities. It was found that there is an association between road conditions and the level of impediment to rental housing unit. The findings further showed that there was low crime rate and the studyarea had low susceptibility to flooding. Rental housing was found not to be affordable since a higher percentage of residents spends more than 30% of their income on rent and the maximum occupancy ratio was 2 persons per room and of such, there is no problem of overcrowding and privacy. The findings also revealed that there is a link between the number of persons per room and the level of privacy. It is recommended that government should be more involved in the provision of low-income rental housing units and formulation of rental policy.

Spatial Lifestyle Clusters and Access to the City: Evidence from the Stockholm Region

This paper analyses the distribution of social infrastructure (accessibility to services and job opportunities) in a perspective of spatial lifestyle stratification in the Stockholm region. The study is based on a questionnaire completed by 1160 respondents, capturing individual data on attitudes, lifestyles and demography, and urban morphological qualities developed from high resolution register data. The spatial social stratification is based on a spatial cluster analysis on six lifestyles: highly success-oriented; success-oriented with high work ethics; conscious young and elder; people with weak motivations; designers; and middle-class bourgeois. They are spatially distributed in eight overlapping spatial clusters, namely: highly success-oriented and socially mixed central inner city; designers’ inner suburbia; socially mixed inner suburbia; middle-class bourgeois suburbia; highly success-oriented suburbia; conscious young-elder suburbia; socially mixed exurbia; and socially mixed rurality. It turns out that people characterized by weak motivation lifestyle (low income, low education level, not success oriented, etc.) are the most negatively affected lifestyle cluster concerning accessibility to jobs and service. A total of 45% of the ‘weak motivation lifestyle’ respondents reside in ‘socially mixed exurbia’ and ‘socially mixed rurality’. They experience less than 20% of social infrastructure compared to, in this respect, the most privileged spatial lifestyle cluster, the ‘highly success-oriented and socially mixed central inner city’ cluster. Still, surprisingly, this ‘weak motivation’ lifestyle is also concentrated in the ‘socially mixed inner suburbia’ cluster. One reason for this dual spatial concentration might be the Swedish rental policy, linked to residential use-values and a queuing system, instead of exchange values. This policy allows for a complex spatial social stratification influenced by a range of factors (lifestyle and attitudes among others), and not merely income.

Does the COVID-19 affect tenants’ adherence to lease obligations in rental market? Property managers’ perspective

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate how the pandemic affects tenants’ response to their lease obligations. This paper commences with examining the adopted tenant selection criteria during the COVID-19 pandemic. Then, this paper statistically tests if there is a relationship between selection criteria and response on whether the pandemic has effects or not. Then, this paper investigates the specific areas of impact on tenants’ ability to adequately keep to lease agreements in the Nigerian rental market. Finally, this paper proceeds to confirm if there is a relationship between selection criteria and the aspects of tenants’ deficiencies in rental obligations because of COVID-19.Design/methodology/approachSurvey data, backed with interviews, is elicited from practicing estate surveyors and valuers and licensed property managers in Lagos, the largest property market in Nigeria and sub-Sahara Africa. Policy solutions and implications were solicited from personnel at the ministry of housing and senior professionals in the property sector. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, factor analysis and computer-aided qualitative data analysis, Atlas.ti.FindingsTenant’s health status is now accorded a priority together with others. Numbers of tenants are challenged with keeping to the prompt-rent-payment rule. Other areas of slight breaches included livestock rearing, subletting, alteration and repair covenants. Except for tenant reputation and tenant family size, there was no significant relationship between tenant’s health status consideration and the COVID-19 effect on tenant non-compliance with lease obligation. Tenants’ non-compliance with tenancy obligations has a connection with the tenants’ affordability, reputation, ability to sign an undertaking and health conditions during the pandemic. This paper recommends rental housing policy review.Practical implicationsIt is recommended that the rental policy should be reviewed to give room for rental allowance or palliatives, private rental market regulation, exploration of the national housing fund and, if possible, social housing adoption policy in Nigeria.Originality/valueThis paper draws policymakers’ attention to the need to prepare for the future safety net that caters to citizenry welfare in challenging times.

