Renal Function Decline In Patients Research Articles

Foot insensitivity is associated with renal function decline in patients with type 2 diabetes: a cohort study.

BackgroundIdentifying patients with diabetes at increased risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is essential to prevent/slow the progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). CKD and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) share common mechanisms. Hence, we aimed to examine the relationship between foot insensitivity and CKD in patients with Type 2 diabetes.MethodsA prospective observational cohort study in adults with Type 2 diabetes. Patients with ESRD were excluded. Foot insensitivity was assessed using the 10-g monofilament test. Renal function was assessed using estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) based on the MDRD equation. Albuminuria was defined as the presence of urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) >3.4 mg/mmol.ResultsTwo hundred and twenty eight patients were recruited and followed-up for 2.5 years. One hundred and ninety patients (83.4%) had eGFR ≥ 60 ml/min/1.73 m2. Seventy six (33.3%) patients had foot insensitivity (i.e. abnormal monofilament test). Patients with foot insensitivity had lower eGFR and higher prevalence of albuminuria compared to patients with normal monofilament test. After adjustment for age, gender, ethnicity, diabetes duration, HbA1c, body mass index, insulin treatment, number of anti-hypertensives, history of peripheral vascular disease, and baseline eGFR (R2 0.87), baseline foot insensitivity was associated with study-end eGFR (B = −3.551, p = 0.036).ConclusionsPatients with Type 2 diabetes and foot insensitivity are at increased risk of eGFR decline. Identifying these patients offers an opportunity to intensify metabolic and blood pressure control to prevent/retard the development of CKD. Future studies of larger sample size and longer follow up from multiple centres are needed to assess the diagnostic performance of our findings in predicting CKD development, and to compare the performance of the monofilament test with albuminuria.

PUK20 - Albuminuria and Serum Creatinine in Predicting Renal Function Decline in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy: A Systematic Literature Review

PUK20 - Albuminuria and Serum Creatinine in Predicting Renal Function Decline in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy: A Systematic Literature Review

A novel scoring system for detecting diabetic kidney disease predicts renal function decline in patients with type 2 diabetes

A novel scoring system for detecting diabetic kidney disease predicts renal function decline in patients with type 2 diabetes

R.E.N.A.L. Nephrometry Score Predicts Non-neoplastic Parenchymal Volume Removed During Robotic Partial Nephrectomy.

To assess the association between the R.E.N.A.L. Nephrometry score, the amount of non-neoplastic parenchymal volume (NNPV) removed, and the renal function decline in patients undergoing robotic partial nephrectomy (RPN). The Multi-institutional Mount Sinai Kidney Cancer Database was used to identify 1235 patients who underwent RPN between January 2008 and February 2016, of whom 366 had complete data, including NNPV removed. Mann-Whitney U tests and univariable linear regression models were used to assess the relationships between R.E.N.A.L. Nephrometry score, warm ischemia time (WIT), and NNPV removed. Univariable and multivariable regression models were then used to assess the independent relationships of each of these variables with percent change in estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) and acute kidney injury (AKI) within the first 30 postoperative days in addition to percent change in eGFR and progression to chronic kidney disease at a median follow-up of 6.9 months. Increasing R.E.N.A.L. Nephrometry score was shown to be a predictor of WIT (β = 0.92, p < 0.001) and of NNPV removed (β = 6.21, p < 0.001) in univariable analyses. In multivariable analysis, postoperative reduction in eGFR within the first 30 days of surgery was associated with both R.E.N.A.L. Nephrometry score (β = -2.02, p < 0.001) and NNPV removed (β = -5.19, p = 0.015). R.E.N.A.L. Nephrometry score (OR = 1.21, p = 0.013) and NNPV removed (OR = 1.90, p = 0.013) were also associated with an increased likelihood of AKI within the first 30 days. No significant association in this cohort was found between R.E.N.A.L. Nephrometry score, NNPV removed, or WIT and renal function decline at 6.9 months. The preoperative R.E.N.A.L. Nephrometry score can be used to predict postoperative pathologically determined healthy renal volume loss or NNPV removed. Removal of not just the tumor but also the healthy surrounding parenchyma is important in determining renal function decline. As our understanding of the importance of renal volume loss grows, NNPV removed gains increasing utility as an easily determinable postoperative variable.

