Reno Model Research Articles

Determining sources of reactive mercury compounds in Reno, Nevada, United States

There is much uncertainty regarding the sources of reactive mercury (RM) compounds and atmospheric chemistry driving their formation. This work focused on assessing the chemistry and potential sources of reactive mercury measured in Reno, Nevada, United States, using 1 year of data collected using Reactive Mercury Active System. In addition, ancillary meteorology and criteria air pollutant data, Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) analyses, and a generalized linear model were applied to better understand reactive mercury observations. During the year of sampling, a fire event impacted the sampling site, and gaseous elemental Hg and particulate-bound mercury concentrations increased, as did HgII-S compounds. Data collected on a peak above Reno showed that reactive mercury concentrations were higher at higher elevation, and compounds found in Reno were the same as those measured on the peak. HYSPLIT results demonstrated RM compounds were generated inside and outside of the basin housing Reno. Compounds were sourced from San Francisco, Sacramento, and Reno in the fall and winter, and from long-range transport and the marine boundary layer during the spring and summer. The generalized linear model produced correlations that could be explained; however, when applying the model to similar data collected at two other locations, the Reno model did not predict the observations, suggesting that sampling location chemistry and concentration cannot be generalized.

Secrecy, self-blame and risks for social exclusion-Family members' experiences of gambling problems in Japan.

The predominant gambling policy to respond to the adverse consequences of excessive gambling has been the Reno Model, which places the responsibility for gambling-caused problems on gamblers themselves. The newly implemented Japanese gambling policy, which shares basic premises with the Reno Model, focuses on the individual pathology of gamblers. However, this model lacks other critical perspectives: environmental and structural factors. To fully understand the harms caused by gambling; it is important to also pay attention to the negative consequences for affected others. In this brief report, we explore family members’ experiences of gambling problems within the specific context of the Japanese gambling policy. Interviews with family members reveal self-stigma of being bad parents which elicits shame and efforts to maintain secrecy, as well as public stigma involving labeling, isolation, risks of status loss, social exclusion and discrimination. The focus on individual pathology in Japanese legislation as well as in public and professional perception, reinforces self-blame, anxiety, and remorse on the part of affected family members. When contrasted with the lived experiences of gamblers’ family members, the inconsistencies and unreasonableness of the individual pathology paradigm in Japanese gambling policy become evident. It is necessary to shift the focus of gambling policies from individual to socio-political-cultural factors, investigating how these factors influence gambling-caused harm, especially in the Japanese context.

Determination of Packet Data Transmission Parameters when Working in the Meter Range

The article considers the possibility of organizing packet TCP/IP exchange in the channel of the frequency range from 30 to 300 MHz, as a basis for implementing a secure VPN connection between two subscribers within one of the communication network modes. The VPN connection, when considered, is a TCP/IP packet transmission, the only difference is that a new special header is attached to the original packet, as well as to the cryptographic encryption of the original packet. Hence, VPN tunnel can be represented as a TCP/IP connection. TCP/IP protocol stacks are oriented to support high-speed interfaces operating at high frequencies (for example, Ethernet/Wi-Fi, speeds from 100 Gb/s, 2.4 GHz frequency). The main problem of such a packet implementation at relatively low frequencies (30-300 MHz) is the sufficient instability of mobile MV radio communication (communication in the meter wave range) at a given frequency range and low transmission rate (up to 32 Kb/s), as a result of which there may be a high probability of data bit errors, loss of information packets and huge time delays in the exchange. The Reno model is used as a model for evaluating packet transmission [rec. ITU-T Y.1541, RFC2001] and such regulated indicators [rec. ITU-T 1.1540, ITU-T Y.1541], as: channel bandwidth, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), transmission delay (IPTD), transmission delay variation (IPDV), transmission error rate (IPER), packet loss rate (IPLR, SER), maximum packet transport unit (MTU). The simulation of a low-speed communication line with the characteristics: length up to 5 km, transmission speed from 300 bits/s to 32,000 bits/s (V.21 - V.34bis modem protocols), the sizes of transmitted packets is 72, 576 and 1500 bytes (threshold values of the maximum unit of packet transportation), transmitter power 2 W, the signal-code construction is a 4-FSK signal with Reed-Muller encoding RM(30, 14). Based on the analysis of the data obtained, three categories of channels were identified: 'bad' - low signal-to-noise ratio (2-5 dB), high packet loss (above 10%) and long transmission delay (above 400 ms); 'medium' - SNR from 5 to 10 dB, packet loss less than 1%, the delay varies from 400 to 800 ms; 'good' is a channel passing through all regulated TCP/IP parameters, the OSH is more than 10 dB, the error probability is less than 0.1%, the delay fits into the regulated 400 ms.

