Contract Renewal Research Articles

Manual Madness: Challenges of Contract Renewal in Campus Vending Machine Business

The vending machine industry has evolved from conventional to connected machines. Vending machines are currently in wide use and typically involve a remote machine holding a plurality of products or items to be dispensed after receiving money from a purchaser. The industry has gone beyond just delivering snacks and is developing new and sophisticated retail solutions for both large and small companies. In this study, a qualitative inquiry was conducted in one of the branch universities of the largest public universities in Malaysia. A total of three vending machine entrepreneurs were qualitatively interviewed individually. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed to find a common theme. As a result, three challenges were identified: using a lot of paper, being time-consuming, and having no alert process. Contract renewal is significant and should not be taken for granted and it is a far-sighted move for a business manager to use the most efficient process from start to end. The respondent agreed that the current renewal process is redundant and time-consuming. Therefore, the researchers proposed to all the parties to reduce the hassle of renewing the contract. Based on this research, the authority department in public or private universities can develop an innovation in monitoring systems to improve the process. The results can provide suitable coping strategies for business owners to have the best practices for a contract renewal mechanism.

Rigidity in public contracts: Implications for renewal dynamics

We investigate how the rigidity of public contracts influences the frequency of their renewal. Using a dataset of contracts for public–private car parks and employing machine-reading techniques to assess contract rigidity, we find that heightened contract rigidity, particularly in litigation clauses, significantly raises the probability of contract renewal. Our findings indicate that procedural sunk costs and the competitive advantage conferred to incumbents by contract rigidity are key factors contributing to more frequent renewals. This study enhances our comprehension of public contract renewals by emphasizing the significance of political contestability and rigidity, providing valuable insights into optimal strategies for contract renegotiation.

주택임대차보호법상 법적 쟁점과 개선 방안에 대한 소고

While a lease contract is a civil relationship between private parties, the importance of residential stability, the unique characteristics of the domestic housing market, and the protection of tenants necessitate state intervention based on the special law of the Civil Code, the Housing Lease Protection Act. The original Housing Lease Protection Act was primarily focused on protecting the lease deposit, considering the social conditions at the time of its enactment. However, it has been gradually amended to stabilize the housing market and preserve the foundation of the national economy. Recently, the law has evolved to include the introduction of the right to request contract renewal and the regulation of rent increase limits. Nevertheless, during this process, issues of fairness have continuously arisen, particularly concerning whether reasonable protection is provided to both parties of the lease contract, the tenant and the landlord. There is ongoing debate about whether the emphasis on tenant protection infringes on the landlord’s fundamental property rights. Additionally, the achievement of the Housing Lease Protection Act’s fundamental objective of ensuring the stability of the tenant’s living environment remains uncertain, and there are concerns that landlords’ rights are ambiguously restricted. This underscores the need for review and reassessment. One of the main amendments to the Housing Lease Protection Act is the extension of the lease contract duration due to the tenant’s right to request renewal. While this aims to provide stability to the tenant’s living situation in the short term, it is questionable whether it benefits tenants in the long term, especially when considered alongside other tenant protection measures such as the rent cap system. Moreover, the ambiguity surrounding the landlord’s right to refuse renewal based on “actual residence” does not enhance legal stability for either party. Therefore, it is crucial to establish clear and specific standards.

Hybrid Logarithmic Percentage Change-Driven Objective Weighting and Grey Relational Analysis Method in Employee Contract Renewal

Hybrid Logarithmic Percentage Change-Driven Objective Weighting and Grey Relational Analysis Method in Employee Contract Renewal

Staycation Contract Renewal Terms: Twitter Users' Perceptions of Women Workers' Speak Up Action

The practice of staycation revealed in Cikarang as a condition of extending the contract is a form of sexual violence and harassment. The phenomenon of speak up is a phenomenon where survivors report and tell about sexual violence experienced. The study aimed to understand the views and reactions of Twitter social media users to sexual harassment in the workplace. Researchers used the perception analysis approach of Filebron (2017) and Stubbs-Richardson et al (2018) by collecting data through Twitter accounts @geloraco in the case of female workers in Cikarang who received sexual harassment at work. The results showed that the use of Twitter in accessing information on cases of sexual violence experienced by female labor AD on @geloraco accounts, including the form of thread replies in the form of negative and positive comments. There are supportive reactions containing affirmations, validation, sympathy, and recognition as well as unsupportive reactions that are blaming, doubtful, and demeaning to the survivor's experience.

