Rental Contracts Research Articles

Specialized Capital, Rental Contracts, and Localization

Specialized Capital, Rental Contracts, and Localization

Workers seek Covid-19 protection on plantations already racked by closures and unemployment

28 | International Union Rights | 27/1-27/2 FOCUS | UNIONS, WORKERS’ RIGHTS, AND THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC Workers seek Covid-19 protection on plantations already racked by closures and unemployment One year on from the laying off of 180 workers at Chiquita Brands’ port operations terminal in Limón, Costa Rica, their union continues to fight for justice and to mitigate the impact in one of the provinces of the country’s hardest hit by poverty and unemployment. On 4th March last year, Chiquita Brands made the decision to close the port operations department. Many workers were notified by WhatsApp, whilst others arrived at the workplace to find the gates locked with padlocks. The banana transnational explained that the closure was a consequence of a change to port operating procedures following the granting of a concession to the multinational APM Terminals, which seriously affected Chiquita’s ability to continue its port operation. The unions however, saw it differently. “It was all a lie. The closure was due to a company strategy to outsource their operations, eliminate the union and ignore collective agreements”, said Maikol Hernandez, General Secretary of the Sintracobal union. Legal action Following the Costa Rica lay offs, the union entered into conciliation talks with Chiquita, as prescribed by Costa Rican labour law, but were unable to reach any agreement. Consequently, the union filed a class action lawsuit for violation of their collective agreement with Chiquita, as well as lawsuits for special cases, such as pregnant and lactating workers, workers with disabilities and dismissals due to discrimination. So far, the court has ordered the reinstatement of one of the lactating women, all other cases await processing. Mitigating community unemployment Along with the closure of the Chiquita operation in Limón, rival fruit multinational Dole, and other companies, closed their operations there, leaving a total of more than 1100 workers unemployed in the already economically ravaged region. To help mitigate the impact of unemployment, Sintracobal entered into a strategic alliance with the Universidad San Juan de la Cruz to deliver a work empowerment programme for laid off workers. At the time of writing, out of 350 people who started the new skills development programme, 52 have already graduated and a total of 330 workers are expected to receive their diplomas in May this year. Although, currently, only about 20 workers have found permanent or seasonal employment. The union is calling for more to be done, “we need the government to redouble efforts to implement public policies that facilitate new investments and job creation. Hunger does not wait”, concluded Hernández. Unions play crucial role Álvaro Ramírez of the United Nations’ International Labour Organisation (ILO), who has helped to facilitate the initiative, recognises the important role of the unions in mitigating the situation. “It was the union that facilitated the implementation of mechanisms to serve the affected population, which did not exist in Costa Rica”, he told IUF Latin America. “And it did not end there, because later, the same union and its network of advisers and solidarity organisations became directly involved in the execution of the training and retraining programmes”. “It was a different way of facing an emergency of this size and the way things have been evolving fills me with hope, because there is a future at the end of the tunnel in the history of Limón”, Ramirez concluded. Dole provides facilities to support laid-off workers’ cooperative In a separate initiative, Dole, who closed their maintenance operation in Limón last year, signed an agreement with a cooperative made up of 124 of its former employees to provide them with a one-year loan of the facilities of the Dole workshop to launch their own business maintaining and repairing containers, trucks and cargo cranes. Once the loan year is over, the cooperative, Coopesitraco, will be able to assess the possibility of signing a rental contract with the company to continue using the facilities with responsibility for the property. The 2020 health crisis and workers’ protection Moving into 2020 the concerns for workers’ protection have been raised across the region as the In Costa Rica already in 2019 both Chiquita and Dole were closing down some...

Inequality and the Safety Net Throughout the Income Distribution, 1929-1940

We explored two measures of inequality that described the full income distribution in cities. One measure is an income gini based on family incomes in 1929 for 33 cities and in 1933 for up to 48 cities in 1933 were spread throughout the country. We also estimated gini coefficients that made use of contract rents for renters and implicit rents for home owners for up to 955 cities throughout the country. We were able to expand to all counties when looking at a top-end inequality measure, the number of taxpayers per family. All three measures varied substantially across the country. We show the correlations between the various measures and also estimate the relationship between the measures and various relief programs developed by governments at all levels during the period.

