Renal Replacement Therapy In Patients Research Articles

Use of the 'Accountability for Reasonableness' Approach to Improve Fairness in Accessing Dialysis in a Middle-Income Country.

Universal access to renal replacement therapy is beyond the economic capability of most low and middle-income countries due to large patient numbers and the high recurrent cost of treating end stage kidney disease. In countries where limited access is available, no systems exist that allow for optimal use of the scarce dialysis facilities. We previously reported that using national guidelines to select patients for renal replacement therapy resulted in biased allocation. We reengineered selection guidelines using the ‘Accountability for Reasonableness’ (procedural fairness) framework in collaboration with relevant stakeholders, applying these in a novel way to categorize and prioritize patients in a unique hierarchical fashion. The guidelines were primarily premised on patients being transplantable. We examined whether the revised guidelines enhanced fairness of dialysis resource allocation. This is a descriptive study of 1101 end stage kidney failure patients presenting to a tertiary renal unit in a middle-income country, evaluated for dialysis treatment over a seven-year period. The Assessment Committee used the accountability for reasonableness-based guidelines to allocate patients to one of three assessment groups. Category 1 patients were guaranteed renal replacement therapy, Category 3 patients were palliated, and Category 2 were offered treatment if resources allowed. Only 25.2% of all end stage kidney disease patients assessed were accepted for renal replacement treatment. The majority of patients (48%) were allocated to Category 2. Of 134 Category 1 patients, 98% were accepted for treatment while 438 (99.5%) Category 3 patients were excluded. Compared with those palliated, patients accepted for dialysis treatment were almost 10 years younger, employed, married with children and not diabetic. Compared with our previous selection process our current method of priority setting based on procedural fairness arguably resulted in more equitable allocation of treatment but, more importantly, it is a model that is morally, legally and ethically more defensible.

Decisions about Renal Replacement Therapy in Patients with Advanced Kidney Disease in the US Department of Veterans Affairs, 2000-2011.

It is not known what proportion of United States patients with advanced CKD go on to receive RRT. In other developed countries, receipt of RRT is highly age dependent and the exception rather than the rule at older ages. We conducted a retrospective study of a national cohort of 28,568 adults who were receiving care within the US Department of Veteran Affairs and had a sustained eGFR <15 ml/min per 1.73 m2 between January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2009. We used linked administrative data from the US Renal Data System, US Department of Veteran Affairs, and Medicare to identify cohort members who received RRT during follow-up through October 1, 2011 (n=19,165). For a random 25% sample of the remaining 9403 patients, we performed an in-depth review of their VA-wide electronic medical records to determine the treatment status of their CKD. Two thirds (67.1%) of cohort members received RRT on the basis of administrative data. On the basis of the results of chart review, we estimate that an additional 7.5% (95% confidence interval, 7.2% to 7.8%) of cohort members had, in fact, received dialysis, that 10.9% (95% confidence interval, 10.6% to 11.3%) were preparing for and/or discussing dialysis but had not started dialysis at most recent follow-up, and that a decision had been made not to pursue dialysis in 14.5% (95% confidence interval, 14.1% to 14.9%). The percentage of cohort members who received or were preparing to receive RRT ranged from 96.2% (95% confidence interval, 94.4% to 97.4%) for those <45 years old to 53.3% (95% confidence interval, 50.7% to 55.9%) for those aged ≥85 years old. Results were similar after stratification by tertile of Gagne comorbidity score. In this large United States cohort of patients with advanced CKD, the majority received or were preparing to receive RRT. This was true even among the oldest patients with the highest burden of comorbidity.

Application of Parametric Models to a Survival Analysis of Hemodialysis Patients

BackgroundHemodialysis is the most common renal replacement therapy in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD).ObjectivesThe present study compared the performance of various parametric models in a survival analysis of hemodialysis patients.MethodsThis study consisted of 270 hemodialysis patients who were referred to Imam Khomeini and Fatima Zahra hospitals between November 2007 and November 2012. The Akaike information criterion (AIC) and residuals review were used to compare the performance of the parametric models. The computations were done using STATA Software, with significance accepted at a level of 0.05.ResultsThe results of a multivariate analysis of the variables in the parametric models showed that the mean serum albumin and the clinic attended were the most important predictors in the survival of the hemodialysis patients (P < 0.05). Among the parametric models tested, the results indicated that the performance of the Weibull model was the highest.ConclusionsParametric models may provide complementary data for clinicians and researchers about how risks vary over time. The Weibull model seemed to show the best fit among the parametric models of the survival of hemodialysis patients.

