Renovation System Research Articles

Design features of the new system for reconstruction and renovation of large panel buildings

Design features of the new system for reconstruction and renovation of large panel buildings

Applying indirect evaporative chillers for comfort cooling in Northern European commercial buildings: A case study in Sweden

Indirect evaporative chiller (IEC) can produce chilled water below the wet-bulb temperature of outdoor air. To evaluate the potential of applying indirect evaporative chillers for covering the high indoor sensible cooling loads in commercial buildings of Northern European countries, a case study based on a real commercial building in Stockholm was carried out assuming renovation of the existing air-conditioning system by replacing district cooling with an indirect evaporative chiller as cooling source. Numerical models were built for the indirect evaporative chiller as well as for the entire space cooling system, and techno-economic performance evaluation as well as sensitivity analyses were conducted with a validated numerical model to comprehensively evaluate renovation benefits. The simulation results show that, an indirect evaporative chiller fulfilling 80 % of the total sensible cooling load of the design outdoor condition with a dry-bulb outdoor air temperature of 26 °C and a relative humidity of 45 %, can produce chilled water below the wet-bulb outdoor air temperature when the relative humidity is lower than 0.4 for hours in July of year 2015 and 2018. Sensitivity analyses show that reducing the supply air flow rate of the ventilation system from the default setpoint of 1.2 L/(m2·s) to the minimum hygienically required level of 0.35 L/(m2·s) would double the seasonal energy efficiency rating of the air-conditioning system from 6.3 to 12.8. Compared to the original district cooling-based system, the operational expenditure of the renovated system can be saved for optimally 54 k SEK, justifying a capital expenditure of 588 k SEK assuming operation of 15 years. The case study shows that indirect evaporative chiller can potentially be applied for commercial buildings under the and climatic and market context of Sweden, providing an alternative cooling solution for similar applications.

A Mixed Reality Design System for Interior Renovation: Inpainting with 360-Degree Live Streaming and Generative Adversarial Networks after Removal

In contemporary society, “Indoor Generation” is becoming increasingly prevalent, and spending long periods of time indoors affects well-being. Therefore, it is essential to research biophilic indoor environments and their impact on occupants. When it comes to existing building stocks, which hold significant social, economic, and environmental value, renovation should be considered before new construction. Providing swift feedback in the early stages of renovation can help stakeholders achieve consensus. Additionally, understanding proposed plans can greatly enhance the design of indoor environments. This paper presents a real-time system for architectural designers and stakeholders that integrates mixed reality (MR), diminished reality (DR), and generative adversarial networks (GANs). The system enables the generation of interior renovation drawings based on user preferences and designer styles via GANs. The system’s seamless integration of MR, DR, and GANs provides a unique and innovative approach to interior renovation design. MR and DR technologies then transform these 2D drawings into immersive experiences that help stakeholders evaluate and understand renovation proposals. In addition, we assess the quality of GAN-generated images using full-reference image quality assessment (FR-IQA) methods. The evaluation results indicate that most images demonstrate moderate quality. Almost all objects in the GAN-generated images can be identified by their names and purposes without any ambiguity or confusion. This demonstrates the system’s effectiveness in producing viable renovation visualizations. This research emphasizes the system’s role in enhancing feedback efficiency during renovation design, enabling stakeholders to fully evaluate and understand proposed renovations.

Computational assessment of radiative flow of engine oil-based mono nanofluids between parallel infinite double disks

Flow and heat transfer impacts of copper and silver are scrutinized between two infinite disks are addressed. The significance of mono nanofluids flow between double infinite disks is retained. The behavior of copper and silver nanoparticles and taking engine oil as a base fluid is scrutinized. A thermal radiation impact has been taken into account in heat equation. The governing equations of a MHD laminar flow among double disks are formulated in the presence of magnetic field. The suitable transformation is adopted to renovate the governing flow expressions into proper dimensionless ordinary differential equation. The renovated system in the form of dimensionless equations is numerically treated with the help of MATLAB via Lobatto-IIIa method. The role of different values parameters against flow and heat transfer is discussed in detail and elaborated graphically. From the outcomes, it is found that axial and radial velocity components has inverse trend for stretching parameter for lower and upper disk. Furthermore radial velocity is near the lower disk is reduce while boosts near upper disk for solid volume friction. It is observed that Pressure field is diminishes for larger Reynolds number. Stretching parameter for upper disk enhanced the pressure field. Temperature distribution is improves with larger stretching parameter for upper disk.