The Dysfunctional Rental Market in Portugal: A Policy Review

In Portugal, due to the rental market’s inability to respond to the constant mismatch between supply and demand over the course of decades, things have become increasingly residual and dysfunctional within the scope of the homeownership market. Through analysis of various laws and legislative changes over the last century, as well as the participant observation acquired by the author’s two-and-a-half years of experience as a stakeholder in the sector, this paper aims to review rental policies in Portugal and the multiple impacts they have had on reproducing various weaknesses in the rental market. The paper concludes with some policy recommendations that advocate how government action is decisive in shaping housing and rental policy, establishing a legal and regulatory framework able to transmit credibility, stability and security to the contractual forms between supply and demand, in keeping with an effective right to housing through affordable renting.

The Consumption‐Stimulating Effect of Public Rental Housing in China

AbstractChina's public rental policy creates opportunities for poor households to rent apartments at low rental prices. In addition to such an impact, we argue that public rental housing increases the purchasing power of the poor and therefore enhances the income elasticity of consumption, i.e., the percentage of consumption increment due to a 1 percent increase in income. Based on a nationwide dataset from China, the Chinese Household Income Project 2018, we find that public rental housing significantly increases the marginal impact of household disposable income on consumption. Specifically, our analysis suggests that public rental apartments could increase the income elasticity of consumption demand by 18 percent among all rental households and by 24 percent among rental households with below‐average income. We also find that the effect of public rental housing on income elasticity of consumption is stronger for service consumption than for nonservice consumption. These results suggest that a well designed public rental policy could not only promote consumption in favor of the service industry but also alleviate the undesirable consequences of the unbalanced consumption structure caused by income inequality.

FUNCTIONING OF THE ECOLOGICAL SAFETY SYSTEM: FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS

Summing up the results of many years of research on the effectiveness of the environmental safety system, the authors have repeatedly drawn attention to the fact that the financial and economic aspect of this process is the most vulnerable to external and internal influences. Any form of activity, from modernization of enterprises or waste sorting, involves the introduction of environmentally friendly technologies, energy efficiency measures and educational activities. Each of the identified areas will require additional funding – attracting investment. In the EU, various forms of state aid are used for this purpose – soft loans, co-financing programs and grants. Environmental taxes in the EU are set at such a level that it would be economically feasible for companies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and pollutants, reduce waste, and modernize. Emphasis is placed on the need to change the system of financing environmental measures and the mechanism for allocating investments in order to introduce mechanisms for stimulating green modernization and energy efficiency in Ukraine. It is proved that this requires a change in the Ukrainian system of environmental taxation and the creation of a special fund. It can be an independent institution that will manage environmental tax funds. This will allow you to effectively use these funds for environmental measures, attract additional international resources and apply environmental solutions in production. Studies have shown that rent payments can help increase environmental and man-made security. The latter are considered as direct rent indicators and ancillary characteristics that allow to determine the relationship between rent and current development indicators. A balanced rent policy (distribution of fiscal and investment payments) will create a system of reserves that can be used to overcome the problems associated with ensuring a sufficient level of environmental security. The possibilities of finding and attracting private capital in this area are also considered. The introduction of various forms of public-private partnership (PPP) is expedient here, which allows to widely use the opportunities of private capital in solving many problems not only in the production of public goods and public services, production of natural monopolies, but also guaranteeing natural resources. man-made and environmental safety.

Household catastrophic health expenditure and its effective factors: a case of Iran

BackgroundThe World Health Organization (WHO) has placed special emphasis on protecting households from health care expenditures. Many households face catastrophic health expenditures (CHEs) from a combination of economic poverty and financing the treatment of medical conditions. The present study aimed to measure the percentage of households facing catastrophic CHEs and the factors associated with the occurrence of CHEs in Shiraz, Iran in 2018.MethodsThe present cross-sectional study was performed on 740 randomly selected households from different districts of Shiraz, Iran in 2018 using a multi-stage sampling method. Data were collected using the Persian version of the “WHO Global Health Survey” questionnaire. CHEs were defined as health expenditures exceeding 40% of households’ capacity to pay. Households living below the poverty line before paying for health services were excluded from the study. The associations between the households’ characteristics and facing CHEs were determined using the Chi-Square test as well as multiple logistic regression modeling in SPSS 23.0 at the significance level of 5%.ResultsThe results showed that 16.48% of studied households had faced CHEs. The higher odds of facing CHEs were observed in the households living in rented houses (OR = 3.14, P-value < 0.001), households with disabled members (OR = 27.98, P-value < 0.001), households with children under 5 years old (OR = 2.718, P-value = 0.02), and those without supplementary health insurance coverage (OR = 1.87, P-value = 0.01).ConclusionCHEs may be reduced by increasing the use of supplementary health insurance coverage by individuals and households, increasing the support of the Social Security and the State Welfare Organizations for households with disabled members, developing programs such as the Integrated Child Care Programs, and setting home rental policies and housing policies for tenants.