Gambling Control and Public Health: Let’s Be Really Honest

This article examines Shaffer et al.’s (2020) reaction to a Lancet paper that called for an effective public health approach to gambling. The paper claimed policy responses are individually oriented and inadequately address corporate harm determinants. Shaffer et al. maintain these and related claims are incorrect, misleading and driven by personal, political and anti-gambling views. They contend that their Reno model (RM) of responsible gambling is science-based and ascribes responsibility to multiple stakeholders, not just individuals. While agreeing that the RM is not confined to individuals, multiple reviews indicate that the most widely studied and deployed responsible gambling (RG) measures are individually focussed and have low efficacy (RG-light). An individual emphasis is also identified in the content of Shaffer et al.’s paper and it is suggested that some might see this serving industry interests. While agreeing that people who consider a product to be objectionable may view scientific evidence selectively, it is contended that this probably also applies to people who benefit financially from or are enamoured with a product. Although agreeing with a number of statements made by Shaffer et al., it is concluded that others are not well-grounded in fact. This includes statements about problem gambling prevalence and the relative importance of gambling and other determinants of gambling-related harm. While there are points of tension, it is concluded that the RM and associated RG interventions, especially RG-heavy, can play a significant part within a comprehensive regulatory and public health framework that addresses major harm determinants.

Considering the Public Health and Reno Models: Strategic and Tactical Approaches for Dealing with Gambling-Related Harms

Some critics of the Reno model appear to have misinterpreted its fundamental tenets by expressing the belief that the model is incompatible with the public health model. Both the public health and Reno models attempt to influence policies and strategies designed to promote responsible gambling and the reduction of gambling-related harms. In this article, we describe four principles that characterize a public health perspective focusing on gambling and discuss how the Reno model complements the public health approach. Both models encompass principles and guidelines that emphasize the shared responsibilities across multiple stakeholders including governments, industry, community welfare, and individuals. The Reno model represents a tactical framework for responsible gambling complementing the broader population public health approach, each model consistent in attempting to prevent the incidence, reduce the prevalence, and minimize gambling disorders and related harms. Paradoxically, although stakeholders are in agreement about the general principles and objectives, differences are evident in the manner different interventions are chosen and applied in efforts to achieve common goals.

Beyond Reno II: Who caresfor vulnerable gamblers?

Abstract. Background: Mill’s liberalism, the post-World War II German Social Market Economy (Rhine Capitalism) and modern consumer protection share the conviction that market participants have equal rights and responsibilities. Within this framework, governments and market providers are responsible for balancing the knowledge deficits of consumers in cases of “asymmetric information”. The widely discussed Reno Model for Responsible Gambling appears to be based on similar ideas by setting standards for informing participants of gambling features and procedures. Position: Based on recent research, we argue that such standard consumer protection may be adequate for social gamblers but not for vulnerable gamblers. These individuals may not benefit adequately from a rational informed choice approach to prevent harm and disordered gambling. Conclusion: Gambling providers should implement specific protections to address vulnerable gamblers, e. g., early detection procedures and limits for or exclusion from gambling.

Replacing the Reno Model with a Robust Public Health Approach to “Responsible Gambling”: Hancock and Smith’s Response to Commentaries on Our Original Reno Model Critique

This paper responds to commentaries from the Reno Model authors and other international researchers who reviewed our earlier paper in this volume. We take a considered view of the Reno Model and find it to be wanting as a responsible gambling (RG) tool because it fails to address the depth and diversity of harms so evident in today’s gambling environment. We propose a new consumer protection paradigm that prioritizes operator duty of care, integrity of operations, and consumer protection, along with independent regulation and research. We discuss the rebuttal of our Reno critique by Shaffer et al. along with the other commentaries. There appears to be general support for our critique and more robust public health approaches to RG. We urge support for engagement in an international process for a WHO instrument referencing the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Similar to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco, this would re-frame gambling harm prevention and address current deficiencies in regulatory oversight of harmful gambling products and environments, by promoting duty of care, harm prevention, regulatory integrity, and public accountability.