Peritoneal Dialysis as a Safe and Effective Renal Replacement Therapy for Patients with Major Vascular Catastrophies

AKI in the setting of major vascular catastrophies are a challenge in view of its multifactorial nature and hemodynamic instability. PD is an option of Renal replacement therapy which can be used successfully in such settings with minimal complications and in a cost effective manner. We hereby present two case scenarios of Aortic aneurysmal rupture and dissection with AKI which were managed with peritoneal dialysis with a review of literature.

Analysis of 4000 kidney transplantations in a single center: Across immunological barriers.

Kidney transplant (KT) is the optimal renal replacement therapy for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The demand for kidneys, however, continues to exceed the supply. To overcome this problem, efforts to extend the donor pool by including human leukocyte antigen (HLA)- and ABO-incompatible (ABOi) KTs are increasing. The aim of this article was to retrospectively review data on recipients, donor profiles, and clinical outcomes in 4000 cases of KT. In addition, we analyzed clinical outcomes in ABOi and flow-cytometric crossmatch (FCXM) positive KT in a subgroup analysis.This was a retrospective, observational study using data extracted from medical records. A total of 4000 consecutive patients who underwent KT at our institution from January 1990 to February 2015 were included in this study. KTs across immunological barriers such as ABO incompatible (276 cases, 6.9%), FCXM positive (97 cases, 2.4%), and positive complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) XM KT (16 cases, 0.4%) were included.From a Kaplan–Meier analysis, overall patient survival (PS) rates after KT at 1, 5, 10, and 20 years were 96.9%, 95.1%, 92.0%, and 88.9%, respectively. The overall graft survival (GS) rates after KT at 1, 5, 10, and 20 years were 96.3%, 88.9%, 81.2%, and 67.4%, respectively. Our subgroup analysis suggested that overall PS, GS, death-censored GS, and rejection-free GS in ABOi KT showed no significant differences in comparison with ABO-compatible KT if adequate immunosuppressive treatment was performed. The overall PS rate in patients who underwent FCXM positive KT did not differ significantly from that of the control group during the 3-year follow-up (P = 0.34). The overall GS, death-censored GS, and rejection-free GS also did not differ significantly between the FCXM KT and control groups (P = 0.99, 0.42, and 88).The outcomes of KTs continually improved during the study period, while the annual number of KTs increased. ABO or FCXM positive KTs can be performed safely with successful graft outcomes.

FABP1 and FABP3 Have High Predictive Values for Renal Replacement Therapy in Patients with Acute Kidney Injury

Background/Aims: Early initiation of renal replacement therapy (RRT) is recommended in order to improve the clinical outcome of patients who develop an acute kidney injury (AKI). However, markers that guide an early RRT initiation do not really exist currently. Methods: Urine and serum samples were prospectively collected from 120 AKI patients. Depending on the necessity of initiating RRT, patients were divided into 2 different groups: dialysis (n = 52) and non-dialysis (n = 68). Results: Comparative urinary proteomic analyses identified 4 different proteins (fatty acid binding proteins 1 and 3 (FABP1 and FABP3), β-2-microglobulin (B2M), cystatin-M (CST6)) that discriminate AKI patients with high risk for RRT. Western blot analysis confirmed the proteomics data for FABP1 and FABP3 but not for B2M and CST6. Validation analysis confirmed that the FABP1 and FABP3 fulfilled the requirement of functioning as markers for AKI patients with risk to dialysis (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The release of high amounts of FABP1 and FABP3 in urine of AKI patients could serve as a diagnostic/prognosis marker for RRT initiation in these patients.

