Sustainable Renewable Energy Research Articles

Leaving in the lead: Priorities for perovskite photovoltaics

The need for moving electricity generation to a sustainable model requires the development of low cost ubiquitous photovoltaics (PVs) to harvest the planet’s primary energy source, the Sun. Building upon the successes of Si-based and CdTe-based PV technologies, PVs with lower-embodied energy and requiring lower carbon dioxide equivalent to produce will be required to meet long-term sustainability goals. In particular, thin-film technologies, such as high-efficiency metal halide perovskite (MHP) PV modules, provide avenues to reduced embodied energy, lower energy payback times, and enabling energy-dense tandems [H. M. Wikoff et al., Joule 6(7), 1710–1725 (2022) and V. Fthenakis, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 13(9), 2746–2750 (2009)]. The ability to improve efficiency and lower energy payback time of next generation thin-film PV modules is a critical foundation for green H2 and electrification more broadly. In this regard, Pb-based MHP-PVs have separated themselves as a result of the high-efficiencies that can be realized across a range of electronic gaps. Questions regarding Pb-based MHP-PVs that are often asked, as the challenges of efficiency and reliability are met, revolve around the “problem” of the Pb content. Specifically, “does Pb toxicity preclude MHP-PV modules from being deployed at the TW scale?” To provide this sense of scale, in 2021, the United States burned 10.5 quads of coal, with 90% of that used for electricity generation. Given the energy content of coal of 29 MJ/kg and a residual lead content in that coal of 30 mg/kg, electricity generation from coal resulted in more lead emitted into the atmosphere than what would be required to produce over 2 TW of MHP-PV name plate capacity (assuming a 20% module efficiency and an ∼700 nm active layer). This amounts to more PV power than has been deployed across all PV technologies and geographies to date. This only includes US coal consumption; the rest of the world would be much larger. This example illustrates the scale of the material usage relative to the energy production. Imagine a power-generation technology that offsets these Pb emissions from coal and essentially sequesters this Pb content between two sheets of impermeable glass. Why should we let Pb’s history of misuse prevent it from being included in next generation PV modules that can enable a sustainable energy future?

Isothermal (Vapour + Liquid) Equilibrium Measurements and Correlation of the Binary Mixture {3,3,3-Trifluoropropene (HFO-1243zf) + 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf)} at Temperatures from 283.15 K to 323.15 K

The many constrains introduced by the F-gas Regulation and the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol have resulted in an intense search for alternatives to fluorinated greenhouses gases for air conditioning and refrigeration purposes (Mota-Babiloni A, Makhnatch P, in Int J Refrig 127:101–110, 2021). With respect to the urge of new low-GWP and low-ODP refrigerants, blends composed of hydrofluoroolefins (HFO) are considered promising possible substitutes to hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) for HVAC&R applications (Sovacool et al., in Renew Sustain Energy Rev 141:110759), but thermophysical properties data for these blends are still scarce (Bell et al., in: J Chem Eng Data, 2021). In the present study, the vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) for the binary system (HFO-1243zf + HFO-1234yf), for which just one set of data on the VLE is available to date in literature, has been experimentally studied by means of a vapor recirculation apparatus. The measurements have been performed at isothermal conditions in the range of temperatures between 283.15 K and 323.15 K, while the composition of both the phases in equilibrium has been measured by gas-chromatographic analysis. The experimental VLE data have been correlated by two different equations of state (EoS): the Peng-Robinson (PR) EoS combined with Mathias–Copeman (MC) alpha function and van der Waals (vdW) mixing rules, and the Helmoltz EoS with dedicated binary interaction parameters. Correlated results showed a good agreement with the experimental data for the binary system.