Predictors of Renal Function Decline in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and in a Subgroup of Normoalbuminuria: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Risk factors related to renal function decline in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remain uncertain. This study aimed to investigate risk factors in relation to renal function decline in patients with T2DM and in a subgroup of patients with normoalbuminuria. This study was a retrospective cohort study, which included 451 patients with T2DM aged 63 ± 14 years admitted to a tertiary hospital in Beijing, China, between April and December 2010 and followed up for 6-60 months. Endpoint was renal function decline, defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 60 mL/min 1.73 m2 or at least twofold increase of serum creatinine. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for candidate risk factors of renal function decline. After a median follow-up of 3.3 years, 94 (20.8%) patients developed renal function decline. Increased age (HR, 1.045; 95% CI, 1.020-1.070), albuminuria (HR, 1.956; 95%CI, 1.271-3.011), mild renal dysfunction (HR, 4.521; 95%CI, 2.734-7.476), hyperfiltration (HR, 3.897; 95%CI, 1.572-9.663), and increased hemoglobin A1c (HR, 1.128; 95%CI, 1.020-1.249) were identified as major risk factors. Among a subgroup of 344 patients with normoalbuminuria at baseline, 53 (15.4%) patients developed renal function decline. Increased age (HR, 1.089; 95%CI, 1.050-1.129), mild renal dysfunction (HR, 4.667; 95%CI, 2.391-9.107), hyperfiltration (HR, 5.677; 95%CI, 1.544-20.872), smoking (HR, 2.886; 95%CI, 1.370-6.082), higher pulse pressure (HR, 1.022; 95%CI, 1.004-1.040), and increased fasting glucose (HR, 1.104; 95%CI, 1.020-1.194) were major risk factors. Risk factors of diabetic renal impairment in T2DM should be screened and evaluated at an early stage of diabetes. Albuminuria, mild renal dysfunction, hyperfiltration, increased blood glucose, increased pulse pressure, and smoking were all predictors for diabetic renal impairment and interventions that focus on these risk factors may reduce further decline in renal function.

Association of Urinary Biomarkers of Inflammation, Injury, and Fibrosis with Renal Function Decline: The ACCORD Trial.

Current measures for predicting renal functional decline in patients with type 2 diabetes with preserved renal function are unsatisfactory, and multiple markers assessing various biologic axes may improve prediction. We examined the association of four biomarker-to-creatinine ratio levels (monocyte chemotactic protein-1, IL-18, kidney injury molecule-1, and YKL-40) with renal outcome. We used a nested case-control design in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Disease Trial by matching 190 participants with ≥40% sustained eGFR decline over the 5-year follow-up period to 190 participants with ≤10% eGFR decline in a 1:1 fashion on key characteristics (age within 5 years, sex, race, baseline albumin-to-creatinine ratio within 20 μg/mg, and baseline eGFR within 10 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)), with ≤10% decline. We used a Mesoscale Multiplex Platform and measured biomarkers in baseline and 24-month specimens, and we examined biomarker associations with outcome using conditional logistic regression. Baseline and 24-month levels of monocyte chemotactic protein-1-to-creatinine ratio levels were higher for cases versus controls. The highest quartile of baseline monocyte chemotactic protein-1-to-creatinine ratio had fivefold greater odds, and each log increment had 2.27-fold higher odds for outcome (odds ratio, 5.27; 95% confidence interval, 2.19 to 12.71 and odds ratio, 2.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.44 to 3.58, respectively). IL-18-to-creatinine ratio, kidney injury molecule-1-to-creatinine ratio, and YKL-40-to-creatinine ratio were not consistently associated with outcome. C statistic for traditional predictors of eGFR decline was 0.70, which improved significantly to 0.74 with monocyte chemotactic protein-1-to-creatinine ratio. Urinary monocyte chemotactic protein-1-to-creatinine ratio concentrations were strongly associated with sustained renal decline in patients with type 2 diabetes with preserved renal function.