Prevalencia de pacientes con tratamiento sustitutivo renal en El Salvador en 2014

El Salvador has the highest renal failure mortality rate in the Americas. Five healthcare providers offer renal replacement therapy (RRT) in the country. The national RRT prevalence has never been reported. AimsTo determine the RRT prevalence in El Salvador and some basic characteristics. MethodsThe association of nephrology coordinated a nationwide cross-sectional survey during the third quarter of 2014. 31 renal centres participated in the survey, covering 99.5% of patients. ResultsNational RRT prevalence: 595 per million population (pmp), N=3807, average age 50.4 years, 67.5% male. By modality: peritoneal dialysis (PD) 289 pmp, haemodialysis (HD) 233 pmp, with functioning kidney transplantation 74 pmp (living donor only). Social security covers 25% of the population but treats 49.7% of RRT patients. Generally, higher prevalence was observed in municipalities with renal centres or located on the coast or lowlands. Ninety-five percent of HD patients receive fewer than 3 weekly sessions. Of PD patients, 59% do not belong to a continuous outpatient or automated programme, and 25% still use rigid catheter. Aetiology of chronic kidney disease: unavailable/undetermined 50%, hypertension 21.1%, diabetes 18.9%, glomerulonephritis 6.7%, obstructive causes 1.2%, tubulointerstitial 0.9%, polycystic 0.4% and other 0.7%. DiscussionDespite the increase in RRT services, the prevalence is lower than the Latin American average (660 pmp). Three quarters of HD and PD patients are under-dialysed. Obsolete RRT techniques are still used. The presence of Mesoamerican nephropathy influences the demographic characteristics (many young patients, two-thirds male, high prevalence in lowlands and coastlands).

Symptomatic fracture risk in the renal replacement therapy population.

Bone fractures are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients on renal replacement therapy (RRT). The aim of this multicentre observational study was to quantify the incidence of radiologically proven bone fracture by anatomical site in prevalent RRT groups and study its relationship to potential risk factors. We performed a retrospective analysis of electronic records of all 2096 adults prevalent on RRT in the West of Scotland on 7 July 2010 across all hospitals (except one where inception was 1 August 2011) to identify all subsequent radiologically proven fractures during a median 3-year follow-up. There were 340 fractures, with an incidence of 62.8 per 1000 patient-years. The incidences were 37.6, 99.2 and 57.6 per 1000 patient-years in the transplant, haemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) groups, respectively (P < 0.05). In the multivariable model, age and HD (relative to transplant or PD) were independently associated with increased risk of fractures, while primary glomerular disease, increasing serum albumin and taking alfacalcidol or lanthanum were associated with decreased risk. In a multivariable model of only HD patients, age was independently associated with an increased risk of fractures, while glomerular disease, high serum albumin and being on alfacalcidol and lanthanum were associated with decreased risk. In a multivariable model in transplant patients, there were no significant independent predictors of fracture. The risk of symptomatic bone fracture is high in RRT patients and is ∼2.5 times higher in HD than in renal transplant patients, with the increased risk being independent of baseline factors. Fracture risk increases with age and lower serum albumin and is reduced if the primary renal diagnosis is glomerular disease. The possible protective role of alfacalcidol and lanthanum in HD patients deserves further exploration.

Renal Replacement Therapy in Slovenia: Excerpts From 2013 Data.

This report provides a summary of the 2013 Slovenian renal replacement therapy (RRT) data, obtained from 24 renal centers: 23 dialysis and one transplant center, referring from 31 December 2013, with 100% response rate to individual patient questionnaires. Slovenia had a population of 2 061 085 on 1 January 2014. The total number of patients treated by RRT was 2077, i.e. 1008.3 per million of population (pmp); 1349 (65%) were treated by hemodialysis, 52 (2.5%) by peritoneal dialysis, and 676 (32.5%) had a functioning kidney graft. A total of 260 incident patients, 126.2 pmp (at day one), started RRT, their median age was 69 years, 59.8% were men,. 58.5% of hemodialysis patients were treated with on-line hemodiafiltration. Vascular access was arteriovenous fistula in 79%, polytetrafluoroethylene graft in 8%, and catheter in 13% of patients, mean blood flow 276 ± 41 mL/min, 5.5% dialyzed in a single-needle mode. The crude death rate was 11.4% in all RRT patients (incident patients day 1 included, 15.9% in hemodialysis, 12.3% in peritoneal dialysis, 2.1% in transplant recipients). 60 kidney transplantations were performed in 2013, from deceased donors.