One-Pot De Novo Synthesis of [4Fe-4S] Proteins Using a Recombinant SUF System under Aerobic Conditions.

Fe-S clusters are essential cofactors mediating electron transfer in respiratory and metabolic networks. However, obtaining active [4Fe-4S] proteins with heterologous expression is challenging due to (i) the requirements for [4Fe-4S] cluster assembly, (ii) the O2 lability of [4Fe-4S] clusters, and (iii) copurification of undesired proteins (e.g., ferredoxins). Here, we established a facile and efficient protocol to express mature [4Fe-4S] proteins in the PURE system under aerobic conditions. An enzyme aconitase and thermophilic ferredoxin were selected as model [4Fe-4S] proteins for functional verification. We first reconstituted the SUF system in vitro via a stepwise manner using the recombinant SUF subunits (SufABCDSE) individually purified from E.coli. Later, the incorporation of recombinant SUF helper proteins into the PURE system enabled mRNA translation-coupled [4Fe-4S] cluster assembly under the O2-depleted conditions. To overcome the O2 lability of [4Fe-4S] Fe-S clusters, an O2-scavenging enzyme cascade was incorporated, which begins with formate oxidation by formate dehydrogenase for NADH regeneration. Later, NADH is consumed by flavin reductase for FADH2 regeneration. Finally, bifunctional flavin reductase, along with catalase, removes O2 from the reaction while supplying FADH2 to the SufBC2D complex. These amendments enabled a one-pot, two-step synthesis of mature [4Fe-4S] proteins under aerobic conditions, yielding holo-aconitase with a maximum concentration of ∼0.15 mg/mL. This renovated system greatly expands the potential of the PURE system, paving the way for the future reconstruction of redox-active synthetic cells and enhanced cell-free biocatalysis.

Carbon Life Cycle Assessment and Costing of Building Integrated Photovoltaic Systems for Deep Low-Carbon Renovation

Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems can achieve high yields through high percentages of building envelope surface coverage associated with material savings by substituting conventional building envelope components and avoiding land-use change to install open-land PV installations. This article discusses the life cycle assessment (LCA) and the life cycle costing (LCC) of BIPV systems in timber-hybrid building extensions and envelope renovation systems of three exemplary buildings in the Republic of Korea: apartment, mixed-use commercial/industrial, and low-rise multi-unit residential. The BIPV system’s electricity production was quantified with simulation tools. Minimum and average carbon LCAs were calculated using a global product inventory database for 50 years. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission savings by substituting conventional energy supplies were calculated based on the associated primary energy demands. LCC calculations were based on international datasets for BIPV LCC for 25 and 50 years. As a result, the BIPV system-associated GHG emissions can be decreased by up to 30% with a payback time of 12 (apartment) to 41 (mixed-use building) years for buildings with full PV coverage. The positive cumulative net present value (NPV) for both LCC scenarios encourages economic investments in building renovations with BIPV systems.

공공기관 노동이사제의 법적 쟁점과 개선 방향

Recently, the “Board-Level Employee Representation System” has been actively introduced and expanded, focusing on public institutions. The board-level employee representation system overcomes the limitations of employee management participation system and encourages employees to participate in managerial decision-making more directly and actively in order to convert the labor-management relations paradigm to a participative or a cooperative form. It is also highlighted as the most suitable system for rational renovation of public institutions’ internal and external governance structure, enhancement of transparency and responsibility, and enforcement of recently emerging ESG management in public institutions.BR In response, this paper reviewed the rules of the central board-level employee representation system based on the legislative discussion process and local board-level employee representation system, focusing on the Act on The Management of Public Institutions. Then, this paper also examined the main issues derived from each rule to suggest rational improvement directions.BR For the central-local board-level employee representation system’s rules, this paper suggests as follows : Finding unified rules, amending formal and systematic disagreement between the Act on The Management of Public Institutions and management guidelines, legislating the rules of local board-level employee representation system, raising a need for systematic discussion on the board-level employee representation system, expanding the board-level employee representation system in other public institutions, reforming a legal status of board-level employee, securing representativeness in institutions, disqualifying board-level employee from a labor union member, establishing the number of board-level employee in consideration of each institution’s characteristics, and granting authorities and responsibilities in consideration of board-level employee’s duties.BR The board-level employee representation system is a type of employee participation system and it reflects the interests of all employees to the authorities that have been exercised unilaterally by the employer. As a result, it inevitably involves fierce labor-management-government controversies over introduction and expansion of the board-level employee representation system.BR Thus, it is necessary to continue the discussions in order to change the labor-management paradigm and renovate the governance structure and labor-management relation stably through the Korean-style board-level employee representation system.