Rationalizing donations and subsidies: Energy ecosystem development for sustainable renewable energy transition in Nepal

Donor-driven research and implementations in renewable energy (RE) might not necessarily resonate with the physical, social, economic and political settings of the developing world. We take a developing South Asian country – Nepal – to examine why solar and wind technologies have failed despite tremendous donor-support and subsidies during the last three decades. We combine extensive literature review, expert interviews and own readings from our two decades-long professional career in the RE sector of Nepal to arrive at rational conclusions. Almost all past internationally funded and government-subsidized off-grid solar and wind energy projects failed upon discontinuation of funds. Furthermore, the pristine Himalayan environment was forced to bear the burden of hazardous waste management. Nepal, being one of the best countries for hydropower, should concentrate on this technology. The suitability, convenient availability of other feasible alternatives and social acceptance decides the fate of technologies. Donations/subsidies need to be better utilized by developing a bottom-up “ecosystem” fostering new technologies to be a part of the energy mix sustainably. Through this paper, we provide specific recommendations for the use of donations and subsidies in the RE sector which have been drawn from the Nepal case but are applicable to the Global South in general.

Daily Solar Radiation Forecasting for Northwest Nigeria Using Long Short-Term Memory

In order to ensure energy security and environmental sustainability, transition to renewable energy sources is required. One of the most viable and sustainable renewable energy sources is solar. However, developing solar energy systems requires solar radiation data which is scarce for most locations including Northwest Nigeria. In order to address this challenge, solar radiation is usually estimated from the available meteorological parameters. Several previous studies have used various methods including geospatial techniques and machine learning to predict monthly and yearly solar radiation, while few studies have focused on the estimation of daily solar radiation. Meanwhile, providing daily solar radiation data is necessary for the development of solar energy systems. Deep learning has been shown to be effective in solar radiation forecasting. To evaluate the performance of the deep learning method for daily solar radiation prediction, a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) based deep learning model was developed in this study. The forecasting model was created using daily solar radiation data collected over a 21-year period by the Nigerian Meteorological Agency in three major towns in North West Nigeria: Kano, Kaduna, and Katsina. The model was evaluated using two statistical indicators: coefficient of determination (R2) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). Results showed that R2 of 0.79 and 0.78 were obtained for the training and testing datasets respectively, while RMSE of 0.46 and 0.47 were obtained for the training and testing datasets respectively. Overall, the LSTM deep learning model has been proven to be effective in forecasting daily solar radiation.

A Systematic Review on Investment Risks in Hydropower to Developing Sustainable Renewable Energy Systems

Hydropower is regarded as one of the most important renewable energy sources for the present and the future. However, hydropower projects are exposed to various risks and uncertainties, including economic, environmental, social, geological, regulatory, political, technological, financial, climate, natural, and safety concerns. Thus, to know the existing risks in the hydropower sector, a systematic literature review is conducted to find all peer-reviewed articles in English published between 2018 and 2022 that dealt with investment risks and uncertainties associated with hydropower. This systematic review paper considers 'Hydropower Investment Risk' critical to developing sustainable renewable energy systems. The keywords selected for the search are tailored to identify all the relevant articles related to 'Investment Risk in Hydropower,' where hydropower is referred to as mini, micro, and large hydropower. In addition, the keywords that correspond to investment risk in the hydropower sector are chosen. Two crucial databases 'Scopus' and 'Google Scholar' search yielded 6689 and 123,000 articles, respectively. Among 34 full texts, 31 primary source articles and 3 secondary source articles are reviewed. The many investment risks pertaining to hydropower investments obtained from the extensive review are: 1. risks related to climate change and hydrology 2. Risks related to environment and anthropogenic 3. Market risks related to credit, capital, and other financial risks 4. Risks related to substitution from renewable energy to fossil fuels 5. Risks related to socio-political and technological changes 6. Risks related to institution, policy, legality, and regulatory 7. Risks related to human capital development, and 8. Impact of climate change on hydropower's revenue generation.

A review of large-scale renewable energy partnerships with Indigenous communities and organizations in Canada