Association of Genetic Polymorphisms of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System-Related Genes with Arterio-Venous Fistula Malfunction in Hemodialysis Patients.

Hemodialysis (HD) is the most commonly-used renal replacement therapy for patients with end-stage renal disease worldwide. Arterio-venous fistula (AVF) is the vascular access of choice for HD patients with lowest risk of infection and thrombosis. In addition to environmental factors, genetic factors may also contribute to malfunction of AVF. Previous studies have demonstrated the effect of genotype polymorphisms of angiotensin converting enzyme on vascular access malfunction. We conducted a multicenter, cross-sectional study to evaluate the association between genetic polymorphisms of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and AVF malfunction. Totally, 577 patients were enrolled. Their mean age was 60 years old and 53% were male. HD patients with AVF malfunction had longer duration of HD (92.5 ± 68.1 vs. 61.2 ± 51.9 months, p < 0.001), lower prevalence of hypertension (44.8% vs. 55.3%, p = 0.025), right-sided (31.8% vs. 18.4%, p = 0.002) and upper arm AVF (26.6% vs. 9.7%, p < 0.001), and higher mean dynamic venous pressure (DVP) (147.8 ± 28.3 vs. 139.8 ± 30.0, p = 0.021). In subgroup analysis of different genders, location of AVF and DVP remained significant clinical risk factors of AVF malfunction in univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression in female HD patients. Among male HD patients, univariate binary logistic regression analysis revealed that right-side AVF and upper arm location are two important clinical risk factors. In addition, two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs275653 (Odds ratio 1.90, p = 0.038) and rs1492099 (Odds ratio 2.29, p = 0.017) of angiotensin II receptor 1 (AGTR1), were associated with increased risk of AVF malfunction. After adjustment for age and other clinical factors, minor allele-containing genotype polymorphisms (AA and CA) of rs1492099 still remained to be a significant risk factor of AVF malfunction (Odds ratio 3.63, p = 0.005). In conclusion, we demonstrated that rs1492099, a SNP of AGTR1 gene, could be a potential genetic risk factor of AVF malfunction in male HD patients.

Diabetes mellitus as a cause of end-stage renal disease in Europe: signs of improvement.

Diabetes mellitus as a cause of end-stage renal disease in Europe: signs of improvement.

Hypernatremia - Diagnostics and therapy

Hypernatremia is a common electrolyte disorder that reflects an imbalance in the water balance of the body, often resulting from an increased loss of free water compared to sodium excretion. It is rarely based on excessive sodium intake. The clinical presentation is often characterized by a central nervous system dysfunction (confusion, coma) and pronounced thirst (in awake patients). In addition to medical history, the volume status of the patient and the osmolality of urine are leading in the differential diagnosis. Usually, the treatment of hypernatremia - in addition to addressing the underlying cause - is replacing the (absolute or relative) loss of free water by hypotonic infusions, or in case of diabetes insipidus, by application of Desmopressin (Minirin). As rapid changes in serum sodium concentration may have deleterious consequences (osmotic demyelinsiation syndrome), preexisting hypernatremia (>48h) should not be reduced by more than 8-10 mmol/l/day. Close laboratory controls are important. For acute hypernatremia (< 24 hours), hemodialysis is an effective option to rapidly normalize the serum sodium levels. To avoid a rapid drop in sodium concentration that must also be considered when starting a renal replacement therapy in patients with chronic hypernatremia.

Serum glomerular albumin permeability activity: association with rapid progression to end-stage renal disease in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.