Digitalization in The Organizing of Apartment Building Major Renovation in Russia

The article substantiates the necessity and possibility of using information and communication technologies to reduce the severity and intensity of the principal-agent problem that arises in the modern system of organizing the major renovations of apartment buildings in Russia. Based on the “Arshtein ladder of civic participation” the article proposes a hierarchical model for a meaningful assessment of the existing resources of information and communication support for the major renovation system in Russia. This model includes seven levels of participation of homeowners in solving the problem of a building renovation. The analysis of the content and services of information support resources for the major renovation system of apartment buildings in Russia showed that they do not contribute to the practice of active real participation of homeowners in resolving issues of renovations, they are at the level of “symbolic” participation, providing information about the regulatory the legal framework for renovations, the structure of regulatory authorities in this area, the current activities of regional operators. The information support of the major renovation system of apartment buildings in Russia is an information flow from authorities to citizens, with a weak or absent feedback flow with the ability to control incoming initiatives and complaints, which does not allow us to state progress in mitigating the consequences of the principal-agent problem in this area.

Post-occupancy evaluation and codesign in mental healthcare buildings: User’s input as a driver for functional and technical adaptations in post COVID-19 reality

During the COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing protocols imposed the suspension of many activities in mental healthcare facilities, limiting the use of the facility to people in comprehensive care. With the advancement of vaccination, these buildings are gradually reopening for community use. However, managers and workers now face challenges in accommodating new design demands related to reducing the risk of contamination by COVID-19 within the building. This research adopted a multi-method approach in two phases, combining a post-occupancy evaluation with a cocreation activity to help mental healthcare workers and patients to suggest design changes in their environment. Three Psychosocial Care Centers (CAPS) in São Paulo were selected as case-study buildings. The first phase was the Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE), in which the lead researcher conducted a walkthrough with the facility administrator, applied questionnaires to 100 employees, and conducted a walking interview with 12 patients. During Phase 02, a codesign activity entitled “Dream CAPS” was conducted with 25 healthcare workers and 12 patients. In this activity, participants were asked to customize a physical model of a mental healthcare facility, choosing the wall and floor finishings, the types of openings (windows, doors), furniture, and ornaments. Afterward, they participated in an interview with illustrated cards. All activities were audio-recorded and textual analysis qualified and categorized the content. Objective and subjective data analysis identified five characteristics of the built environment that prevented or increased risk of COVID-19 spread: Places that support risk mitigation procedures, access and circulation control, extended use of outdoor spaces, natural and artificial air renovation systems, and materials resistant to terminal cleaning. Patients participated in the activities but did not express opinions on the impact of architecture on airborne disease prevention. Healthcare workers claimed that environments that improve mental health must be attractive and prone to social interaction and relaxation without compromising biological safety. The combination of post-occupancy evaluation and codesign proved an excellent tool to identify the demands of mental healthcare buildings and discuss the solutions that must be implemented to deal with contemporary and future crises in a pandemic context.

