Renewable Forms Research Articles

The symbol of Ramayana in Mu. Mehta’s collection of poems ‘Agaayathukku Aduttha Veedu’

Feminist ideas emerged in the late 18th century, and following the feminist movement in India, too, womanist ideas emerged and flourished. Feminist literature also arose in connection with it. In Tamilnadu also, literature related to feminism is emerging and gaining widespread attention. In the history of Tamil literature, Poet Mu. Mehta was one of the most important creators who contributed to the spread of the renewed form of poetry, known as unconventional poetry. Poet Mu. Mehta is also credited with inspiring innumerable young people to innovate. Poet Mu. Mehta's ‘Kanneer Pookkal’ (Tear Flowers) is a book that has been published over 40 editions.

Infrared Thermal Images of Solar PV Panels for Fault Identification Using Image Processing Technique

Among the renewable forms of energy, solar energy is a convincing, clean energy and acceptable worldwide. Solar PV plants, both ground mounting and the rooftop, are mushrooming thought the world. One of the significant challenges is the fault identification of the solar PV module, since a vast power plant condition monitoring of individual panels is cumbersome. This paper attempts to identify the panel using a thermal imaging system and processes the thermal images using the image processing technique. An ordinary and thermal image has been processed in the image processing tool and proved that thermal images record the hot spots. Similarly, the new and aged solar photovoltaic panels were compared in the image processing technique since any fault in the panel has been recorded as hot spots. The image recorded in the aged panels records hot spots, and performance has been analyzed using conventional metrics. The experimental results have also been verified.

Ricinus Communis Seed oils as a Source of Biodiesel; A Renewable Form of Future Energy

Diminishing supply and environmental pollution of fossil fuels are the vital factors leading to the search of alternative sources of energy like biodiesel. Biodiesel is one of the eco-friendly substitutes of energy which is mainly utilized in diesel engines. Ricinus communis (castor plant), which belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae yields an oil rich beans and plays important role in the production of biodiesel. Recently, the demand of castor oil and its products has been raised in the world market due to its versatility to use and simplicity to produce. Therefore, this study investigates the extraction of castor oil and its conversion in to biodiesel via alkali catalyzed transesterification. The seed oil of the plant was extracted using Soxhlet apparatus and the quality of the biodiesel was examined using the standard procedures of American standards for testing methods. Furthermore, the chemical composition of the extracted oil was examined using GC-MS. The seed oil was liquid at room temperature (25 °C), golden yellow in color with a nutty odor. The extraction processes yielded 324 g (9.25% w/w) and 78% of oil and biodiesel respectively. The density (0.86 g/mL), viscosity (5.42 mm2s-1), flash point (87 °C), acid value (0.35 mg KOH/g), water content (0.80%), iodine value (108.60), and cetane number (58.00) were reported in this study and showed a good agreement with the standards of biodiesel. GC-MS analysis of the seed oil also showed the presence of 10 different fatty acids (9-Octadecenoic acid, 12-hydroxy-, methyl ester, [R-(Z)] took the highest composition) which plays significant role for the production of methyl esters. So, the study can assure that castor oil can be used for commercial production of biodiesel at cost effective scales.

Scope of Solar Energy and Wind Energy in District Raebareli (Uttar Pradesh)

Renewable energy resources are the Potentials for today and for the forthcoming future of our Generations thus making the relieve from dependability of generations on the fossil fuels and making the right use of resources of what nature has given to us . Talking about the todays existing renewable energies are in the form of Solar, Wind, Tidal, Hydrothermal, Geothermal etc are various kind of sources of energies in the Renewable forms. Talking about the scope of innovations in this area it has shown a great potentials as we can know about the Technology of Decarbonisation in which carbon is been seeing as source of energy Potentials for the future. Talking about the todays worlds consumption , it is about Coal(27%) , Natural gas (24%) , Hydro energy (7%). Talking about Raebareli district in Uttar Pradesh the average Specific Photovoltaic Power Output is found to be 1495.6 kWh/kWp , Direct Normal Irradiation found to be 1190.9 kWh/m2 and Global Horizontal irradiation is found 1771.5kWh /m2.So according to these datas it can be conferred that a great scope of solar energy can be utilised in my area and also the Government has some programmes also for installing the solar Panels in thus area .

