Renewable Energy Sources Projects Research Articles

Анализ правового регулирования использования ВИЭ в энергетическом законодательстве новых участников межгосударственного объединения БРИКС

The energy industry (including the use of renewable energy sources (RES)) is one of the most promising and investment-worthy areas at both national and global levels. For the member states of the BRICS intergovernmental association, this economy sector is also a platform for cooperation and interaction. On January 1, 2024, six new countries joined the association as full members: Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Iran, Ethiopia, Egypt, and Argentina. This article analyzes the national legal regulation of the use of renewable energy sources in these states. It should be noted that all members of the association have major differences in their technical and economic development, as well as in their statutory regulation of the energy sector in general and renewable energy sources in particular. However, these circumstances only substantiate the need to study the legal regulation experience of the BRICS member states. It should be said that the use of RES in the selected states is subject to government regulation, the parties to public relations associated with RES use, the legal status of RES-based electricity markets and power facilities have been defined, legal requirements for foreign investment in RES projects, etc. have been established. Thus, the analysis conducted focuses on promising legal measures that can be implemented in the national laws in order to improve and update it, as well as contribute to the international legal harmonization efforts.

Анализ правового регулирования использования ВИЭ в энергетическом законодательстве новых участников межгосударственного объединения БРИКС

The energy industry (including the use of renewable energy sources (RES)) is one of the most promising and investment-worthy areas at both national and global levels. For the member states of the BRICS intergovernmental association, this economy sector is also a platform for cooperation and interaction. On January 1, 2024, six new countries joined the association as full members: Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Iran, Ethiopia, Egypt, and Argentina. This article analyzes the national legal regulation of the use of renewable energy sources in these states. It should be noted that all members of the association have major differences in their technical and economic development, as well as in their statutory regulation of the energy sector in general and renewable energy sources in particular. However, these circumstances only substantiate the need to study the legal regulation experience of the BRICS member states. It should be said that the use of RES in the selected states is subject to government regulation, the parties to public relations associated with RES use, the legal status of RES-based electricity markets and power facilities have been defined, legal requirements for foreign investment in RES projects, etc. have been established. Thus, the analysis conducted focuses on promising legal measures that can be implemented in the national laws in order to improve and update it, as well as contribute to the international legal harmonization efforts.

THE LEGAL CONCEPT OF ‘(OVERRIDING) PUBLIC INTEREST’ AS AN INDICATOR FOR CHANGING PREMISES IN GERMAN ENERGY LAW WITH REFERENCES TO THE EUROPEAN LEVEL FOCUSING ON RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

The aim of this article is to highlight the close correlation between the government’s regulatory ambitions and the use of the value-based term ‘public interest’ in the field of energy law, which is particularly shaped by political considerations. Special emphasis will be placed on the recent reforms in Germany and at the European level in the field of renewable energy (RE) in the electricity sector. These reforms, driven by the significant geopolitical changes since February 2022, aim to accelerate the deployment of renewable energy sources (RES), in particular, the construction and operation of energy plants using renewable energy sources and the related grid infrastructure. To achieve this goal, (selected) RES projects are recognised (presumably) as being of public interest and by these means given priority.

Insurance Programs in the Renewable Energy Sources Projects

The development of projects using renewable energy sources (RES) necessitates the development of insurance programs and systems. This involves identifying and assessing the risks of renewable energy projects in the transition to new types of energy, determining typical corporate and specific risks, the need and content of the main types, forms of insurance contracts, assessing the financial condition, and choosing insurance organizations and reinsurance programs. This article focuses on the formation of such insurance programs, their interaction with industrial safety systems and ensuring corporate participation in achieving sustainable development goals; as well as selection and assessment of the insurer financial stability and the insurance RES programs economic efficiency.