Life cycle assessment and costing of carbon neutral hybrid-timber building renovation systems: Three applications in the Republic of Korea

Building renovation must be attractive and profitable regarding sustainability criteria to be a competitive alternative to demolishment and construction of new buildings. This study presents the global warming potential related life cycle assessment and net present value life cycle costing of three hybrid-timber building renovation and extension systems. The three systems have been developed for three common building types in the Republic of Korea: residential high-rise (cross-laminated timber system), multi-use (glue-laminated and timber frame system), and residential low-rise (steel and timber frame system). The global warming potential of the renovation systems’ materials and their net present value has been calculated with a parametric design system that facilitates the streamlined calculation of multiple construction options and the resulting environmental and economic impacts. The results demonstrate that the three systems achieve negative global warming potential (apartment: −4.74 kgCO2/m2, mixed-use −0.74 kgCO2/m2, multi-unit: −0.28 kgCO2/m2). Positive net present value can be achieved by selling or renting additional useable floor space created through building extension and renovation, resulting in economically and ecologically profitable alternatives to new construction. The parametric calculation system facilitates integrated economic and ecologic cost assessment and evaluation and allows for multiple scenario comparisons.

Lessons From EU-Projects for Energy Renovation

There is an urgent need for energy renovation of the existing building stock, in order to reach the climate goals, set in Paris in 2016. To reach climate targets, it is important to considerably lower energy demand as well as switch to fossil-free heating systems. Unfortunately, renovation rates across the EU remain at a low level of 1% per year. Deep renovation, which lowers energy use with 60% or more, accounts only for 0,2% of renovations. The heating transition thus progresses much more slowly than the electricity transition. We draw on the framework of technological innovation systems, which allows comparison of different transitions. In the literature, it is argued that the configurational nature of the renovation system is one of the main reasons for the slow heating transition. The renovation system is context-bound and consists of many actors both on the demand-side and the supply-side, which leads to a fragmented market. For increasing the speed of the heating transition, it is deemed important to counter this fragmentation. We carried out a review of reports and publications of EU-funded projects on energy renovation. In many projects fragmentation in the building sector was identified as one of the main obstacles. We analyzed the deliverables of these energy renovation projects to find tried and tested solutions. One of these is the so-called one-stop-shop, which promises to improve the organization of the supply side, while also providing an appropriate and affordable solution to the customer. In the discussion we argue that the energy renovation system could be improved by increasing collaboration on the supply side and at the same time simplifying the renovation process for customers. A promising tool to make this happen is the one-stop-shop.

A Comparative Analysis of the Performance of Magnetized Copper-Copper Oxide/Water and Copper-Copper Oxide/Kerosene Oil Hybrid Nanofluids Flowing Through an Extending Surface with Velocity Slips and Thermal Convective Conditions

This article conveys a comparative analysis of the magnetohydrodynamic flow of water-based and kerosene oil-based copper and copper oxide hybrid nanofluids flow past a bi-directional stretching surface. The Maxwell model is considered in order to analyze the non-Newtonian behavior of the hybrid nanofluids flow. The slip conditions are also visualized to analyze and compare the behaviors of the hybrid nanofluids flow due to different embedded parameters. Suitable similarity transformations are used to transfer PDEs into ODEs. The renovated system of equations is solved with the help of HAM. The convergence of HAM is shown with the help of figure. The results showed that the flow behavior is always dominant for the case of no-slip conditions as compared to slip conditions. For the case of no-slip conditions, no variation is found in the skin fraction coefficient of the water-based hybrid nanofluid flow and kerosene oil-based hybrid nanofluid flow containing copper and copper oxide nanoparticles along both primary and secondary directions via magnetic parameter, suction/injection parameter, and Deborah number. The increasing nanoparticles volume fractions of copper and copper oxide, and thermal Biot number augment the heat transfer rate of the water-based and kerosene oil-based hybrid nanofluids flow containing copper and copper oxide nanoparticles, while reduces with the augmenting Deborah number due to heat. The greater stretching parameter heightens the velocity profiles along primary and secondary directions, while the opposite impact is found via magnetic parameter. Comparing the cases of slip and no-slip conditions, the greater impact along primary and secondary directions is observed for no-slip condition.