Optimal design for a hybrid microgrid-hydrogen storage facility in Saudi Arabia

BackgroundSustainable development requires access to affordable, reliable, and efficient energy to lift billions of people out of poverty and improve their standard of living. The development of new and renewable forms of energy that emit less CO2 may not materialize quickly enough or at a price point that allows people to attain the standard of living they desire and deserve. As a result, a parallel path to sustainability must be developed that uses both renewable and clean carbon-based methods. Hybrid microgrids are promoted to solve various electrical and energy-related issues that incorporate renewable energy sources such as photovoltaics, wind, diesel generation, or a combination of these sources. Utilizing microgrids in electric power generation has several benefits including clean energy, increased grid stability, and reduced congestion. Despite these advantages, microgrids are not frequently deployed because of economic concerns. To address these financial concerns, it is necessary to explore the ideal configuration of microgrids based on the quantity, quality, and availability of sustainable energy sources used to install the microgrid and the optimal design of microgrid components. These considerations are reflected in net present value and levelized energy cost.MethodsHOMER was used to simulate numerous system configurations and select the most feasible solution according to the net present value, levelizied cost of energy and hydrogen, operating cost, and renewable fraction. HOMER performed a repeated algorithm process to determine the most feasible system configuration and parameters with the least economic costs and highest benefits to achieve a practically feasible system configuration.ResultsThis article aimed to construct a cost-effective microgrid system for Saudi Arabia's Yanbu city using five configurations using excess energy to generate hydrogen. The obtained results indicate that the optimal configuration for the specified area is a hybrid photovoltaic/wind/battery/generator/fuel cell/hydrogen electrolyzer microgrid with a net present value and levelized energy cost of $10.6 billion and $0.15/kWh.ConclusionWith solar photovoltaic and wind generation costs declining, building electrolyzers in locations with excellent renewable resource conditions, such as Saudi Arabia, could become a low-cost hydrogen supply option, even when accounting for the transmission and distribution costs of transporting hydrogen from renewable resource locations to end-users. The optimum configuration can generate up to 32,132 tons of hydrogen per year (tH2/year), and 380,824 tons per year of CO2 emissions can be avoided.

The Non-linear impact of renewable energy and trade on Consumption-based carbon emissions

One of the most pressing issues in today’s society is environmental pollution. The principal source of historically high global carbon emissions (CO2) in the atmosphere is human-caused anthropogenic activities based on non-renewable energy sources. As a result, renewable energy systems have emerged as an alternative source of energy that is seen to be less harsh than fossil energy supplies, drawing substantial economic, environmental, and technological attention during the last decade. Our study aims to analyze the non-linear impacts of renewable energy used by human and their trading with each other on consumption-based CO2 for the Pakistan’s economy. The study covers the period from 1990 to 2019 and employed the non-linear autoregressive distributive lag model (NARDL) for assessing the non-linear impacts of renewable energy on consumption-based CO2. As NARDL provides the best results when there is a non-linear relationship between the variables of analysis, as well as their stationary at the different levels and on first difference. Our results show that there exists asymmetry in consumption-based CO2 association with renewable energy consumption and trade. The positive shocks in renewable forms (oil and gas) of energy consumption and negative shock in trade increase consumption-based CO2 emissions. This implies that policymakers can promote non-renewable energy distributed and environmentally-friendly trade for conserving the environment for future generations.