In this paper, a review of Indigenous engagement in renewable energy projects is conducted and the main elements of energy partnerships between stakeholders and Indigenous partners are discussed. In recent years, Canada has witnessed more significant Indigenous involvement in economic and energy development projects than ever before. For large-scale energy partnerships, the focus is on engagement, financial capital, community buy-in (readiness, and entrepreneurial and business skills), and benefits-sharing with community partners. Equity-ownership, reconciliation, and self-determination intersect with and impact the benefits and sustainability of energy projects, as they are interrelated in the framework of most energy partnerships. This paper illustrates policy disconnects in connection with partnership-making, social outcomes, and decision-making among Indigenous communities. Furthermore, findings from relevant literature explore the nuanced discourse on social implications and capacity challenges that interlink with climate adaptation and reconciliation when promoting large-scale renewable energy partnerships with Indigenous communities. Through a systematic review and a meta-analysis of the literature, we found 80 relevant studies during the screening process, of which 33 were selected for the synthesis. Findings demonstrate that the Crown, energy companies, and community partners need to coordinate and collaborate closely to achieve energy security and sustainable renewable energy. The review suggests that Indigenous engagement in energy partnerships supports positive outcomes for social development and environmental protection among Indigenous communities. The literature suggests that when government and industry mentor in the project implementation process, important positive impacts on energy transitions, and self-sufficiency can be realized.

Extraction of natural resources and sustainable renewable energy: COP26 target in the context of financial inclusion

Transitioning towards REC is essential to meet the COP26 net zero emissions target by 2050. In this perspective, FI is a necessary enabler of the REC transformation. The switching of Natural Resources industries to Sustainable Renewable Energy not only helps to attain the COP26 target but also helps the economy to achieve Sustainable Development Goals. To accomplish this objective, the current research investigates the influence of the Extraction of Natural Resources and financial inclusion in addition to the composite risk index and the development of environment-related innovation on renewable energy consumption by utilizing annual data of selected OECD countries from 2004 to 2020. Pesaran CD and Likelihood ratio test indicate cross-section dependence and heteroskedasticity among the chosen panel. All of the variables were found to have non-normal or non-parametric distributions by the normality tests, allowing this study to employ the novel method of moments quantile regression (MMQR). We used the PCA in two stages to calculate the multidimensional financial inclusion index. However, the impact of ENR is revealed to be positive and significant on REC throughout the chosen quantiles. The other three variables show a similar pattern. These findings are confirmed by quantile regression, which is found to be robust. This study recommends appropriate policies to decision-makers based on the empirical findings regarding the appropriate handling of natural resource rent, enhancement of financial inclusion, further development of eco-innovation, and improvement of composite risk index that would lead to the encouragement of Sustainable Renewable Energy.

Risk-constrained energy management of an isolated multi-energy microgrid enhanced with hydrogen storage

Hydrogen energy has proven to be a key player in transitioning towards a carbon-neutral society. However, integrating it into existing multi-energy microgrids (MEMGs) is challenging due to uncertainties in hydrogen vehicle (HV) demand, gas and electricity demand, renewable energy output, and prices. To address this, a computationally feasible risk-constrained energy management model is developed using the information gap decision theory (IGDT) method. This model provides both robust and opportunistic strategies. The MEMG system includes electricity, hydrogen, and gas subsystems, and allows for conversions between power to hydrogen (P2H), hydrogen to power (H2P), hydrogen to gas (H2G), and gas to power (G2P). Liquified natural gas (LNG) is used as an external energy source to improve system security. The study also explores the use of hydrogen storage systems (HSS) and renewable energy for sustainability. While the problem is a mixed integer nonlinear programing model, it is converted into a mixed integer linear programing model to ensure global optimality. The proposed risk-based energy management model was tested on a case study and results showed a 2 % decrease in profit for the robust strategy and a 4 % increase in profit for the opportunistic strategy, with final profits of $4876.102 (robust) and $5171.624 (opportunistic).

Recent Developments and Perspectives of Cobalt Sulfide-Based Composite Materials in Photocatalysis

Photocatalysis, as an inexpensive and safe technology to convert solar energy, is essential for the efficient utilization of sustainable renewable energy sources. Earth-abundant cobalt sulfide-based composites have generated great interest in the field of solar fuel conversion because of their cheap, diverse structures and facile preparation. Over the past 10 years, the number of reports on cobalt sulfide-based photocatalysts has increased year by year, and more than 500 publications on the application of cobalt sulfide groups in photocatalysis can be found in the last three years. In this review, we initially summarize the four common strategies for preparing cobalt sulfide-based composite materials. Then, the multiple roles of cobalt sulfide-based cocatalysts in photocatalysis have been discussed. After that, we present the latest progress of cobalt sulfide in four fields of photocatalysis application, including photocatalytic hydrogen production, carbon dioxide reduction, nitrogen fixation, and photocatalytic degradation of pollutants. Finally, the development prospects and challenges of cobalt sulfide-based photocatalysts are discussed. This review is expected to provide useful reference for the construction of high-performance cobalt sulfide-based composite photocatalytic materials for sustainable solar-chemical energy conversion.