Kazakhstan: Assessment of Renewable Energy Support and a Green Economy

The growth of renewable energy sources (RES) shows the desire of the government of Kazakhstan to meet challenges that affect the welfare and development of the state. National targets, government programs, policies influence renewable energy strategies. In the future, renewable energy technologies will act as sources of a green economy and sustainable economic growth. The state policy in the field of energy in Kazakhstan is aimed at improving the conditions for the development and support of renewable energy sources, amendments are being made to provide for the holding of auctions for new RES projects, which replaces the previously existing system of fixed tariffs. It is expected that the costs of traditional power plants for the purchase of renewable energy will skyrocket, provided that the goals in the field of renewable generation are achieved. This article provides an assessment of international experience in supporting renewable energy sources, as well as analyzes the current situation in the development of renewable energy in Kazakhstan and the impact on sustainable development and popularization of the «green» economy. The study shows that by supporting the development of renewable energy sources, economic growth is possible, which is achieved in an environmentally sustainable way.

Multicriterial Evaluation of Renewable Energy Expansion Projects at Municipal Level for the Available Biomass Potential

To reduce emissions in the energy sector and reach worldwide climate goals, further expansion of renewable energy sources (RES) is inevitable. Local opposition has increased in recent years, resulting in the need for more consideration of acceptance issues in the planning process of RES projects. To fill this gap, a method is introduced to consider the dimension of social acceptance in a holistic approach and at an early project stage. In a two-step procedure, a municipal interest profile is created, followed by an examination of possible expansion projects based on the municipal profile. Both hard and soft characteristics of a given project are assessed in combination. Using the example of two potential scenarios for biomass expansion in a given municipality in Germany, the methodology is put to the test. The results show that with the new method House of municipal Energy (HomE), the interest profile of a municipality can be quantified in a comprehensible and transparent way. It is further shown that, depending on the initial objective function of the municipality, different expansion scenarios can be advantageous. In the examined case, the larger biogas plant achieves a higher utility value, since a clearly higher local added value can be generated. A smaller plant, which is only operated with waste materials, is preferable with regard to the required area and lower environmental impact. However, the advantages of the larger plant outweigh those of the smaller plant for the investigated example.

FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF PRICE INSTRUMENTS OF STATE SUPPORT FOR THE USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN KAZAKHSTAN

The article investigates various tools of state support for the development of renewable energy. Special attention is paid to the price instruments of state support for the use of renewable energy sources (RES), including a significant analysis of the regulatory framework of the Republic of Kazakhstan as incentives. The authors analyzed the level of development of fixed rates for the supply of electricity in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The analysis revealed that fixed rates had and continue to have a significant positive impact on the increase in projects for renewable energy. Without the use of this tool in Kazakhstan, it would not have been possible to establish such large RES capacities. The article also deals with the auction system of pricing for the supply of electricity. According to the authors, through the introduction of the auction mechanism, the state selects the most effective RES projects and forms market competitive prices for electric energy produced by RES facilities.

Collaborative decision-making on wind power projects based on AHP method

The complexity of projects implementation in Renewable Energy Sources (RES) requires finding collaborative alliances between suppliers and project developers in RES.Links activities in supply chain in RES, respectively, transportation of heavy components, processing orders to purchase quality raw materials, storage and materials handling, packaging, and other complex activities requiring a logistics system collaboratively to be permanently dimensioned properly selected and monitored. Requirements imposed by stringency of wind power energy projects implementation inevitably involves constraints in infrastructure, implementation and logistics. Thus, following an extensive research in RES project, to eliminate these constraints were identified alternative collaboration to provide feasible solutions on different levels of performance.The paper presents a critical analysis of different collaboration alternatives in supply chain for RES projects, selecting the ones most suitable for particular situations by using decision-making method Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP).The role of AHP method was to formulate a decision model by which can be establish the collaboration alternative choice through mathematical calculation to reduce the impact created by constraints encountered.The solution provided through AHP provides a framework for detecting optimal alternative collaboration between suppliers and project developers in RES and avoids some breaks in the chain by resizing safety buffers for leveling orders in RES projects.