Modeling the Spatial Dimensions of Warehouse Rent Determinants: A Case Study of Seoul Metropolitan Area, South Korea

The spatial mismatch between warehouse locations and urban freight demand mainly driven by logistics sprawl can have negative environmental impacts, due to the increase in average trucking distances. This study investigated the spatial dimension of warehouse rent determinants identifying the regional specifics of supply and demand of warehouse facilities and services. Based on the case of the Seoul Metropolitan Area in South Korea, spatial autoregressive regression (SAR) and mixed geographically weighted regression (MGWR) models were developed to explain the spatial stationary and non-stationary relationship between warehouse rent and the explanatory variables, including the transactional characteristics of the rental contracts, physical characteristics of the buildings, location factors, and various warehousing services. The MGWR results identified the distance to the nearest highway interchange, repackaging service, and built-in ramps as globally fixed variables and contract floor space, total building floor space, building age, and land price as locally varying variables. The results of this study allowed us to provide meaningful insights into the sustainable development of urban logistics facilities through a better understanding of the interaction between logistics activities, transportation infrastructure, and land use.

Regional Impact of the German Rent Brake

Abstract New rental contracts have risen dramatically in many German places in recent years due to strong influxes and sluggish construction activity. The rent brake should put a stop to this development so that housing in prospering cities remains affordable for people on normal and low incomes. Although initial successes were attested to the rent brake, empirical findings are increasing, according to which the rent brake is not having the desired effect. This also applies to the findings determined here: the results of a difference-in-difference estimation show that the rent brake has reduced rents on offer in Hamburg, Berlin and Munich by up to 5%, while no effects are observed in Cologne and Düsseldorf. Nevertheless, the effects are lagging behind the expected effects almost everywhere. The results illustrate once again an implementation deficit and show that no general statements on the effectiveness of the rent brake are currently permissible. However, the rent brake is certainly having a price effect in some regions, even if not to the intended extent.

Land rent values determinants: a Hedonic Pricing approach at local scale

Farmland values are driven by a complex set of factors. Starting from the idea that land rent values may reflect several characteristics both internal and external to agricultural sector, the paper has implemented a hedonic model based on land rent values in the metropolitan area of Milan, Northern Italy, assessing the influence of climate, soil, territorial and farm variables on a sample of farms. The model is based on data at rent contract level, matched with data at farm and municipal scale retrieved from different sources. Results confirm that land rent prices are affected by some climate variables, along with territorial and farm characteristics.

Let Artificial Intelligence Be Your Shelf Watchdog: The Impact of AI-powered Shelf Monitoring on Product Sales

We collaborate with Danone, a leading fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) manufacturer, to study how AI-based shelf monitoring helps with manufacturers' shelf management efforts by using data from a quasi-experiment and a field experiment. We find that AI-powered shelf monitoring significantly and consistently improves product sales; that said this effect is only partially persistent in that it diminishes after monitoring is terminated. We further reveal that this positive effect can be attributed to independent retailers rather than chained retailers. Since the major difference with respect to shelf monitoring between these retailers is the degree of heterogeneity in shelf space rental contracts, this finding indicates that AI-powered monitoring is more effective than human monitoring in managing more heterogeneous shelf displays. More broadly, the finding further suggests that AI-powered monitoring is more scalable, allowing manufacturers to cope more effectively with more heterogeneous objects. Finally, the low marginal costs and great benefits that manufacturers earn from implementing AI-powered shelf monitoring suggest both its long-term applicability and its capacity to generate incremental value. Our research contributes to several literature streams as well as generates managerial insights for practitioners who consider AI-driven operating models.