Proteinuria is a Predictor of Renal Functional Decline in Patients with Kidney Cancer

Prior studies have shown that 26% to 34% of patients with suspected renal cancers have a glomerular filtration rate less than 60 ml/minute/1.73 m(2) but limited information exists regarding proteinuria. We investigated the extent of proteinuria in patients with renal tumors to determine the impact on the classification and progression of chronic kidney disease. Among 1,622 patients evaluated between 1999 and2014, 1,016 had preoperative creatinine and proteinuria measurements available. Patients were classified according to the risk of chronic kidney disease progression into low, moderately increased, high and very high risk groups according to 2012 KDIGO guidelines. Predictors of risk group and chronic kidney disease progression were analyzed using univariable and multivariate models. Before treatment 32% had a glomerular filtration rate less than 60ml/minute/1.73 m(2). Preoperative proteinuria was present in 22%. Proteinuria was detected in 30% with a reduced glomerular filtration rate and 18% with a normal glomerular filtration rate. Among the 44% at increased risk for chronic kidney disease progression 24%, 12% and 8% were at moderately increased, high and very high risk, respectively. The presence of proteinuria also reclassified 25% with stage III chronic kidney disease as high or very high risk. KDIGO classification predicted renal functional decline, which occurred in 2.2%, 4.4%, 9.4% and 34.6% at 3 years in low, moderately increased, high and very high risk categories, respectively. Predictors of KDIGO group included age and tumor size (each p <0.001), and the main predictors of renal functional decline were KDIGO group, tumor size and radical nephrectomy (each p <0.0001). Identification of chronic kidney disease using only glomerular filtration rate left 18% of patients undiagnosed. The assessment of glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria classified patients according to risk of chronic kidney disease progression, identifying 44% to be at increased risk. As proteinuria predicted renal functional decline, we advocate for routine evaluation before treatment.

Elevated baseline glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is independently associated with a more rapid decline in renal function of patients with type 1 diabetes

AimsRenal hyperfiltration is observed prior to the development of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM); however its significance remains uncertain. Longitudinal data were used to investigate the association between measured baseline glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal function decline in patients with T1DM. MethodsThis study included 142 adult patients with T1DM and ≥2 measurements of glomerular filtration rate (mGFR; determined by diethylene-triamine-penta-acetic acid plasma clearance). Median follow up was 19years. Patients were stratified by baseline mGFR quartile. The relationship between baseline mGFR and rate of renal function decline was assessed using random-effect generalized least squares regression, adjusted for age, duration of diabetes, HbA1c, blood pressure, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor therapy, LDL and BMI. ResultsThe average rates of decline in renal function for the 2nd (baseline mGFR: 96.4–112.6 ml min− 1 1.73 m− 2), 3rd (baseline mGFR: 112.6–125.5 ml min− 1 1.73 m− 2) and 4th quartiles (baseline mGFR >125.5 ml min− 1 1.73 m− 2) were significantly faster than the first quartile (baseline mGFR: 60.9–96.4 ml min− 1 1.73 m− 2). In further detail, the average rates of decline in the 2nd (rate of decline 1.25 ml min− 1 1.73 m− 2 per year, 95% CI: 0.97; 1.52, p=0.008), 3rd (rate of decline 1.35 ml min− 1 1.73 m− 2 per year, 95% CI: 1.08; 1.62, p= 0.001) and 4th quartiles (rate of decline 1.6 ml min− 1 1.73 m− 2 per year, 95% CI: 1.34, 1.88, <0.0001) were significantly faster when compared to the first quartile (rate of decline 0.67 ml min− 1 1.73 m− 2 per year, 95% CI: 0.37; 0.96). Sub-analysis of quartile 4 revealed higher HbA1c measurements throughout follow-up in those with rapid mGFR decline (>3.0mlmin−11.73m−2/year). ConclusionsIn patients with T1DM, higher baseline mGFR is associated with more rapid mGFR decline. Patients with high baseline mGFR who developed rapid mGFR decline had higher HbA1c measurements throughout the study. These findings are consistent with the concept that poor glycaemic control over time may be a determining factor for the rapid renal function decline observed in some hyperfiltering patients.