Non-precious metal catalysts supported by activated carbon and TiO2–SiO2: Facile preparation and application for highly effective hydrodeoxygenation of syringol–a lignin-derived model compound

Non-precious metal catalysts (10 wt% loading) over activated carbon (AC) and TiO2–SiO2 supports prepared via incipient wetness impregnation and spray pyrolysis were characterized using various analytical techniques. AC with a higher surface area displayed a better ability than TiO2–SiO2 in syringol conversion and hydrocarbon product selectivity. Compared to Fe and NiFe catalysts, the Ni catalyst showed more effective hydrodeoxygenation performance in terms of syringol conversion, selectivity, and the yield of oxygen-free products (mainly alkylbenzenes via transalkylation reactions). The deoxygenation ability was confirmed via the moisture and COx release. The highest syringol conversion (99.91%) could be obtained using 10 wt% Ni/AC. Generally, syringol hydrodeoxygenation in a fixed-bed reactor followed the main reaction pathway of the hydrogenolysis of CAr–OC(sp3) and CAr–OH rather than the hydrogenation of the benzene ring, producing p-xylene, phenol, and cresols as the major products. Besides metallic catalysts and supports, the reaction temperature and the total flow rate of the H2/Ar mixture on hydrodeoxygenation performance were also investigated. Our study provides a promising potential in the utilization of non-precious metals and biomass-derived AC to remove oxygen from bio-oil model compounds, contributing to the development of sustainable renewable energy.

Transition Metal‐based Perovskite Oxides: Emerging Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction

AbstractDevelopment of clean and sustainable renewable energy sources is imperative to deal with the future energy crises. Various technologies have been developed in this context, for example, water electrolysis, reversible fuel cell and metal‐air batteries etc. However, the sluggish kinetics of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) occurring at the anode of these energy storage/conversion systems becomes a significant hurdle. Recently, researchers utilized noble metals as electrocatalysts to enhance their efficiency still the high cost and scarcity of these materials draw the attention of researchers towards the cost‐effective Perovskite oxide nanomaterials due to their extraordinary flexibility. In this review, the importance of perovskite oxide nanomaterials as electrocatalysts for OER is discussed, followed by related reaction mechanisms and series of activity descriptors. Fundamental understanding about the instrumentation, parameters and protocols for the experimental measurements including concerned issues are also summarized. Moreover, various activation strategies adopted in recent years to enhance the electrocatalytic performance of perovskite oxides are also underlined. The article concludes with an outlook of existing challenges and future scope of these materials as electrocatalysts. The challenges and prospects discussed herein may pave the ways to rationally design the highly active and stable perovskites to outperform noble metal‐based OER electrocatalysts.

Publisher's Note: “Dynamic correlations of renewable-energy companies: Evidence from a multilayer network model” [J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 15, 015904 (2023)

First Page

The strategy for developing wood pellets as sustainable renewable energy in Indonesia

Concerns about carbon emissions from the use of fossil fuels are felt globally. In order to support sustainable energy in the future, efforts to reduce emissions are carried out by developing wood pellets as renewable energy. The Indonesian government is also concerned about advancing renewable energy technology to supply the country's industries and residents with electricity. Several factors and substitute sources hamper the growth of wood pellets as a renewable energy source in Indonesia. Studies from the past point to four obstacles to low-carbon development: sociocultural, economic, technological, and governmental. Therefore, this article aims to determine the inhibiting factors and seek the best decisions for developing wood pellets as a renewable energy source. Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) procedures were applied to determine the best strategy for developing wood pellets in Indonesia. This study recruited several vital informants to identify factors and assess each alternative. The results of the analysis using ISM provide information that the Raw Materials (D11) and Standard Products (D6) sub-factors are vital in developing wood pellets as one of the renewable energies in Indonesia. Furthermore, the analysis of selecting the best alternative using TOPSIS shows that Alternative A1 (Government Incentives), with a weight of 0.825, has the longest distance. A more thorough evaluation of the articles is still needed to produce more accurate findings.