Efficient valuation of guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits in regime switching jump diffusion models with lapse risk

We present a streamlined valuation method for the guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits incorporated within variable annuity contracts. At each contract renewal date, the insurer updates the policyholder's account value to the higher of the guaranteed value and the equity-linked investment value. In addition, we introduce lapse risks into the variable annuity contract, modeling the lapse decision under the assumption of stochastic intensity. Utilizing a combination of continuous-time Markov chain approximation and the Fourier cosine series expansion method, we derive closed-form valuation formulas under regime switching jump diffusion models. Numerical simulations showcase the precision and effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Staycation Contract Renewal Terms: Twitter Users' Perceptions of Women Workers' Speak Up Action

This study aims to understand the perspectives and reactions of Twitter social media users towards workplace sexual harassment, using a perception analysis approach. The research collected data from the Twitter account @geloraco regarding cases of sexual harassment against female workers in Cikarang. The research method involved perception analysis approaches. The results indicate that Twitter is used as a means to access information about cases of sexual violence experienced by female workers, with various types of responses that can be divided into supportive and unsupportive responses. The main findings include supportive responses encompassing affirmation, validation, sympathy, and acknowledgment, as well as unsupportive responses consisting of denial, doubt, and belittlement of victims' experiences. However, this research has limitations, including limitations in data collection from a single social media source and potential biases in user response representation. The implications of this research include a better understanding of public responses to workplace sexual harassment cases and their potential influence in improving organizational policies and practices.

The Practice of Ṣiḥah Marriage among the Rifa'iyah Congregation in Sociological and Islamic Marriage Law Perspectives

This article examines the practice of repeating marriage contracts (ṣiḥah marriage) among the Rifa'iyah Congregation in Wonocoyo Village, Wonoboyo, Temanggung, Central Java. This repetition was carried out by Rifa'iyah Kiyais as representatives of female marriage guardians to perfect the marriage contract which had been carried out previously in the presence of officers from the Office of Religious Affairs (KUA). This research is classified as qualitative field research using a sociological approach. The aim is to examine this social phenomenon from the perspective of Social Construction theory and the perspective of Islamic Law. This research found that the practice of ṣiḥah marriage among the Rifa'iyah congregation of Wonocoyo Village was formed through several stages, namely: the externalization stage, the stage of conveying the practice of ṣiḥah by Rifa'iyah Kiyais, the objectification stage, the stage of forming objective reality, and the internalization stage, the stage of absorption of the objective world into the individual consciousness of the Rifa'iyah Congregation. In the view of Islamic Marriage Law, the practice of ṣiḥah by the Rifa'iyah congregation is similar to tajdīdun nikāḥ (renewal of the marriage contract) which, according to Jumhur ulama', is permissible simply because of ihtiyāth (caution).

The Impact of Tie Strength on the Sustainable Participation of Farmers in Contract Farming: An Empirical Study in Inner Mongolia, China

Contract farming can reduce transaction costs and improve agricultural productivity. With the establishment of stable and effective contractual relationships, not only have agricultural products been provided with a stable market, but the standardization, refinement, and branding transformation of agricultural products can also be realized, thus further promoting the progress of agricultural modernization. The willingness of farmers to renew their contracts is a key factor in maintaining long-term, stable cooperative relationships. This research involves the empirical verification of the impact model of tie strength between enterprises and farmers in contractual agriculture on the willingness of farmers to renew their contracts and reveals the working mechanism of tie strength on sustainable participation of farmers in contract farming. We utilized survey data from 276 agricultural households in Inner Mongolia, China, and the method of structural equation modeling (SEM), with the following results: (1) Interaction and reciprocity have a significantly positive influence on trust; (2) trust has a significantly positive impact on farmers’ willingness to renew their contracts. Also, reciprocity and interaction have an indirect impact on contract renewal willingness through trust; and (3) the perceived economic value can significantly increase the contract renewal willingness of farmers and plays a mediating role between trust and contract renewal willingness. Overall, on the basis of tie strength, this research provides a new perspective for the investigation of the sustainable stability of contract farming and presents empirical evidence for the sustainable development of the contract farming supply chain.