Public art for placemaking and urban renewal: Insights from three regional Australian cities

Public art is internationally used as a place-making device to drive urban regeneration and boost social capital. Benefits include enhanced urban environments, increased resident and tourist footfall and improved local economies This paper examines public art provision in three regional cities in Australia: Townsville, Gold Coast and Toowoomba. Each city leverages public art for placemaking and renewal, seeking to deliver thriving and creative urban precincts with strong community identity. This paper investigates how planning approaches to managing public art vary across the cities and how effective they are in delivering artworks. Theoretical contributions focus on the intrinsic and instrumental values of public art for urban communities. Empirical findings derive from policy reviews, spatial audits and semi-structured interviews with art producers - elected officials and industry professionals. Findings from Townsville, Gold Coast and Toowoomba reflect international experiences, where public art projects improve spaces and remediate a range of disorderly urban conditions. This paper contributes to international literature on the planning and provision of public artworks as a form of creative placemaking and urban renewal. Its focus on regional, marginal cities is novel, considering the preponderance of international research focused on major cities and their metropolitan surrounds.

The rebirth of the call for antiracism in schools: learning from the past

A prominent feature of the Black Lives Matter protests following the murder of George Floyd has been the renewed call for schools to become antiracist. What can be learnt from past unsuccessful attempts to implement antiracist education? Specific critiques of the antiracist movement made by prominent academics such as Paul Gilroy are worth revisiting. Research also suggests that sections of White working-class students were alienated by antiracist strategies that were often clumsy and exclusive in their implementation. In relation to state initiatives, there has been a shift from antiracist or multicultural agendas to the forefronting of the teaching of British values in schools. It is within this context, with the catalyst of popular outrage at racial injustice, that calls for antiracist education are again being vocalised. This article suggests that a renewed form of antiracism might focus on integrating a pedagogy of educating for social justice, setting out to avoid the polarisation of racialised categories. Rather than espousing a limited and essentialising discourse of race, a reexamination of class relations could usefully be positioned within a reformulated and reimagined antiracism that offers a critique of systemic injustice to include a wider constituency than race alone.

Production of Hydrogen by Biological Method from Crude Glycerol

Pollution and energy crises are the major problems faced by the world, so many developments and innovation are made in the field of renewable sources of energy, such as solar, wind, improvement in energy storage technology, etc. One such renewable, green, and non-polluting form of energy like hydrogen can be used as it is a clean, effective, and green fuel. Unlike other fuels, hydrogen doesn’t leave carbon traces. It suits the best for the environment. Bio diesel is one of those alternative fuels which have picked up keen interest of people due to its similar properties of diesel [1]. The aim of this project is to use crude glycerol along as a base nutrient medium for Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria, which is done under anaerobic batch dark fermentation condition. The parameters such as inoculum size and pH are varied to find the optimal condition for high yield or hydrogen production content. When the strain is grown in the optimized condition in a bioreactor for batch production, hydrogen yield reaches maximum in some conditions which are shown in graph {4(b), 4(c), 4(d)} and some of the other gases are also produced which is sent for the gas analysis and H2 concentration is also measured. The main aim is to utilize the crude glycerol effectively as substrate for biological hydrogen production process which has socio-economic advantages [2].

A History of Energy and Societal Scenarios for a World in Transition: Fifty Years of Personal Experience with Shell and Other Organisations