Variation in Output Shares and Endogenous Matching in Land Rental Contracts: Evidence from Ethiopia

AbstractWe investigate the extent of variation in output sharing in land rental contracts and alternative hypotheses to explain this variation. Close to half of the rental contracts in our study in northern Ethiopia have output shares that deviate from the dominant 50–50 equal sharing. Variation in land quality, the relative bargaining power of landlords and tenants, production risks and shocks are hypothesised to influence output shares. Matched data of landlords and tenants are used. The importance of endogenous matching of landlords and tenants is investigated by assessing how endogenous tenant characteristics are correlated with landlord characteristics. We find evidence of negative assortative matching for key resource characteristics. A control function approach is used to control for endogenous matching in the output share models. The results reveal that production risks, as well as relative bargaining power, affect output shares in the reverse tenancy setting where tenants are relatively wealthier and more influential than landlords.

ESSENTIAL CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT RENT LANDS OF AGRICULTURAL PURPOSE IN CIVIL LAW IN UKRAINE, FRANCE AND GERMANY

The article examines the essential conditions of contract rent of agricultural land in civil law of Ukraine, France and Germany, also investigate the characteristics of this contract, defines the concepts of «land», «contract rent of lands», «contract rent lands of agricultural purpose».

Credit and Land Contracting: A Test of the Theory of Sharecropping

AbstractChoice of a share vs. fixed rent land rental contract has figured prominently in the theory of industrial organization. This theory tells us that, while a share contract is inefficient in a first‐best world, it may be the preferred option under second‐best conditions. It has thus predicted the existence of sharecropping as the potentially preferred contract under conditions of liquidity constraint. Rigorous empirical evidence is, however, still lacking on this basic contribution of theory. We use a randomized experiment in a credit program for landless workers and marginal farmers organized by BRAC in Bangladesh to show that increased access to credit has a large positive effect on the choice of fixed rent over share rent contracts, both in terms of number of contracts and area contracted. As predicted by theory, the magnitude of this shift away from sharecropping is enhanced when the tenant is less exposed to risk. Development programs that facilitate access to credit to potential tenants can thus help them take more efficient land rental contracts.

A Game Theory approach to Airbnb and hotels competition

The rapid growth of Airbnb listings has represented a challenge for hotels. While most of the existent literature has focused on empirically measuring the impact of Airbnb listings on hotels’ revenues and profitability, the present research is one of the first attempts to develop a theoretical framework based on game theory to model a hotel’s best response in terms of investment to improve the quality of service and pricing strategy. The model results suggest that hotel location, the average value of long-term rental contracts and the density of available apartments influence the hotel strategy.

How did land titling affect China’s rural land rental market? Size, composition and efficiency

Based on 2010–2015 official surveys conducted by the Ministry of Agriculture, we apply the difference-in-differences method to study how the latest land titling reform in China affected the land rental market. While we cannot attribute the rapid growth of the land rental market during this period to the land titling reform, the reform did have a significant impact on the composition of renters and certain features of the rental transaction. Specifically, we show that the land titling reform led to an increase in land transferred to agricultural enterprises and cooperatives, and a decrease in the probability of households renting land out to other households (which were likely to be relatives and friends). The land titling reform also encouraged households to use written contracts and to charge pecuniary rents, although it did not affect the duration of the contract. Our results suggest that the land titling reform improved the efficiency of the land rental market by promoting the formalisation of rental contracts and by facilitating the allocation of land to more productive users.

Computerization and Development: Formalizing Property Rights and its Impact on Land and Labor Allocation

I test the land and labor market effects of a property rights reform that computerized rural land records, and provided access to digitized records and automated transactions to agricultural landowners and cultivators in Pakistan. Using the staggered roll-out of the program, I find that while the reforms do not shift land ownership, landowning households are more likely to rent out land and lower their agricultural participation. At the same time, cultivating households have access to more land, as rented in land and overall farm size per cultivating household increases. Improved tenure security also shifts the type of rental contracts, and the input choices of cultivators. Aggregate district level data suggests an improvement in overall crop yield. These results have implications for both the allocation of land across farmers and the selection of labor into farming.