Carbon-neutral building renovation potential with passive house-certified components: Applications for an exemplary apartment building in the Republic of Korea

Building energy consumption for heating and cooling and the comparatively short building lifecycle help account for the increasing ratio of the building sector's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To counteract this increase, sustainable building envelope renovations can minimize GHG emissions through the extension of building lifecycle, saving of construction material, increased energy efficiency, and reduced heating and cooling energy demands. To reduce the GHG emissions of energy efficient building envelope renovation systems, this article compares the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) results of different Passive House (PH) certified building envelope components regarding their GHG emissions per area unit. Based on PH-certified components, different building envelope renovation components were developed. The LCA facilitated the identification of components with the lowest carbon emissions, which were applied in the PH-conforming renovation model of an exemplary apartment building in Seoul, Republic of Korea. The LCA results over a service life of 50 years illustrate that the highest GHG emissions are associated with the renovated building's primary service energy demand, followed by windows, and the transport of materials. These research findings facilitate the environmental impact determination of multiple PH-standard building renovation systems, and support the planning of building renovations with minimized carbon footprints and service energy demands.

Hybrid timber-based systems for low-carbon, deep renovation of aged buildings: Three exemplary buildings in the Republic of Korea

The ageing of buildings is associated with their degradation. By the end of a building's operative life, two solutions are provided: demolition and new construction, or renovation. New construction can cause higher greenhouse gas equivalent emissions than renovations, related to higher demand for building materials, processes, and waste management. Conversely, building renovation requires greater effort in planning and implementation. Moreover, when improperly planned, renovation might ensure only limited improvements in building performance. This study presents three renovation systems based on hybrid timber technologies for three common case-study building types in the Republic of Korea: apartment, low-rise residential, and mixed-use (industrial–commercial). Following analysis of the current regulations for building component performance in Korea, three modular building envelope renovation systems have been developed: (i) cross-laminated timber, (ii) glue-laminated frame with integrated timber stud panels, and (iii) steel frame with integrated timber stud walls. The development of the three systems focuses on designing modular self-supporting components that allow both horizontal and vertical extension, and the structural support of occupied buildings. The hybrid timber-based construction provides a low-carbon alternative to demolition and new construction, helping to solve spatial constraints to renovation determined by the high urban density of Korean cities.

Awareness of the LEED requirements for green housing development among built-environment professionals in Nigeria

PurposeThe study aims to assess the gap in the awareness of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) requirements for green housing development among built-environment professionals in meeting the housing need in Nigeria.Design/methodology/approachThe study is a cross-sectional survey of built-environment professionals in the Physical Planning Units (PPUs) of Federal Tertiary Educational Institutions in South-Western Nigeria. The LEED v4 scoring system for New Construction and Renovation was adopted for the survey questionnaire on five point Likert scale. Data were analyzed using the MIS and Kruskal–Wallis Rank sum Test.FindingsAwareness of the LEED requirements varies across the categories. Sustainable site is ranked first while innovation and regional priority ranked from the rear. There is variation in awareness among the professionals. The Land Surveyors are followed by the Architects while the Builders ranked last.Research limitations/implicationsThe scope of the study is limited to the professionals in the PPUs in the study area. However, the findings are indicative. The low level of awareness of some of the requirements and the extent of variation among the professionals will negatively impact the integrated design approach and collaborative effort needed for green housing to meet the housing deficit in Nigeria.Practical implicationsThe study is limited in scope. The low level of awareness of the requirements coupled with the extent of variation among the professionals will negatively impact the integrated design approach and collaborative effort needed for green housing to meet the huge housing deficit in Nigeria.Originality/valueThe study takes the lead to assess the awareness of the requirements for green housing development based on the LEED impact categories. Improving the awareness of these requirements will enhance their implementation and consequently impact the quality of housing provision. The professionals need to bridge the knowledge gap to enhance collaboration and productivity for green housing development.

Investigation of European modular façade system utilizing renewable energy

Abstract The purpose of this investigation is to summarize modular façade construction using renewable energy features in different aspects. Researches done so far primarily focusing on building envelop have shown various constructions of building enclosure without energy usage. This paper mainly focuses on modular façade renovation system programmes of European Horizon 2020 [34] and IEA ECBCS Annex 50 Prefabricated Systems for Low Energy Renovation of Residential Buildings in terms of construction, material, installation and thermal performance. Four aspects of construction, material, installation and thermal performance are adopted to evaluate these practices. Related website, paper and report from European commission constitute the database providing for review. Final results illustrate that all modular façade systems mentioned above could be classified into three layers: interior; module and exterior layer, taking charge of disparate functions. Both insulation and energy usage achieve the innovative envelop constructions manufacture. Integrating the renewable energy resources utilization technique into insulated building façade system is the core of this innovative projects achievement.