BackgroundFocal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a major cause of renal failure. Sera of some FSGS patients increase glomerular albumin permeability (Palb) during in vitro testing and cause proteinuria in experimental animals.ObjectivesTo determine whether permeability activity of FSGS serum (Palb activity) is associated with rate of progression to renal replacement therapy (RRT).DesignThis is an observational study based on medical and demographic information and Palb activity testing.SettingStudies were performed at Medical College of Wisconsin.PatientsSerum was submitted by patients’ nephrologists for measurement of Palb activity. Each patient had had a biopsy diagnosis of FSGS, had reached ESRD and was on dialysis or had a functioning transplant.MeasurementsPalb activity, clinical characteristics and time between biopsy diagnosis and RRT (T-RRT) were recorded for each patient.MethodsPalb activity was measured using established in vitro techniques.ResultsPalb and T-RRT were inversely correlated. Neither Palb nor T-RRT varied with demographics or medications. Kaplan–Meier survival curves showed that patients with Palb ≥ 0.5 progressed to RRT more rapidly than others.LimitationsOnly patients who had reached RRT were included. Limited clinical information was available for each patient. Central verification of biopsy characteristics was not performed and detailed descriptions of renal histology were not available.ConclusionsPalb activity is associated with the rate of progression to RRT in patients with FSGS. Additional observations will be needed to verify that Palb activity predicts prognosis and is useful in stratifying patients for clinical decision making or treatment trials.

End-stage renal disease in ANCA-associated vasculitis.

The outcomes in patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis have improved significantly over the past decades, although a significant proportion of them still reach end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Renal replacement therapy (RRT) is associated with a relatively low risk of relapsing vasculitis as a result of anti-rejection treatment after kidney transplantation or quiescence of the autoimmune process in haemodialysis patients, but a flare of vasculitis in the latter setting presents a challenge because the treatment is poorly tolerated. There are benefits of rituximab in haemodialysed patients, as it is more steroid sparing in the treatment of extrarenal disease. More favourable outcomes of kidney transplantation compared with haemodialysis support its use as a preferable method of RRT in patients with vasculitis remission or low disease activity.

Can we routinely measure patient involvement in treatment decision-making in chronic kidney care? A service evaluation in 27 renal units in the UK.

BackgroundShared decision making is considered an important aspect of chronic disease management. We explored the feasibility of routinely measuring kidney patients' involvement in making decisions about renal replacement therapy (RRT) in National Health Service settings.MethodsWe disseminated a 17-item paper questionnaire on involvement in decision-making among adult patients with established kidney failure who made a decision about RRT in the previous 90 days (Phase 1) and patients who had been receiving RRT for 90–180 days (Phase 2). Recruitment rates were calculated as the ratio between the number of included and expected eligible patients (I : E ratio). We assessed our sample's representativeness by comparing demographics between participants and incident patients in the UK Renal Registry.ResultsThree hundred and five (Phase 1) and 187 (Phase 2) patients were included. For Phase 1, the I : E ratio was 0.44 (range, 0.08–2.80) compared with 0.27 (range, 0.04–1.05) in Phase 2. Study participants were more likely to be white compared with incident RRT patients (88 versus 77%; P < 0.0001). We found no difference in age, gender or social deprivation. In Phases 1 and 2, the majority reported a collaborative decision-making style (73 and 69%), and had no decisional conflict (85 and 76%); the median score for shared decision-making experience was 12.5 (Phase 1) and 10 (Phase 2) out of 20.ConclusionOur study shows the importance of assessing the feasibility of data collection in a chronic disease context prior to implementation in routine practice. Routine measurement of patient involvement in established kidney disease treatment decisions is feasible, but there are challenges in selecting the measure needed to capture experience of involvement, reducing variation in response rate by service and identifying when to capture experience in a service managing people's chronic disease over time.

Traditional and novel reference index for the withdrawal of renal replacement therapy in patients with acute kidney injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious clinical problem with high morbidity and mortality. Renal replacement therapy (RRT) is an important tool for treating patients with AKI. The 2011 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Clinical Practice Guideline for AKI points out that RRT should be discontinued when renal function has recovered enough to meet the body needs or when RRT is no longer consistent with treatment goals. However, the specific reference index of weaning RRT is unclear. The guiding roles of traditional indicators such as urine output (> 400 mL/24 h), serum creatinine (SCr, decreasing trend), creatinine clearance (CCr, > 20 mL/min), and novel biomarkers such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukins (IL-6, IL-10), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), kynurenic acid, etc. for discontinuation of RRT in AKI patients were reviewed. Particularly, the importance of biomarkers for this purpose was highlighted.