주택임대시장 균형조건을 이용한 주택매매가격 대비 전세가격 비율 결정요인 분석: 주택매매가격 변동성을 중심으로

Traditional approach to analyze the determinants of Chonsei deposit to housing sales price ratio is based on asset market equilibrium condition. However, this approach does not fully account for complexity involved in Korean rental housing market, where Chonsei, Monthly-rent-with-variable deposit, and pure monthly rental contracts coexist. In this paper, we utilize each rental type’s different rate of return structure and examine the determinants of Chonsei deposit to housing sales price ratio based on rental housing market equilibrium condition. We further incorporate housing price volatility into the analysis as a critical variable related to housing investment risks, which has been ignored in previous studies. Our empirical analysis using a sample of the apartment sales price and rent in Seoul confirm our theoretical predictions: Chonsei deposit to housing sales price ratio is positively linked to the rent-to-price ratio and housing price volatility, and the ratio is negatively affected by the expected housing price appreciation rate. The relationship between the Chonsei deposit to housing sales price ratio and housing price volatility was robust to different measures of housing price volatility. The long-run elasticity of Chonsei deposit to housing sales price ratio with respect to rentto- price ratio was estimated to be 1.04~1.22 and the long-run elasticity of the ratio with respect to housing price volatility was estimated to be 0.15~0.53. which is about 50 to 100 percent of the long-run elasticity with respect to expected housing price appreciation rate. These results show that previously ignored housing price volatility is one of important variables to affect Chonsei deposit to housing sales price ratio and risk factors are needed to be considered to better understand Korean housing market.

Sistema de apoio à decisão via planilha eletrônica para o planejamento de interconexão de erbs em cenários de aluguel com demanda e custo fuzzy

A crescente demanda por novos serviços de transmissão de dados aliado as imprecisões de crescimento da demanda resultam na expansão dos Sistemas de Acesso Móvel Celular (SMC), requerendo intensa atividade de planejamento com uma grande variedade de opções técnico-mercadológicas. Este artigo apresenta um Sistema de Apoio à Decisão para o dimensionamento da interconexão Estação Rádio Base – Central de Controle e Comutação em uma rede de telecomunicações móvel celular desenvolvido em planilha eletrônica. O principal objetivo é que o SAD possa auxiliar na escolha da topologia de rede mais viável economicamente, admitindo-se previsões imprecisas de demanda e custo e baseia-se no conceito de números fuzzy trapezoidais. A metodologia permite um alto grau de interatividade com o planejador, flexibilizando analisar cenários de contratos de aluguel para uma rede de pequeno porte, um método científico de investigação quantitativa. Os resultados mostram a eficiência da ferramenta computacional desenvolvida. A utilização do solver permitiu aprimorar o uso de uma ferramenta computacional de fácil utilização por parte do usuário final do sistema, pois o modelo matemático do Sistema de Apoio à Decisão utilizado demonstrou ser um facilitador para avaliar como é o comportamento da rede para as mais variadas possibilidades.

SEWA MENYEWA (IJARAH) DALAM SISTEM PERBANKAN SYARIAH

Rental transactions in the conventional banking there is no property right transfer, meaning that if the lease term ends, the item is returned to the owner of the leasing object leases that generally does not require the services of a financial institution. Another case in practice because of known Islamic banking financing based on lease agreement - so-called Ijarah lease. In Islamic banking, al-Ijarah divided into 2 types namely: mutlaqah Ijarah or leasing, operating lease is a process that we usually encounter in daily economic activity. In the context of Islamic banking, Ijarah is a lease contract in which a bank or financial institution renting equipment (equipment), a building or goods, to one of its customers by charging fees that have been determined with certainty in advance. While al-Ijarah Al-Muntahia bit-Tamlik is a kind of fusion between the contracts of sale and lease or rental contract rather that ends with ownership of the goods in the hands of the tenant. The nature of transfer of ownership was also distinguishes it from ordinary lease, contained in conventional financial institutions. Al-Ijarah concept in Islamic banking as the lease in general, but what sets it apart is that in Islamic banking there is a lease which at the end of the contract, given the choice/option to customers to have the goods or not, commonly referred to leases purchase.