Development of a virtual editing method to support design for renovation targeting living environment for long-term care

With the increase in the population in need of care, the number of housing renovations for long-term care is increasing rapidly. In the renovation process, architectural drawings presented by designers are difficult to understand for clients without expertise, and thus the process of design proposal and modification is not streamlined. In this study, we propose a computer-aided design system for renovation of ordinary housings for in-house care, in which a designer virtually edits the shape and location of real objects in an existing house to show the design proposals graphically. The interior space is virtualized using spherical images based on an image-based modeling method, and the view-dependent texture mapping technique enables the virtual editing of real objects to visualize the living space after renovation. For the adaptive texture mapping method, images from appropriate viewpoints are selectively switched from the group of spherical images as view-dependent textures for the editable real object. This technique makes the design process for housing renovation intuitive and interactive. The use cases of the design support system is demonstrated through a renovation design process for a nursing care environment in a real Vietnamese house.

The environmental impact of prefabricated renovation systems: a worthy alternative to on-site renovation?

The conventional renovation practices, which are mainly characterized by time-consuming manual on-site techniques, partly contribute to the low renovation rate. Accordingly, a faster and more efficient approach is necessary. The implementation of prefabricated systems could offer a possible solution. These systems are increasingly being studied, but little is known about their environmental impact. Hence, this study investigates the environmental impact by means of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of two prefabricated façade renovation systems being a timber frame and a sandwich panel; and compares it to a well-known on-site technique, External Thermal Insulation Composite System (ETICS). First, reference designs are assembled. Subsequently, the impact of different life cycle stages is determined in order to clearly indicate differences between on-site and prefabricated systems. More specifically, the production, transport, replacement and end-of-life stage are assessed. In the end, the environmental impact is examined over time combining all stages. The results show that the prefabricated systems are not yet a worthy ecological opponent to ETICS. As of the production stage, the environmental impact appears to be higher. Optimising the reference systems through an extensive redesign could lead to more competitive or even favourable results in terms of environmental impact.

Development of a circularity assessment method for facade systems

Various authorities identify the circular building strategy as the best way to reduce the environmental impact of the building sector. The EURECA project aims to develop a circular facade system for the renovation of high-rise buildings. The circularity of the facade systems proposed within the project should be evaluated in an objective manner. Current circularity assessment methods exist, however, they appear unfit to evaluate facade systems at an early design stage. Based on the analysis of existing assessment methods a new circularity assessment method is developed. The developed method allows to measure the circularity on element level with a limited amount of required information, allowing early stage decision-making. The method considers the parameters recycling, environmental cost, expected service life, component dependency, layer dependency and flexibility for reuse. The method is tested on four facade renovation systems: standard ETICS, circular ETICS, ventilated facade with rigid insulation and ventilated facade with flexible insulation. The circularity of each system can be represented by a radar chart, giving the score per parameter, or by a single score. In addition to the circular aspect, the financial aspect is added in the evaluation of the facade systems by using the Pareto front method.

Plug and Play Modular Façade Construction System for Renovation for Residential Buildings

The present paper focuses on the architectural and constructional features required to ensure that building envelope renovation are safe, functional, and adaptable to the building stock, with particular focus on “plug and play” modular facade construction systems. It presents the design of one such system and how it addresses these issues. The outcome of early-stage functional test with a full-scale mock-up system, as well as its applicability to a real construction project is presented. It is found crucial to obtain high quality information about the status of the existing façade with the use of modern technologies such as topographic surveys or 3D scans and point cloud. Detailed design processes are required to ensure the compatibility of manufacture and installation tolerances, along with anchor systems that deliver flexibility for adjustment, and construction processes adapting standard installation methods to the architectural particularities of each case that may hinder its use or require some modification in each situation. This prefabricated plug and play modular system has been tested by reproducing the holistic methodology and new technologies in the market by means of real demonstrators. When compared to more conventional construction methods, this system achieves savings in a real case of 50% (time), 30% (materials) and 25% (waste), thus achieving significant economic savings.