Service contract type and consumer choice behavior: the contributory roles of perceived value, brand reputation and consumer incentives

PurposeTo minimize customer churn, many service providers offer consumers the option of automatic contract renewal at the end of a contract period. Such agreements are known as rollover service contracts (RSCs). This research quantifies the effect of RSCs and other related factors, such as incentives, on consumers' service choice decisions.Design/methodology/approachThe study adopts choice-based conjoint analysis to assess the effect of RSCs on consumers' choices and to determine whether effect size varies when selecting a cell phone network or gym/leisure club provider, which represent lower-priced utilitarian and higher-priced hedonic services.FindingsIt was found that RSCs produce negative perceptions and intended behaviors for the majority of consumers across different product types. Nevertheless, as explained by social exchange theory, many individuals may be persuaded to enter into a RSC on the basis of reciprocity if they are offered an incentive such as a price discount or free product add-on.Originality/valueIn the marketing domain, this is the first comprehensive study to quantify the role of contract type among a range of other factors in consumers' decision-making when selecting a service. The authors' results offer context-specific implications for service marketers. First, RSCs are perceived more negatively in high-priced hedonistic categories, especially among those with lower incomes. Second, price discounts are more effective than product add-ons for motivating hedonic purchases, while product add-ons work better with utilitarian services.

Facing Job Uncertainties: The Lived Experiences and Challenges Encountered by Government Contractual Workers

Contractualization remains a contentious issue, particularly in the Philippines, where "Endo" (end of contract) refers to short-term employment. This qualitative phenomenological study aimed to investigate the challenges faced by job-order employees in a Philippine government agency. The study employed a descriptive-phenomenological research design. Eleven individuals employed under job order arrangements participated in semi-structured key informant interviews (KII). The collected data were analyzed using Colaizzi's approach. The results revealed the following themes regarding their challenges: insecurities, pressures, disincentives; work commitment; advancement; and optimism for coping mechanisms. Despite the challenges of job-order employment, the informants managed to perform their assigned services effectively. Additionally, they expressed a desire to become regular government employees. The study recommends that management improve job characteristics and the work environment through clear communication to increase satisfaction and retention. Employees should enhance their qualifications by obtaining master's degrees, specialized training, and attending seminars to improve job stability and prospects for permanent employment. Management should establish a clear path from temporary to permanent roles and implement a fair contract renewal process to promote stability and long-term commitment, reduce social comparison, and increase workplace productivity.

임차인의 갱신요구 후 임차주택을 양수한 자가 자신의 실거주를 이유로 갱신을 거절할 수 있는지 여부

The subject judgment is a matter of justifiable reasons for the landlord to refuse to renew the contract, and the plaintiff who exercised the right to refuse to renew the contract is not a party to the lease contract, but the “buyer of the lease house.” In other words, the issue of this issue is which of the lessors who have signed a lease contract with the buyer of the rental house can exercise the right to refuse contract renewal based on justifiable reasons.
 The judgment on the subject of the study ruled that even if the tenant requested a contract renewal, the landlord could reject the tenant's request for contract renewal for the reason of actual residence pursuant to Article 6-3 (1) 8 of the Housing Lease Act, and if the transferee of the rental housing who succeeded the landlord's status pursuant to Article 3 (4) of the same Act intends to actually reside in the house, he could claim the reason for refusal of renewal under subparagraph 8 above within the period of refusal of renewal above.
 The study target judgment is the first unification of lower court judgments divided into conflicting views by the Supreme Court, and is a very valid judgment when the contents, system, and legislative purposes of related regulations such as Articles 6 and 6-3 of the Housing Lease Act are combined.

Leadership Impact on Lecturer Retention at University Preparation Programs in Malaysia

Many higher education institutions (HEIs) offer pre-university/foundation programs that help students transition from secondary school to universities, in Malaysia, or around the world. To be globally competitive and meet the needs of students looking to enter world class universities, HEIs in Malaysia often need to employ expatriate lecturers (ELs) (Trembath, 2016). Many ELs choose to depart their institution at the end of their first contract. This can have a negative impact on programs and adds additional recruitment costs to program budgets (Theron et al., 2014). This study’s purpose was to understand the importance of leadership and organizational climate on ELs’ decision to either renew their contract or depart. The objective was to provide the leaders of such programs with insights to help them mitigate the challenges expatriates face and develop a supportive environment that encourages longer-term commitment of lecturers beyond an initial contract.
 A convergent, parallel mixed methods research design was used for this study in which 63 participants completed an online questionnaire. In addition, 31 participants also completed a semi-structured interview. The research population for this study included current and former ELs who have worked at university preparation programs at Malaysian HEIs.
 Five themes that affect EL retention surfaced from the analysis of the qualitative and quantitative data: (a) professional growth and fulfilment, (b) the direct influence of the leader, (c) institutional factors, (d) cultural adjustment factors (Froese, 2012), and (e) country-specific factors. These key factors have influenced the decision making around contract renewal for ELs at Malaysian HEIs.
 Based on the results of this study, The Leadership Model for Expatriate Lecturer Satisfaction and Fulfillment was developed in order to guide program directors in developing a system to foster the conditions that encourage EL retention.