Analysis of price determinants in the case of Airbnb listings

Nowadays, the role of the sharing economy in tourism increases, the number of people involved as guests or hosts rising day by day. This dynamic generates a viable alternative to the traditional services, allowing tourists to customise their trips and enrich their experiences. This paper focuses on accommodation services, investigating the factors influencing the prices established by Airbnb hosts. Using structural equation modelling, the authors analyse the influence of different categories of factors (listing’s characteristics, hosts’ involvement, listing’s reputation, listing’s location, and rental policies) on the average daily rate. The results emphasise that the hosts establish the listing’s price based on listing’s characteristics and on their involvement – the owners managing only one listing and the ones charging a security deposit value more their involvement, while the other hosts focus more on the listings’ characteristics. The location of the listing counts for experienced owners, while for opportunist owners it has no importance. The listings’ reputation has a negative impact on the price, contrary to the conclusions achieved in other studies, an aspect that supports the idea that price determinants differ across regions.

A proverbial double-edged sword

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; The notion of family and carer involvement appears throughout European mental health policy and guidelines. However, it has been noted that carer involvement policy may derive from a responsibilization agenda rather than from evidence that it genuinely supports re- covery. We review qualitative research on family life with depression from the perspective of people with depression. Studies were included if they elicited accounts from adults with a professional diagnosis of depression. Nineteen studies were included which incorporated the experiences of 493 adults with depression. A metasynthesis of findings from these stu- dies is discussed within three themes: family issues and depression interact; family support as a double-edged sword; benefits and limitations of psychosocial interventions. Findings reveal a complex inter-relationship between family roles, relationship dynamics, gender, culture and attitudes towards depression. Family involvement in primary care and medical settings can be a double-edged sword and the perceived benefit may depend on the extent to which family perspectives on treatment fit with the depressed person’s understanding of their depression as medical or psychosocial. Psychosocial interventions for individual cli- ents have several limitations in terms of improving family relationships while family-based group interventions may be more beneficial, depending on the engagement of the family and the partner in particular. The review findings emphasise the complexity of family life with depression indicating that the requirement for ‘carer involvement’ as simplified in cur- rent policies and guidelines is naïve policy at best and that family or couple psychosocial interventions may often be more appropriate.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

On a Flow-Shop Scheduling Problem with Fuzzy Pentagonal Processing Time

Scheduling involves planning and arranging jobs across a coordinated set of events to satisfy the customer’s demands. In this article, we present a simple approach for the flow-shop (FS) scheduling problem under fuzzy environment in which processing time of jobs are represented by pentagonal fuzzy numbers. This study is intended to reduce the rental cost of the machine in compliance with the rental policy. The fuzzy FS scheduling problem is solved without converting the processing time into its equivalent crisp numbers using a robust ranking technique and a fuzzy arithmetic pentagonal fuzzy numbers. A numerical illustration indicates that the approach is workable, accurate, and relevant.

Minimization of Hiring cost for n-Jobs, 2-Machines Flow Shop Scheduling: Processing Time Associated with Probabilities with Transportation Time including Break down interval

This paper examines a heuristic programmed algorithm for the problem of two-stage flow shop scheduling in which the time to process their respective probabilities and to minimize the cost of hiring machines under a given rental policy. Furthermore, it takes into account the transfer time from one device to another system. The algorithm is very easy to understand and also offers an significant technique for decision-making.