Rehabilitating Reno: a Commentary on Hancock and Smith

Hancock and Smith critique the “Reno model” on several accounts. Yet, despite their robust critical evaluation, they are surprisingly ambivalent about its potential for future use, suggesting that the model may be usefully redeemed by improving its provisions for consumer protection. In this commentary, we argue that Hancock and Smith’s proposed improvements to the Reno model do not go far enough. To that end, we aim to rehabilitate the Reno model by radically transforming its assumptions into a set of eight axioms on which effective consumer protection measures might be based. This provisional framework for the social management of gambling may support the policy outcomes advocated by Hancock and Smith. If regulators and researchers are serious about effective gambling harm minimisation, then our rehabilitated Reno model might offer a new and necessary set of foundational principles for research and practice.

Beyond Reno: a Critical Commentary on Hancock and Smith

This article provides commentary on Hancock and Smith’s examination of the Reno Model of responsible gambling (RG). Hancock and Smith (2017) contend that the model, intended to provide consumer protection and reduce gambling-related harm, serves as a major impediment to implementation of effective RG policies. This impediment is in large part attributed to the model’s long domination of the ‘international RG policy landscape’ and its emphasis on individual responsibility and problem gamblers. Hancock and Smith also examine other barriers to the introduction of more effective policies. They propose incorporation of the Reno Model within a broader RG-Consumer Protection approach. This approach includes public health principles, consumer protection, duty-of-care, regulatory responsibility and independent research. While portrayed starkly, when there are shades of grey, Hancock and Smith’s critique has merit. Their main conclusion is compelling, namely that effective consumer protection and harm reduction will require much greater emphasis on changes to gambling products, industry operations and practices, and gambling regulation. This article supports the RG-Consumer Protection approach. It also presents epidemiological and other research findings that identify a wide range of risk and protective factors. It suggests that consideration of the full spectrum of modifiable factors at individual, community and wider social levels will enhance policy and prevention programme outcomes. A number of these factors are common to other health conditions, so there is potential for collaboration and synergies with health and social agencies. Mention is made of recent meetings of the International Think Tank on Gambling Research, Policy and Practice and the World Health Organisation. The outcomes of these meetings portend collaborations to advance a global gambling public health agenda.

Blame It on Reno: a Commentary on Hancock and Smith

In this article, we provide a commentary on Hancock and Smith’s critique of the Reno model of responsible gambling. In our view, Hancock and Smith raise many legitimate concerns about the progress of gambling policy reform. Most attempts at minimising the harm associated with higher risk gambling products such as EGMs have been based on responsible gambling principles rather than a true consumer protection framework. As a result, much of the emphasis has been on modifying individual behaviour rather than significant reforms relating to industry operations, practices and the nature of the products. On the whole, we endorse these views. However, we argue that the paper depicts developments in research and policy a bit too selectively and also imputes too many causal links between the Reno model and other activities in the gambling sector. Some reforms and research topics identified in the paper have been discussed, investigated or implemented in some jurisdictions. Other issues including the slow replacement cycle of gambling technology and the structure of the gaming industry may also need to be considered as barriers to reform.

Critiquing the Reno Model I-IV International Influence on Regulators and Governments (2004–2015)— the Distorted Reality of “Responsible Gambling”

This article critically examines the Reno Model responsible gambling undertaking: its evolution, core ideological beliefs and promotion in four internationally influential journal articles, published between 2004 and 2015. This discourse has framed the international RG policy landscape for over a decade; emphasising individualised responsibility for harms and providing governments with justifications for compromised RG regulation. Axioms of the Reno Model are individual responsibility, framed as personal control and autonomy for informed choice and a focus on problem gamblers who manifest clinical symptoms of impaired control. Drawing on corporate political activity (CPA) analysis, regulatory-avoidance framing strategies of the gambling industry include shaping the evidence base, policy substitution (voluntary industry operator codes of conduct and problem gambler treatment programs) and assertions of insufficient evidence for introducing reforms. Barriers to ethical RG standards include deception and exploitation, faulty regulation and grim working conditions in gambling environments, along with Reno Model adherents’ dismissal of contradictory evidence. The critique proposes a shift in the dominant regulatory Model from industry self-regulation under self-monitored codes of practice to RG-Consumer Protection that addresses structural issues of power and vested interests, featuring core principles of public health, consumer protection, operator duty of care, regulatory transparency and independent research.