Willingness to maintain contracts with family doctors among Chinese residents: results from one national cross-sectional study and a meta-analysis of 25 studies.

A number of studies have investigated the influencing factors regarding the renewal of contracts associated with Family Doctor Contract Services (FDCS) in different regions of China since it was officially implemented in 2009; however, none of the previous studies have been considered using a nationally representative sample in combination with a meta-analysis. A multistage stratified sampling method was used to investigate participants' socio-demographic characteristics, health status, understanding, use, and evaluation of the FDCS, and their willingness to renew contracts in Eastern, Central, and Western China from September to November 2021. We searched the PubMed, Ovid Medline, CNKI, VIP, Wanfang, and SinoMed databases to retrieve previous studies related to the willingness of Chinese residents to renew contracts with their family doctor (FD), and a meta-analysis was performed to systematically summarize the willingness to maintain contracts and influencing factors. Among 2,394 residents, 2,122 (88.64%) were willing to renew their contracts. The mixed-effect logistic regression model results demonstrated that residents who (1) preferred primary health service institutions, (2) had a better knowledge of FDCS, (3) were more willing to visit primary health service after signing the contract with FDs, (4) were not intending to change FDs, (5) were satisfied with FDCS, and (6) trusted in FDs reported a higher level of willingness to maintain contracts with FDs. Our meta-analysis confirmed that older age, being married, having chronic diseases, choosing primary medical institutions for the first contact, having a good knowledge of FDCS/FDs, being satisfied with FDCS and the medical skills of FDs, and trusting FDs were all positively associated with residents' willingness to renew contracts (p < 0.05). The willingness of consumers to maintain contracts with FDs in China varies in different areas. Giving priority services to groups of high need contributed to an improved rate of renewal. We suggest that in order to continue to increase annual contract renewal, it is necessary to strengthen consumer awareness through effective marketing and continue to work toward meeting consumer expectations, thereby increasing confidence and trust in FDCS.

Tenancy Management: Tenant perceptions of the pre-tenancy and tenancy execution phases

This study aims to assess the tenant perception towards tenancy management of the properties of the Mayor of Kuala Lumpur by the Kuala Lumpur City Hall (DBKL). A questionnaire was designed based on a breakdown of several attributes during the pre-tenancy and tenancy execution phases and distributed among the tenants. A descriptive analysis was conducted, and the findings show that the areas that the management could focus on to improve the tenancy management are the tenancy advertisement requirements; vacant possession and complaints handling process; facilities and amenities; simplified contract renewal process; interview sessions; and appropriate approach to solve rent arrears.

Machine learning-based optimization of contract renewal predictions in Korea Baseball organization

The Korea Baseball Organization (KBO) introduced the foreign player system in 1998 to enhance league competitiveness. In 2014, the number of foreign players increased to three per team. Since then, the ten KBO teams have routinely included two foreign pitchers and one batter. While the performance of foreign players significantly impacts the post-season qualification of the team, the contract renewal rates for pitchers and batters are only 34 % and 36 %, respectively. Therefore, a method that can aid in the contract renewal decision can help teams recruit high-caliber foreign players, improve their performance, raise the level of KBO league, and provide an enjoyable experience for baseball fans. In this study, we use machine learning methods to predict the contract renewal decision and compare the prediction performances of various models. We use data on foreign player performances in the Minor League Baseball and Major League Baseball immediately prior to joining KBO, in KBO upon joining, and player image data. By comparing the accuracy, area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve, and precision of prediction results based on performance in each league, we find that performance in KBO plays a significant role in improving the prediction. Additionally, a post-hoc analysis of batters reveals a gradual decline in the performance level of foreign batters who succeeded in KBO, which is found to be related to the results of international baseball tournaments. In conclusion, the proposed approach to player performance evaluation and contract renewal decisions can contribute to the long-term success of the teams and league.