Asta-Ja and Energy Security in Nepal

Energy independence and sustainable renewable energy sources are the two main components of energy security for Nepal. More than 2/3rd of energy consumed in Nepal comes from biofuels and waste and about 1/4th of energy consumed comes from coal and petroleum products. With increasing number of motor vehicles and rising demand for cooking gas, Nepal’s coal and petroleum import bills in recent years have reached over Rs. 200 billion. With its vast water resources, Nepal has a great potential for energy independence and sustainability and achieve energy security. Nepal’s current 1,689 MW hydroelectricity capacity is expected to reach over 5,000 MW in next three to five years, which means Nepal will have a large amount of clean energy in the market. This increased hydropower production will also require an increased domestic consumption by making hydroelectricity affordable, reliable, and high-quality energy by improving its distribution system. Nepal also has a very high potential for solar power, which need to be harnessed and brought to the national grid. Nepal needs to harness all energy sources, which consist of hydropower, solar power, wind power, biofuels, and biogas, in a sustainable way for its energy independence and security. Because Nepal is in a geologically active and natural disasters prone area, it is critical to ensure ecological balance of Asta-Ja elements, Nepali letter, Jal (water), Jamin (land), Jungle (forest), Jadibuti (medicinal and aromatic plants), Janashakti (manpower), Janawar (animal), Jarajuri (crop plants) and Jalabayu (climate) while developing energy resources. Asta-Ja Framework serves as the connecting bridge between the energy resources and the end users. Strategic planning for comprehensive energy development considering ecological balance of Asta-Ja resources, decarbonization and electrification of energy end uses, improvement of energy infrastructures, continuous monitoring and evaluation of energy sector, and development of hydropower plants and alternative energy sources such as solar and wind is suggested for energy security in Nepal.

A critical review on the effective utilization of geothermal energy

Rapid growth in the global population and associated elevated reliance on modern technology has resulted in increased demand for energy consumption. This has resulted in an increased focus on the development and generation of advanced sustainable energy systems. The swift implementation of sustainable renewable energy resource utilization and improvement in their efficiency by the modification of current technologies are the possible solutions that gave rise to the emergence of geothermal technology as a potential alternative. Geothermal technology is a non-carbon renewable energy resource that could be utilized efficiently to fulfil the energy demands while mitigating the climate change threat. According to the surveyed literature, the global geothermal energy power plant installation capacity has reached 14.3 GWe to successfully implement this sustainable alternative. In order to have a successful and uninterrupted way forward, it is essential to evaluate the constraints both in terms of technicality and economic feasibility to establish an approved framework. Moreover, the governance and monitoring regarding the social and environmental impact alongside the legal challenges should also be addressed. The significant barriers include increased capital cost, site selection, superiority of resources at diverse levels of rock bottoms, and obstruction from nearby residents that need to be addressed appropriately. As a result, policymakers will continue to seek measure that have least negative impact on environment.

Investigation and Study of Ammonium Hydroxide and Biodiesel Blend as an IC Engine Fuel

The use of conventional fossil fuel has resulted in global warming. Biodiesel is a substitute fuel obtained from vegetable oil by transesterification process which can replace conventional diesel. Good alternative to traditional hydrocarbon-based fuel is ammonia combined with a biofuel. Ammonia is free of Carbon and can be extracted from sustainable renewable energy sources. It can be used with slight modifications on current IC engines. However running the engine on pure ammonia poses a lot of challenges which needs to be tackled. Running the engine on Biodiesel results in slightly more NOx emission, compared with traditional fuel. In the present study an experimentation has been carried out to examine the effect of biodiesel and ammonium hydroxide blend on ICE performance, emission and combustion aspects, in terms of specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and Hydrocarbon (HC), Carbon monoxide (CO) and Carbon dioxide emissions. Biodiesel blends are examined using a single cylinder four stroke Kirloskar ICE. Experiments have been performed with varying percentages of ammonium hydroxide (3%, 6%, 9%) and B50 (50% diesel and 50% Karanja biodiesel) blended with Diesel and then compared with base line conventional diesel. This paper will help in understanding how percentage variation in ammonium hydroxide and biodiesel blend will effect emission and performance.