No-one can foresee the future with certainty. However, the development and use of alternative scenarios can help to highlight opportunities and challenges, greater or lesser realism, physical and technological options and barriers, and compatibility with other goals of sustainable development. Imagining and assessing relevant scenario elements ideally requires putting together small multidisciplinary and multi-talented teams.Over the past fifty years Shell's scenario work has envisaged energy transition – in 1971 towards greater reliance on nuclear and coal, from 1973 in response to ecological concerns, and from 1974 exploitation of solar energy resources as the single most promising ‘new’ renewable source. Hydro and hydrogen also got a mention. By 1977 particular emphasis was being placed on solar PV, while enthusiasm for coal was waning by 1975 and support for nuclear more equivocal by 1976 and withdrawn by Shell in 1978 due to the long lead times involved. In the 1977 scenario books wind, wave, ocean thermal, and biomass sources were also considered. Then in April 1986 a study of “The Greenhouse Effect” was first issued. The need to balance growing environmental concerns while providing energy services to meet increasing world demand became a growing concern.From this concern flowed support for the rapid expansion of the availability and use of renewable forms of energy in some quarters, but scepticism in others - reflected in the scenario books issued in 1975 and 1976. This apparent scepticism reflected concerns about ‘new’ renewable forms of energy being insufficiently effective due to their low power density and issues of intermittency and needed storage, rather than opposition to transition in principle, despite likely impacts on oil demand. Interest in investigating the potential of the main forms of renewable energy and their scope for energy transition continued.Here is considered the relevance of past scenarios, particularly those produced by Shell, but also the World Energy Council, UNDP, the IPCC, and others with which the author has had an involvement over the past fifty years. A list of scenario reports, related publications, and suggestions on what knowledge and skills are likely to be helpful for those involved with energy scenarios, are provided in the Annexes. It is concluded that seeking to consider a wide range of possible opportunities and threats incorporated into alternative scenarios should be of great value for individuals, business corporations and society. However, the history of the use of past scenarios is mixed: there are examples where signals were heeded, and others where they have not been – yet.

SIMULATION ANALYSIS OF A HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE ASSISTED BY A SOLAR PANEL FOR SPEED CONTROL USING A FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER

Transportation is a major sector which contributes to pollution at a global level. And, road transportation is the biggest source of pollution under the transportation sector. The prevailing global energy and climate conditions clearly suggest that less polluting vehicles must be used for transportation to curb carbon and other harmful emissions like SOX and NOX. An Electric Vehicle (EV) is a good option to combat pollution but its driving range is low. Thus, a Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) is a well-suited option in this regard as it produces low tailpipe emissions and provides a long driving range. Integration of a solar panel with the on-board battery bank to power a HEV helps further in this regard as solar energy is a renewable form of energy. In this paper a solar assisted HEV is analyzed for speed control using a Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC). The FLC performs throttle control of the Internal Combustion (IC) engine and torque control of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) drive to achieve the control of speed of the HEV. The modelling and validation of results through simulations is carried out using the software package MATLAB/Simulink.

Resource renewal in heavy business networks: the case of Modvion starting up in the Swedish wind energy context

PurposeTaking the perspective of a start-up company, the purpose of this paper is to analyse resource renewal in heavy business networks.Design/methodology/approachThe theoretical framework is based on the Industrial Network Approach and, especially, the resource interaction framework, business network settings and studies of starting up in business networks. The basis for the paper is a case study of a start-up in the Swedish wind energy context.FindingsResource renewal in this case means replacing one resource, having implications for the resource interfaces in the three business network settings.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper contributes to the area of studies of starting up in business networks by identifying a distinct form of resource renewal in heavy business networks enabled by development of resource interfaces in three business network settings.Practical implicationsManagers in start-ups as well as established firms need to interact to create and develop the resource interfaces that are needed to achieve resource renewal. Resource renewal not only is in the hands of start-ups but also requires interactive resource development with various collaboration partners.Originality/valueThis study takes a start-up’s perspective to resource renewal of heavy business networks and analyses heaviness based on resource interfaces in three business network settings.

Carbon dioxide emission and health outcomes: is there really a nexus for the Nigerian case?

Health outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa are characteristically poor and Nigeria is no exception. Despite the recorded decline in infant and under five mortality rates in Nigeria, they still remain relatively high showing a poor status of the population's health. Carbon dioxide emission continues to fluctuate at high levels probably due to the increasing use of non renewable energy forms for economic activities mostly requiring energy consumption. This study examines the health consequences of environmental quality due to carbon dioxide emission in Nigeria for the period 1980 to 2016. Using two health outcome measures and decomposing carbon dioxide emission by sector and type of fuel consumed, a bound cointegration approach and an autoregressive distributed lag model were also employed. The results and a sensitivity analysis revealed that aggregate carbon dioxide emission significantly explained both infant mortality and under five mortality rates. However, when disaggregated, carbon dioxide emission from solid fuel had the greatest contribution to poor health outcomes.