Drivers of contract renewal over time: a framework of analysis in B2B services

ABSTRACT Despite the wealth of research into Business-to-Business customer relationships, there are a number of gaps in the literature, where most studies have used cross-sectional research designs. In this study, we explored customer relationships over a three-year period, using data from a large Fortune 100 industrial services provider. Our longitudinal research design compared the drivers of customer satisfaction and contract renewal decisions over time, and provides a holistic framework for viewing customer relationship drivers and their effects at an aggregate level. While some drivers were quite stable, others changed significantly between quarters. The main implications of this study are that firms should closely manage their supplier–customer relationships by tracking the drivers over time to enable service responsiveness to changing customer needs. From a theoretical perspective, the data also indicate that researchers should be cautious in drawing concrete conclusions from cross-sectional studies, as many drivers are dynamic over time. Future researchers are encouraged to develop more longitudinal research designs.

Assessing the Degree of Job Satisfaction for Short-Term Contract Employment at TANESCO Ubungo, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

The focus of the article was to assess the degree of short-term contract employees’ satisfaction in TANESCO, at Ubungo, Dar es Salaam. Specifically, the article examined the challenges of renewal short-term employment contract on employees’ satisfaction. A cross-sectional research design with both quantitative and qualitative approaches was employed. Data were collected by using questionnaire to 80 employees of TANESCO, and in-depth interview to 10 managers of TANESCO. Analysis for quantitative information was firstly done descriptively by involving frequencies and percentages, then a bivariate analysis with chi-square (X2) to find out whether there is statistically significant between variables. For qualitative data, content analysis was applied. The results show that there were challenges facing employees in a renewal of short-term employment contract. The challenges include; a renewal needs more efforts in re-negotiation, fear of not given again the contract, and an employee can be terminated at any time. In bivariate analysis, the study found that the corrected value in chi-square (X2) for gender is 1.001 with significance level (p-value) of 0.011 which indicate that female employees are more likely (X2 starts from 1) to be challenged in renewal of a short-term contract. The corrected value for marital status is 1.613 with statistically significant p-value of 0.044 which indicates that married employees were more likely to be challenged in renewal of the short-term contract. The study concludes that employees at TANESCO who were faced with challenges during renewal of short-term contract.

Reimagining real estate and facilities management outsourcing : A bp and JLL case study

In 2019 bp set out to renew its facilities and real estate contracts. What began as a typical request for proposal exercise turned into a complete reinvention of the bp workplace organisation. The team got a boost when Bernard Looney took the helm as bp’s Chief Executive Officer (CEO) in February 2020. Looney’s vision was the most far-reaching transformation in bp’s 112-year history: to transform bp from an international oil company to an integrated energy company by shifting bp’s focus from producing oil and gas resources to one that delivers energy solutions. bp’s ambition is to become a net-zero company by 2050 or sooner, and help the world get to net zero. bp’s workplace team accepted the challenge; the simple contract renewal they had started needed to be reimagined. This case study goes behind the scenes and shows how the parties pulled off what many in bp thought was impossible, especially in the middle of a pandemic when 100 per cent of the work had to be done virtually.

The tenant's pre-emption rights in Italian agriculture: An introductory economic evaluation

The paper explores the almost “unknown territory” of the economic evaluation of pre-emption rights (PRs) in agriculture, by focusing on two PRs held by tenant farmers in Italy: on purchasing of rented land and on contract renewal. For both PRs, the main characteristics and an historical framework are provided. The research has three goals: PR values estimations, exploring factors that affect the tenant's choice of rating the PRs, exploring factors that affect the PR values. Lacking a specific theory on the PR value in agriculture, an ad hoc conceptual framework has been developed by referring mainly to the theory of farm evaluation, which has proved helpful in discussing the research findings. Research goals are achieved by employing the contingent valuation, logistic regression and linear regression methods. Data collection refer to an on-farm survey covering 55 tenants, which has provided a database of 230 lease contracts.Among the analysis findings, the worthiest of note are: a) the farmer's PR on the neighbouring land for sale is more appreciated than the tenant's PR on rented land for sale; b) tenant's PRs favour the growth of farm size not only by securing plots with labour intensive crops but also by guaranteeing adequate economies of scale; c) the percentage of contract area on total rented area is the main factor that induces tenants to evaluate the PR of a specific land under contract; d) the value of the PR on the purchasing of rented land mostly increases in relation to the dimension of the farm machinery fleet, the presence of intensive crops and the tenant's interest in the rented land, while investments made on it positively affect the value of the PR on contract renewal.