Improving the economic regulation of environmental safety of water use in the context of decentralization of power

The analysis of economic regulation of environmental safety of water use in Ukraine is carried out at different administrative levels: national, regional, local. It shows significant disparities in the receipt of rents for special water use and environmental tax for discharges of pollutants into water bodies to the budgets of different levels, as well as extremely low shares of rent payments and environmental tax in the structure of revenues of the Consolidated Budget and local budgets, in particular. In the structure of rent payments, the rent for special water use is insignificant (2.6 - 5.1%), and in the structure of revenues of the Consolidated Budget of Ukraine it is lower - 0.1-0.3%. In the structure of revenues of the Consolidated Budget of Ukraine, the share of the environmental tax is insignificant and fluctuates within half a percent. The environmental tax for discharges of pollutants directly into water bodies in the structure of the environmental tax does not exceed 3%, and its environmental and fiscal roles are negligible. The main directions of strengthening the role of economic regulation in ensuring the environmental safety of water use are identified: increasing the resource-saving role of rent payments; strengthening the differentiation of standards for water fees and environmental tax; economic incentives for water users (tax, credit, and other benefits) in case of introduction of low-waste, waste-free, and resource-saving technologies, implementation of measures that reduce the negative impact on water bodies; partnership cooperation of communities and municipalities with business entities engaged in water use. The paper suggests the mechanisms for strengthening the role of economic regulation of environmental safety of water use in the context of decentralization of power, in particular, through the expansion of powers of local governments in the formation and implementation of rental, tax, and investment policies in the field of water use.

Rental Policy of Military Combat Equipment for National Defense: A Trial

Aims: The purpose of this research is to analyze the rental policy of military combat equipment for national defense.&#x0D; Study Design: This study is descriptive and employed qualitative approaches.&#x0D; Methodology: This study uses a qualitative analysis approach that aims to analyze the policy of renting combat equipment for the military, using rental theory as an analytical tool supported by policy theory, national defense, threat perception, and national security.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: This research was conducted in Jakarta, Indonesia in September – October 2020.&#x0D; Results: The results of this study are: (1) Indonesia has a firm stance on China's claims in Indonesia's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) to defend its sovereignty in the Natuna Sea; (2) Indonesia's national security is related to how to maintain Indonesia's territorial sovereignty as a whole as a nation. The responsible institution is the TNI; (3) the basis of national defense is the Indonesian National Army which is developed as a defense asset that is professionally trained and equipped with modern technology; and (4) the policy of renting combat equipment to strengthen the military presence in Natuna is a step that must be seriously considered. There are many advantages to renting rather than buying: renters don't pay for repairs, renters get nice stuff too expensive for owners, renters don't tie up their money, renters have more bargaining power at work, renters have more flexibility in recessions, and renting can be good for the economy and the climate.

Effect of Compensation on Employee Performance: In Case of Mizan Tepi University Teaching Hospital

Compensation is very important for the performance of the employees. Therefore they are very important for the organization too. This study aimed to examine the effect of compensation on employee performance in Mizan Tepi University Teaching Hospital. The study was conducted from November 2018 to June 2019 and included all employees of the hospital. A questionnaire was designed to collect the data on the elements related to compensation like basic salary, bonus, house rent allowance, overtime policy, leave policy and employee performance. The study was used explanatory research design and both primary and secondary data was used to conduct this study. Stratified random sampling technique was used to infer the target population of the study. The data was collected from the employees of Mizan Tepi university teaching hospital. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS 20 Version. Descriptive and explanatory statistics was used to analyze the data and a sample of 213 employees was used to collect the data. However, only 200 employees responded to the questionnaires and hence, the response rate was 94 percent. Besides, descriptive statistical tools like frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation are used to illustrate the demographic characteristics of the respondents and to assess the perception of employees from data collected through questionnaire and the study revealed that majority of the respondents feel disagreed on compensation elements of the organization. Inferential statistical methods like correlation analysis was used to assess the relationship between compensation elements and employee performance, multiple linear regression analysis also was employed to examine the influence of compensation elements on employee performance by using primary data collected through five scale likert questionnaire. Based on the findings of the study, all factors of employee performance have a positive and statistically significant correlation with employee performance. The multiple linear regression analysis (R2) implies that about 54.4% shows that compensation elements determine the variation of employee performance of Mizan Tepi university teaching hospital. Also the regression result revealed that all explanatory variables except bonus have a significant effect on employee performance. This indicated that compensation elements determine employee performance of Mizan Tepi university teaching hospital. Therefore, Mizan Tepi university teaching hospital should implement compensation elements appropriately and continuously as an indispensable tool to improve and maintain sustainable employee performance. Keywords : employee performance, basic salary, bonus, house rent allowance, overtime policy and leave policy. DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/12-31-05 Publication date: November 30 th 2020