Revenue‐Sharing Contracts under Demand Uncertainty in Shopping Center

AbstractThis article investigates shopping center rent contracts that have a two‐part tariff structure: charging a fixed rent plus a percentage of sales. We consider a game‐theoretic model, wherein a shopping center developer offers different contracts for two types of retailers: large and small. The retailers face demand uncertainties. We show the developer offers a lower percentage fee for the large retailer. Alternatively, it offers a higher fixed fee for the large retailer, unless the small retailer faces largely uncertain demand. The developer's expected profit increases with the demand uncertainty, which would suggest the developer should assemble nearly homogeneous retailers.

Priests, Conflicts and Property Rights: the Impacts on Tenancy and Land Use in Brazil

Abstract Compared to the rest of the world, farmers in Brazil rely relatively little on tenant contracts. In agriculture, career mobility is associated with moving up the agricultural ladder from working for wages to renting to owning (Alston, L.J., and J.P. Ferrie. 2005. “Time on the Ladder: Career Mobility in Agriculture,” 1890-1938 The Journal of Economic History 65(04): 1058–1081. Cambridge University Press). Alone, this fact may not present a puzzle, but coupled with the large number of landless peasants and large amounts of unused land, the question is, Why don't landowners with unused or underutilized land negotiate land rental contracts with the landless.? In Brazil, this avenue for advancement has been hurt by a reluctance of owners to rent in areas experiencing land conflict. The lack of rentals is an important issue because Brazil is geographically a large country, roughly the size of the continental United States and has an expanding agricultural frontier, some of which is cutting into the Amazon. If the lack of land rentals is pervasive across Brazil and also signals inefficiency in production, the total magnitude is likely to be large when summed across the country.

Do Heterogeneous Agricultural Factors Affect Farmland Contractual Choice?—Evidence from China

Abstract This paper introduces a game framework for farmland rent contract choice which incorporates the characteristic uncertainty about the quality of agricultural factors and heterogeneous agricultural attributes matching with rural land leasing contract and the dynamic contracting behavioral equilibrium. The game theoretic model shows that the farmland rent sharecropping is a Pareto optimum contract, that the different farmland use contractual arrangement will match with specific agricultural factors combination between farmland and labor, that sequential rational tenants will make the game transfer from Nash Equilibrium to Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium. Our field survey data of China between 2014 and 2015 is consistent with our theoretic hypothesis. The empirical results indicate that the tenant's age has significant negative effect on share contract, that social security, soil fertility and the number of plots have significant positive effect.

Legal Implications: Cameron Rowland's Rental Contract

This essay examines Cameron Rowland's use of a rental contract to govern the transfer of his artistic work. In asserting that possession of his work will be temporally finite, Rowland draws upon legal scholarship into slavery and colonization as legacies of “propertized” human life and dispossession to recognize how, through the social and legal order, individuals today expect, rely on, and protect historical forms of domination within normalized relations and conditions of exchange of property. Rowland's contract presents new challenges to predominant relations of exchange, capital accumulation, ownership, and racialized dispossession that rely on property law, as well as to prescribed notions of cultural competency and artistic experimentation. This essay tracks Rowland's critical project from the political imperatives and early research questions that motivated his conceptualization of the rental contract, through its use in different exhibition contexts, culminating in the story of how the evolving terms of Rowland's contract steered the Museum of Modern Art in New York's rental of his artistic work. Through an analysis of how the contract was negotiated between the artist, MoMA staff, the museum's acquisitions committee, and legal counsel, this essay reflects on why the agreement represents a significant precedent that complicates established parameters for the ownership of art as legal property.