Engineered Cellulose Nanofiber Membranes with Ultrathin Low-Dimensional Carbon Material Layers for Photothermal-Enhanced Osmotic Energy Conversion.

As a promising clean energy source, membrane-based osmotic energy harvesting has been widely investigated and developed through optimizing the membrane structure in recent years. For chasing higher energy conversion performance, various external stimuli have been introduced into the osmotic energy harvesting systems as assistant factors. Light as a renewable and well-tunable energy form has drawn great attention. Normally, it needs massive photoresponsive materials for improving the energy conversion performance and this hinders its wide applications. Herein, we fabricate a cellulose nanofiber (CNF) membrane with an ultrathin layer of low-dimensional carbon materials (LDCMs) for photothermal-enhanced osmotic energy conversion. The ultralow loading carbon quantum dot, carbon nanotube, and graphene oxide (LDCM/CNF = 1:200 wt) are used for light-to-heat conversion to build the heat gradient across the membrane. The output power density of the osmotic energy generator has increased from ∼3.55 to ∼7.67 W/m2 under a 50-fold concentration gradient with light irradiation. This work shows the great potential of the CNF as a nanofluidic platform and the photothermal enhancement in osmotic energy conversion, and the ultralow loading design provides a practical and economical way to fully utilize other energy resources for enhancing osmotic energy conversion.

Newman’s Poetry: The Heart of a Victorian Renaissance Project

This paper examines the poetry of John Henry Newman (1801–1890) in the context of the revival movement in the Victorian era. Although poetry does not make up the bulk of his writings, it can still be a vehicle for a return to distant literary sources in the interests of revival. This is particularly true of the poetic dream in The Dream of Gerontius, which borrows characteristics from both the anonymous Old English poem The Dream of the Rood and Dante’s Divine Comedy. This creative recourse to old literary and aesthetic sources as an inspiration is marked by porosity, hybridity, and subversion when the mutation of the character takes place in a gradual process from de-personification to kenosis. The poetic journey as well as the passage from life to death are addressed in renewed forms, figures and motifs.

An IOT Based Approach for Monitoring Solar System Parameters using Arduino Microcontroller

Abstract: The solar parameters monitoring system is the most important system for monitoring solar systems. Solar energy is a renewable form of energy that is generated by solar panels. Solar energy is a renewable form of energy that is generated by solar panels. The parameters that the system measures include voltage, light intensity, and temperature. In the recommended monitoring system, an Arduino Uno microcontroller board is employed. The system includes solar panels, an LDR sensor, an LM 35, an Arduino microcontroller, and resistors. Light. In this system, an LDR sensor detects light intensity, an L35 sensor measures temperature, and a voltage divider circuit monitors the voltage. Keywords: Solar Panel, Monitoring, Renewable Energy, Solar Panel, Arduino Uno.