Effect of personality traits on smallholders’ land renting behavior: Theory and evidence from the North China Plain

This study investigates the effect of smallholders’ personality traits on their land rental market decisions. We develop a conceptual framework and show that these internal factors could affect smallholders’ land rental market participation beyond institutional and socio-demographic factors. Our empirical analysis is based on a survey of 2119 rural households collected in the North China Plain. We find that smallholders with a higher level of openness are more active in participating in the farmland rental market. Moreover, internal locus of control plays a significant role in explaining smallholders’ land renting behavior. We further show that need for achievement mediates the link between internal locus of control and smallholder’s intention to rent land, indicating that fostering a higher level of internal locus of control—and subsequently achievement desire—could play an important role in promoting smallholders’ land-renting behavior. More generally, our results imply that taking rural smallholders’ personality traits into account in designing land rental policies may increase the effectiveness of policies aimed at promoting land rental market participation among smallholders and incubating crop farm scale enlargement in rural China.

Land rental in a multi-ethnic society: Insights from Southwest China

This study presents detailed evidence on the characteristics, processes, and consequences of land rental practices in a multi-ethnic rural society in Yunnan Province, Southwest China, which have rarely been explored. It contributes to the existing literature on land rental and control by considering the dimension of ethnicity. The findings show the following: Interethnic land rental is a very common and noteworthy feature in the selected Han-Jingpo multi-ethnic rural society. Han ethnic households rented and accumulated a large proportion of farmland and forestland from neighbouring Jingpo ethnic households. This was done to expand cash crops and timber forest, as opposed to the activities of Jingpo ethnic households. Interethnic land rental was mainly triggered by different development capabilities and attitudes towards agricultural commercialization supported by differences in resource assets due to ethnic living patterns and other dynamic socio-political reasons. Consequently, Jingpo ethnic households are experiencing an increasing income gap due largely to declines in farmland and forestland, while possibilities for positive interethnic interactions were found. These findings are relevant for rethinking land rental policies in China and also provide useful insights for rural sustainability in any multi-ethnic area where interethnic interactions of land or other resources coexist.

Implementation Challenges of the Ghana Rent Policy (Act 220) - A Case Study in the Ashanti Region

The study sought to find out the implementation challenges of the Ghana rent policy (Act 220) as the country is deficit, in terms of providing rental accommodation to meet its growing population. Geographically, the study through the usage of both probability and non-probability sampling techniques covered suburbs in the Ashanti Region as the region is one of the two most urbanized regions in Ghana. The study employed the explanatory research design in order to ascertain the current state of rental housing in Ghana and as well as what influences rent charges and rental choices. The results from the study indicated that though rental housing is a neglected feature, it has the potential of boosting the revenue base of the nation, provided the policy that governs the sector is well implemented to make the sector organized and provide its socio-economic benefits. The study concluded that the major challenge confronting rental housing in Ghana is the neglect of the sector by the government – ensuring the implementation of the rent policy. This neglect has affected the effective and efficient functioning of the sector which has the potential of helping to address the housing need of the nation while providing income to the individual and the nation.

Comparison of Crude Oil Supply Cost Between Ship Rental and Single Point Mooring

Today, the need for fuel oil and gas are increasing. Fuel oil and gas is the energy needed by the public to support daily activities. To meet the people needs for fuel oil and gas, the company is not only focused on the Indonesian people needs. Production principle carried out is make to stock, so the company makes direct purchase of imported and domestic crude oil and through government entitlement. Currently this fuel oil company has a problem that is quite urgent because the currency value is related to the crude oil procurement. This causes the profit obtained by the company is not optimal. So it needs to be evaluated relates to crude oil procurement policies in the company. As a result, the total costs spent by GP ship rental policy is $ 53.572.938, but by using the SPM (Single Point Mooring) method will save around $ 114.300.205 for 4 years scale or $ 28.575.051 in a year.