The Spanish Renal Registry: 2013 report and evolution from 2007 to 2013

The purpose of the study is to show the evolution of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in Spain from 2007 to 2013.Aggregated data and individual patient records were used from participating regional renal disease registries and that National Transplant Organisation registry. The reference population was the official population on January 1st of each year studied. Data on incidence and prevalence were based on aggregated data, while the survival analysis was calculated from individual patient records. The study period was 2007–2013 for prevalence, incidence and transplantation, and survival was analysed for 2004–2012. The population covered by the registry was a minimum of 95.3–100% of the Spanish population for aggregated data. The EU27 age and gender distributions of the European population for 2005 were used to adjust incidence and prevalence for age and gender. Survival probabilities were calculated for incident patients between the years 2004 and 2013 using the Kaplan–Meier method to calculate unadjusted patient survival probability. The log rank test was applied to compare survival curves according to some risk factors. Cox proportional hazards model was created to study the potential predictors of survival.In 2013, the total number of patients in Spain that started RRT was 5705 for 95.3% of the total Spanish population, with an unadjusted rate of 127.1PMP. The evolution from 2007 to 2013 showed a gradual decline from 127.4PMP in 2007 to 120.4PMP in 2012, with a small upturn to 127.1 in 2013. The adjusted incidence rate for the year 2013 was 121.5PMP for the total population, 158.7PMP for males and 83.1PMP for females. The most frequent cause of primary renal disease in incident was diabetes mellitus: 20.4% in 2007, which increased to 24.6% in 2013. The percentage of transplant as first RRT increased from 1.7% in 2007 to 4.2% in 2013. The total number of patients in RRT for 95.3% of the population in 2013 was 50,567, with an unadjusted prevalent rate of 1125.7PMP. The adjusted prevalence rate for 2013 was 1087.5PMP (1360.7PMP for males and 809.8PMP for females). The percentage of diabetes mellitus in prevalent patients evolved from 13.9% in 2007 to 14.9% (168PMP) in 2013. The percentage of transplanted prevalent patients with functioning grafts evolved from 49.3% in 2007 to 51.5% in 2013. The number of transplantations performed each year increased from 2211 (48.9PMP) in 2007 (6.2% living donor transplants) to 2552 (54.2PMP) in 2013 (15.0% living donor transplants).40,394 patients from 12 regions of Spain who began RRT between 2004 and 2012 were included in the survival analysis (87% Spanish population coverage). Unadjusted patient survival probabilities after one, 2 and 5 years were 91, 81 and 57%, respectively. In the univariate analysis, better survival was found for non-diabetic patients, women, age below 45, peritoneal dialysis as first RRT and patients who had received at least one transplant.