EDITORIAL

The editorial of Thermal Engineering of this issue continues the discussion on scientific research needs in vital areas in which thermal engineering has important participation. The main goal is to motivate the readers, within their specialties, to identify possible subjects for their future research. It is estimated that the existing amount of fossil fuels will last for many years. However, there is a need to look for alternative sources of energy in order to preserve the environment. De Angelis et. al., in his article, Energy Research Outlook. What to Look for in 2018 (ACS Energy Lett. 3(2018) 261-263), argues that generation and storage of technical and economically viable renewable forms of energies are the main obstacles to be overcome. In his article, De Angelis also lists some technological areas that need more research effort in the energy field: energy materials, electrochemical energy conversion and energy storage, solar cells, solar fuels, LED and display devices and, the last but not least, theory and computational modeling. Possible answers for those questions can be given from what it is called constructal theory. Constructal theory states that geometry (flow architecture) is generated by seeking the global performance subjected to global restrictions. According to the constructal law, the optimization of the flow architecture begins in a small scale (elementary level), in which, even though small, the system still keeps its identity (e.g., a brook in a river basin, a single polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) in a PEMFC stack, a cell in a multicellular organisms). The irreversibility caused by the flow resistance is minimized for a maximum global performance at the level of the complete system. Any physical system is a combination of several flow systems (e.g., electric, chemical, fluid and heat). Therefore, it can be seen that the optimization of the architecture of flow systems is as common in engineering as is in nature, where the most fit organisms (optimum configuration) survive selection (global restrictions). The mission of Thermal Engineering is to document the scientific progress in areas related to thermal engineering (e.g., energy, oil and renewable fuels). We are confident that we will continue to receive articles’ submissions that contribute to the progress of science.

Potential effect of SARS-CoV-2 on solar energy generation: Environmental dynamics and implications

The Covid-19 pandemic is exerting a significant influence on global energy markets, and continuing to hinder the growth of core technology for the implementation of renewable forms of energy. With an unprecedented effect, the new coronavirus, known as SARS-CoV2, has succeeded to seize the control of most cities of the world and led to their closure. The newly-emerged virus has also resulted in environmental changes. The present study was conducted to show the indirect positive effects of COVID-19 on the reduction of air pollution, particularly in countries such as Italy, France, and India. Our research proved the existence of meaningful relationships between probable actions, air quality improvement, and increased energy generation by photovoltaic systems (PVs). Newly-obtained data from the Copernicus Sentinel-5P satellite illustrate that some cities have experienced a 45 to 50% reduction in nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentration compared to the same period in the past year. This reduction has provided two important and unexpected benefits, namely the reduction in environmental pollution (specifically air pollution) and, as a consequence, an increase in the amount of energy generated by PVs.

Pyrolysis of maize cob at different temperatures for biochar production: Proximate, ultimate and spectroscopic characterisation

Adopting the concept of the waste to wealth approach, agricultural waste from maize cob could be transformed into a renewable form of energy through thermo-chemical methods of treating the biomass. This method can be utilised for biochar production. The utilisation of biochar has several significant applications. These applications include the enhancement of the soil through amendment, stimulation of crop production by a variety nutrient inputs in the soil, etc. In this research work, a biochar was obtained through a slow pyrolysis process of maize cob waste. This experiment was carried out using a small-scale muffle furnace and subjecting the feedstock to heating at different temperatures (300, 400, 500 °C). The biochar was produced and characterised by a proximate analysis, scan electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, while the surface area was determined by Saer's method. The effect of the temperature on the yield of the biochar was investigated. The results show that the biochar yield decreases with an increasing temperature for the maize cob biochar at 300, 400 and 500 °C. The results of the physiochemical properties showed that the temperature has a great impact on the physicochemical properties of the biochar. The biochar produced at 300 °C has the highest fixed carbon content of 60.5%. The largest surface area was (281.8 m2·g<sup>–1</sup>) at 500 °C.

Alternatives for the recovery and renewal of degraded pastures

This review aimed to approach the dynamics of pasture degradation, relating its causes and forms of recovery and/or renewal. Despite being based on extensive systems, Brazilian agriculture faces serious problems related to pasture degradation. The reduction in forage productivity directly affects the production system, having negative impacts on the economy and the ecosystem. Factors such as the choice of forage species, grazing management and the use of fire are the main factors responsible for the degradation of pastures in Brazil, causing an environmental and productive imbalance. However, it is possible to stop the progress of degradation and resume system productivity using pre-defined techniques in accordance with the objective of the production system. Furthermore, pasture recovery techniques are efficient for the resumption of productivity, and environmental protection, by helping to reduce greenhouse gases. Nevertheless, more research is needed to prove and consolidate pasture recovery techniques in the environmental, economic, and social scope.