Extending the Reno Model: Responsible Gambling Evaluation Guidelines for Gambling Operators, Public Policymakers, and Regulators

Extending the Reno Model: Responsible Gambling Evaluation Guidelines for Gambling Operators, Public Policymakers, and Regulators

Extending the RENO model: Clinical and ethical applications.

The RENO Model, first published during 2004, described a science-based framework of responsible gambling principles for a range of industry operators, health service providers, community and consumer groups, and governments. These strategic principles serve as a guide for the adoption and implementation of responsible gambling and harm-minimization initiatives. This article extends the RENO Model core principles by describing how to apply these strategies to clinical practice. This discussion examines the central tenets of the model and includes a review of (a) the ethical principles that should guide the development, implementation, and practice of RENO Model responsible gambling activities; (b) a brief consideration of the various perspectives that influence the treatment of gambling-related problems; and (c) a discussion of key applied elements of responsible gambling programs. This article advances the argument that, to maximize positive outcomes and to avoid unintended harms, clinicians should apply science-based principles to rigorously evaluate the efficacy and impact of their clinical practice activities. (PsycINFO Database Record

In Search of Best Practices in Responsible Gaming (RG): A Comparative Study of RG among Macau, Las Vegas, and Melbourne Casinos

Gaming Law Review and EconomicsVol. 18, No. 4 ArticlesIn Search of Best Practices in Responsible Gaming (RG): A Comparative Study of RG among Macau, Las Vegas, and Melbourne CasinosZhidong Hao, Linda Hancock, and William N. ThompsonZhidong HaoSearch for more papers by this author, Linda HancockSearch for more papers by this author, and William N. ThompsonSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:16 May 2014https://doi.org/10.1089/glre.2014.1845AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byA Comparison of Two GameSense Implementation Approaches: How Program Awareness and Engagement Relate to Gambling Beliefs and Behaviors23 February 2021 | Journal of Gambling Studies, Vol. 38, No. 1Strategies for Social and Environmental Disclosure: The Case of Multinational Gambling Companies25 May 2019 | Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 168, No. 3Legitimacy-seeking strategies in the gambling industry: the case of responsible gamblingSustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, Vol. 10, No. 1Critiquing the Reno Model I-IV International Influence on Regulators and Governments (2004–2015)— the Distorted Reality of “Responsible Gambling”24 April 2017 | International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, Vol. 15, No. 6 Volume 18Issue 4May 2014 InformationCopyright 2014, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.To cite this article:Zhidong Hao, Linda Hancock, and William N. Thompson.In Search of Best Practices in Responsible Gaming (RG): A Comparative Study of RG among Macau, Las Vegas, and Melbourne Casinos.Gaming Law Review and Economics.May 2014.361-368.http://doi.org/10.1089/glre.2014.1845Published in Volume: 18 Issue 4: May 16, 2014PDF download

Utility function of TCP Reno under precise end-to-end drop probability

TCP Reno can be regarded as a distributed algorithm over the Internet to maximize aggregate utility subject to capacity. The equilibrium reached by the interaction of many competing TCPs, each implemented only on the source and destination computers, is effectively maximizing an objective function for the entire network. In this paper, a new utility function is derived for TCP Reno under the precise end-to-end drop probability. The results show theoretically that the TCP Reno model proposed by Kelly [1] is reasonable. And simulation results are provided.

A science-based framework for responsible gambling: the Reno model.

As social observers increasingly identify gambling-related problems as a public health issue, key stakeholders need to join together to reduce both the incidence and prevalence of gambling-related harm in the community. This position paper describes a strategic framework that sets out principles to guide industry operators, health service and other welfare providers, interested community groups, consumers and governments and their related agencies in the adoption and implementation of responsible gambling and harm minimization initiatives.