Renewable energy cooperation between the EU and North Africa

Purpose Following the issuance of the Renewable Energy Directive in 2009, the European Union (EU) is explicitly pushing for member states to cooperate with third countries to meet their EU 2020 targets. So far, no single joint project is planned or in place yet. This paper aims to look at the opportunities for and barriers to possible RE exports from North Africa into the EU through the concept of a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis. Design/methodology/approach Thus, the SWOT for a possible implementation of Article 9 projects are analyzed using expert and stakeholder knowledge. A qualitative assessment was undertaken using data collected through one stakeholder workshop in North Africa, in-depth interviews and a qualitative literature review. The analysis was structured within a three-tier analyzing concept distinguishing between macro, micro and acceptance parameters. Findings From the SWOT analysis, some lessons are drawn, future possible measures are identified and conclusions for policymakers are discussed. The authors find that no easy solutions exist as most parameters can be both a strength and a weakness or a threat and an opportunity at the same time depending on future developments and the specific ideological perspective. Originality/value This paper provides new information and analysis of renewable energy sources projects in North Africa – application of the SWOT method on Article 9 cooperation projects – application of a three-tier analysis to cope with the complexity of the topic – taking into account often neglected socio-political aspects such as public acceptance.

Enhanced multi-objective optimization algorithm for renewable energy sources: optimal spatial development of wind farms

A new approach for treating multi-objective spatial optimization problems is introduced in this study, aiming at deriving the optimal spatial allocation of Wind Farms on a Greek Island (Lesvos). This work builds on the knowledge gained from numerous applications of multi-objective genetic algorithms, either for spatial planning purposes or for other engineering-related topics, by incorporating modified genetic operators and sophisticated planning criteria. Hence, a stand-alone genetic optimizer was developed that incorporates the controlled non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (CNSGA-II), in which the user can model all planning criteria and constraints for every spatial entity to be allocated, and handle the genetic solver via a built-in computational framework that permits the analysis of large terrains. The presented paradigm provides interesting findings for the optimal development of renewable energy sources projects whose spatial allocation is governed by conflicting criteria and strict constraints.

Legislation framework for Croatian renewable energy sources development

The energy sector reform in the Republic of Croatia (started 2001), which comprises restructuring, liberalization, privatization, and changes in the overall energy sector, has a significant effect on the possibilities of introducing and increasing the share of renewable energy sources (RES). The adoption of a new legislative framework within the context of reforming Croatia?s energy sector is of key importance for further development and for the future or RES utilization. The Electricity Market Act sets out the le- gal obligation to purchase electricity produced from RES in the manner that a quota or a minimum obligatory share of RES in electricity production is determined by a Government ordinance combined with Tariff system for the production of electricity from renewable energy sources and co-generation. Consequently, on the one hand, incentive funds needed to cover increased costs of production from RES will be collected from customers through the supplier and distributed to privileged producers (feed-in-tariffs, purchase is guaranteed to RES producers on known terms) through the Market Opera- tor. On the other hand, RES investment projects will be encouraged by pur- pose-specific government subsidy and by the Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund (out of public budget). By applying new energy legislation and associated by-laws (coming into force in 2007), RES projects in Croatia will be provided with a complete and stable legal framework as well as support through incentive measures which will equitably value environmental, social and other benefits of RES use.

Decision support system for estimating the technically and economically exploitable renewable energy sources potential in wide areas for connection to high voltage networks

A decision support information system for estimating the technically and economically exploitable renewable energy sources (RES) potential in wide areas is presented in this paper. The system estimates the RES potential in specific areas, examines candidate RES projects and produces penetration scenarios of dispersed RES generation to the transmission and distribution of high voltage networks. Because of the direct geographical reference of the data, the system is integrated with a geographical information system (GIS).

Policy differences in the promotion of renewable energies in the EU member states

The EU directive on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources (RES) has established reference targets for the share of RES electricity in each EU Member State's power supply. To reach this goal every EU country follows a different promotion strategy and some deployed instruments seem more successful in increasing the share of RES electricity than others. But we argue that there is no “natural” superiority of any instrument because the success depends on the respective framework conditions in the individual Member State on the one hand and the specific style of the used promotion models on the other. We conclude by identifying a number of success conditions for an increased use of RES: long-term planning security for investors, technology-specific remuneration for green power, strong efforts in the field of the power supply systems (grid extension, fair access to the grid, etc.) and measures to reduce local resistance against RES projects.