Registro Español de Enfermos Renales. Informe 2013 y evolución 2007-2013

The purpose of the study is to show the evolution of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in Spain from 2007 to 2013.Aggregated data and individual patient records were used from participating regional renal disease registries and that National Transplant Organisation registry. The reference population was the official population on January 1st of each year studied. Data on incidence and prevalence were based on aggregated data, while the survival analysis was calculated from individual patient records. The study period was 2007 to 2013 for prevalence, incidence and transplantation, and survival was analysed for 2004-2012. The population covered by the registry was a minimum of 95.3% to 100% of the Spanish population for aggregated data. The EU27 age and gender distributions of the European population for 2005 were used to adjust incidence and prevalence for age and gender. Survival probabilities were calculated for incident patients between the years 2004 and 2013 using the Kaplan-Meier method to calculate unadjusted patient survival probability. The log rank test was applied to compare survival curves according to some risk factors. Cox proportional hazards model was created to study the potential predictors of survival.In 2013, the total number of patients in Spain that started RRT was 5,705 for 95.3% of the total Spanish population, with an unadjusted rate of 127.1pmp. The evolution from 2007 to 2013 showed a gradual decline from 127.4pmp in 2007 to 120.4pmp in 2012, with a small upturn to 127.1 in 2013. The adjusted incidence rate for the year 2013 was 121.5pmp for the total population, 158.7pmp for males and 83.1pmp for females. The most frequent cause of primary renal disease in incident was diabetes mellitus: 20.4% in 2007, which increased to 24.6% in 2013. The percentage of transplant as first RRT increased from 1.7% in 2007 to 4.2% in 2013. The total number of patients in RRT for 95.3% of the population in 2013 was 50,567, with an unadjusted prevalent rate of 1,125.7pmp. The adjusted prevalence rate for 2013 was 1,087.5 pmp (1,360.7 pmp for males and 809.8pmp for females). The percentage of diabetes mellitus in prevalent patients evolved from 13.9% in 2007 to 14.9% (168 pmp) in 2013. The percentage of transplanted prevalent patients with functioning grafts evolved from 49.3% in 2007 to 51.5% in 2013. The number of transplantations performed each year increased from 2,211 (48.9 pmp) in 2007 (6.2% living donor transplants) to 2,552 (54.2pmp) in 2013 (15.0% living donor transplants).40,394 patients from 12 regions of Spain who began RRT between 2004 and 2012 were included in the survival analysis (87% Spanish population coverage). Unadjusted patient survival probabilities after one, 2 and 5 years were 91, 81 and 57%, respectively. In the univariate analysis, better survival was found for non-diabetic patients, women, age below 45, peritoneal dialysis as first RRT and patients who had received at least one transplant.

Hiperparatireoidismo secundário à doença renal crônica em pacientes em diálise no Pará - Brasil

Objetivo: estabelecer a frequência do hiperparatireoidismo secundário entre pacientes em terapia renal substitutiva em serviço de nefrologiado sudeste do Pará (Brasil). Métodos: estudo do tipo transversal retrospectivo e descritivo realizado com levantamento de dados em sistema eletrônico de prontuários referentes ao primeiro semestre de 2014. Resultados: foram analisados dados de 108 pacientes, com média de idade de 47,8 ± 12,0 anos (20-65), sendo 64 (59,3%) do sexo masculino. A frequência de hiperparatireoidismo secundário foi de 57,4%, correspondendo a um total de 62 pacientes com paratormônio acima de 300 pg/ml. Um nível de paratormônio superior a 1000 pg/ml foi encontrado em 12,0% (n=13) da amostra. Conclusão: a ocorrência de hiperparatireoidismo secundário encontrada foi similar a outros estudos retrospectivos já publicados. Este levantamento de dados pode colaborar para melhorar o planejamento da assistência a pacientes em diálise.

Renal replacement therapy in Europe: a summary of the 2013 ERA-EDTA Registry Annual Report with a focus on diabetes mellitus.

BackgroundThis article provides a summary of the 2013 European Renal Association–European Dialysis and Transplant Association (ERA-EDTA) Registry Annual Report (available at http://www.era-edta-reg.org), with a focus on patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) as the cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD).MethodsIn 2015, the ERA-EDTA Registry received data on renal replacement therapy (RRT) for ESRD from 49 national or regional renal registries in 34 countries in Europe and bordering the Mediterranean Sea. Individual patient data were provided by 31 registries, while 18 registries provided aggregated data. The total population covered by the participating registries comprised 650 million people.ResultsIn total, 72 933 patients started RRT for ESRD within the countries and regions reporting to the ERA-EDTA Registry, resulting in an overall incidence of 112 per million population (pmp). The overall prevalence on 31 December 2013 was 738 pmp (n = 478 990). Patients with DM as the cause of ESRD comprised 24% of the incident RRT patients (26 pmp) and 17% of the prevalent RRT patients (122 pmp). When compared with the USA, the incidence of patients starting RRT pmp secondary to DM in Europe was five times lower and the incidence of RRT due to other causes of ESRD was two times lower. Overall, 19 426 kidney transplants were performed (30 pmp). The 5-year adjusted survival for all RRT patients was 60.9% [95% confidence interval (CI) 60.5–61.3] and 50.6% (95% CI 49.9–51.2) for patients with DM as the cause of ESRD.