CoP aerogels assisted by selenite etching as high activity electrocatalysts for water splitting

Producing Hydrogen by electrolysis of water is a sustainable renewable energy conversion method. The most important is to design and prepare high performance electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in water electrolysis. Herein, aerogels of Se/CoP and Se/Fe–CoP with unique 3D porous structure have been synthesized for HER and OER, respectively, through a simple and controllable strategy of sol-gel, parkerising and doping. The catalysts of Se/CoP AGs and Se/Fe–CoP AGs served as cathode and anode have only overpotentials of 105 mV and 230 mV, and the assembled electrolytic cell by them has a voltage of 1.59 V to reach a current density of 10 mA cm−2. The mechanism of the enhanced electrocatalytic activity can be attributed to their original structure and the electronic regulation: 3D porous aerogel with high specific surface area and well–developed pore structure provides rich exposed active sites and guarantees effective ion diffusion and H2/O2 release during water splitting; the electronic modulation is achieved by selenite etching and Fe heteroatom doping to result the binding energy shift of Co to improve the catalytic performance. This work provides an effective way for the application of aerogel materials in the electrical decomposition of water.

Is there convergence in renewable energy deployment? Evidence from a new panel unit root test with smooth and sharp structural breaks

This study examines whether the contribution of renewable energy to the total primary energy supply converges in a panel of 24 OECD countries over the period 1960–2020. To this end, a new panel unit root test that allows for both sharp and smooth breaks is proposed to test for the stochastic convergence hypothesis. Although renewable energy convergence is not rejected when the newly proposed test is applied to the full panel of OECD countries, it found only moderate support within the members of the panel using a sequential panel selection methodology. In fact, in two high-income OECD countries, the contribution of renewable energy to the primary energy supply shows no sign of convergence: Poland and Iceland. Therefore, the renewable energy shares seem to be converging to a common steady state in only a group of OECD countries over the long run. This uneven pattern of convergence, in turn, suggests that the OECD countries are still far away from developing a common sustainable renewable energy target, calling for urgent international policy cooperation to encourage the divergent economies to seek out the menu of policies that ensure the worldwide success of renewable energy transformation.

Alleviating Energy Poverty through Renewable Energy Technology: An Investigation Using a Best-Worst Method-Based Quality Function Deployment Approach with Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Numbers

Renewable energy technology is suitable for reducing energy consumption and emissions, and the corresponding impact on energy poverty has aroused tremendous attention. This paper proposed the best-worst method- (BWM-) based quality function deployment (QFD) approach within interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy number (IVIFN) to select the appropriate renewable energy technology for energy poverty alleviation. QFD is firstly used to explore the relationship between energy poverty reduction requirements (CRs), renewable energy technology selection criteria (TRs), and correlation among TRs. Interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy (IVIF) BWM is then applied for obtaining the correlation among CRs. After that, the IVIF-QFD method is used to attain the weight of TRs, which are then used to evaluate the renewable energy technology alternatives through IVIF-VIKOR approach. The six representative renewable energy technologies, including wind energy, solar energy, biomass (direct combustion, combined heat and power, and gasification), and hydropower have been selected in the decision model, and the result shows that the large-scale hydropower could be selected as the best choice to reduce the energy poverty issues, whose interval numbers is [0, 0.2925]. Except for prioritization of the selected technologies, findings of this paper could also contribute to developing sustainable renewable energy policies and energy roadmaps.

An Integrated BWM-TOPSIS-I Approach to Determine the Ranking of Alternatives and Application of Sustainability Analysis of Renewable Energy

The purpose of this paper is to identify the most significant alternatives of renewable energy sustainability using a hybrid decision-making model of multiple criteria. Sustainable energy sources cannot run out and can be used for an indefinite period of time. In addition to meeting our energy needs, sustainable energy does not need to be renewed or replenished, nor does it pose any threat of being wrong or running out. Our energy demands can only be met by renewable energy. The bestworst methodand technique for order preference by similarities to ideal solution-I processes have proposed a hybrid model named the bestworst method—technique for order preference by similarities to ideal solution-I, for this purpose. This study uses comparative analysis and sensitivity analysis to determine the results of the proposed study.