Death, end-stage renal disease and renal function decline in patients with diabetic nephropathy in French cohorts of type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Microvascular complications are a common feature of diabetes but additional research is needed regarding diabetic nephropathy endpoints in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. We compared 277 type 1 diabetes patients with 942 type 2 diabetes patients, with clinical proteinuria and no endstage renal disease (ESRD) at baseline, prospectively followed for death, ESRD and decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, all available measures). The incidence rate of death was 67.0 (95% CI 59.2, 74.8) vs. 24.6 (95% CI, 19.0, 30.2) per 1,000 patient-years, in type 2 diabetes and type 1 diabetes, respectively. Unadjusted risk for death was greater for type 2 diabetes patients (HR 3.423; 95% CI, 2.501, 4.683; p<0.0001), but the difference did not persist after adjustment for age (HRage-adj 0.859; 95% CI 0.581, 1.269; p=0.445). The incidence rate of ESRD was 18.4 (95% CI 14.2, 22.5) vs. 47.1 (95%CI 38.4, 55.9) per 1,000 patient-years, in type 2 diabetes and type 1 diabetes, respectively. Unadjusted risk for ESRD was lower in type 2 diabetes (HR 0.399; 95% CI 0.287, 0.554; p<0.0001), but the difference did not persist after adjustment for sex, age and baseline serum creatinine (HRadj 0.989; 95% CI 0.597, 1.639; p=0.965). In a mixed linear model, eGFR decline was not significantly different in type 2 vs. type 1 diabetes (difference in slope −0.19 [0.28] ml min(−1) 1.73 m(−2) year(−1); p=0.512). In diabetic nephropathy, once baseline risk factors were taken into account the risk for death, ESRD and renal function decline did not significantly differ between type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes.

Podocyte mRNA in the urinary sediment of minimal change nephropathy and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.

Podocyte depletion is a characteristic feature of progressive renal failure. We hypothesize that studying the podocyte mRNA level in urinary sediment may provide diagnostic and prognostic information in adult nephrotic syndrome. We studied 25 patients with minimal change nephropathy (MCN), 25 with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), and 17 healthy controls. The mRNA levels of nephrin, podocin, and synaptopodin in urinary sediment were quantified. There were significant differences in the urinary sediment nephrin and podocin, but not synaptopodin, mRNA levels between diagnosis groups. Post-hoc analysis further showed that urinary nephrin mRNA levels of the MCN group were lower than those in the control and FSGS groups, although the difference between MCN and FSGS groups did not reach statistical significance. The degree of proteinuria inversely correlated with urinary nephrin mRNA levels in the MCN (r = -0.526, p = 0.007) as well as in the FSGS group (r = -0.521, p = 0.008). For the FSGS group, the rate of renal function decline significantly correlated with baseline urinary synaptopodin mRNA levels (r = -0.496, p = 0.012). Urinary nephrin and podocin mRNA levels were reduced in patients with MCN and probably FSGS, and the magnitude of reduction correlated with the degree of proteinuria. Urinary synaptopodin mRNA levels correlated with the subsequent rate of renal function decline in patients with FSGS. Our result indicates that urine sediment podocyte mRNA levels provide novel insights in the pathophysiology of nephrotic syndrome and could be useful for risk stratification.

Impact of medication adherence on renal function in comorbid patients with type 2 diabetes and depression: protocol for a cohort study.

BackgroundPrevention, or slowing the progression, of diabetic nephropathy is one of the important goals in diabetes care. Although the impact of depression is a concern in patients with diabetes, it is unknown whether there is an association between adherence to hypoglycemic medication and the decline of renal function in comorbid patients with diabetes and depression. We will conduct a cohort study aimed at examining (1) depression as a predictor of renal function decline, and (2) how adherence to hypoglycemic medication relates to depression and renal function decline in patients with type 2 diabetes.Methods/DesignIn this multicenter cohort study, 550 patients with type 2 diabetes aged 20 years and older will be recruited at 20 outpatient clinics in general medicine and psychiatry. We will measure depression (Patient Health Questionnaire), medication adherence (medication possession ratio, Morisky Medication Adherence Scale, and one-item hypoglycemic medication adherence scale), and renal function (urinary albumin-creatinine ratio and estimated glomerular filtration rate) at baseline and at the 12-month follow-up. The primary endpoint is decline of renal function at 12 months. The secondary endpoints include clinical variables, quality of life, and the attitude of professionals toward depression. We will perform multivariable linear regression analysis to evaluate the effects of medication adherence on the decline of renal function in comorbid patients with type 2 diabetes and depression.DiscussionTo our knowledge, this will be the first study to examine how adherence to hypoglycemic medication relates to the decline of renal function in comorbid patients with type 2 diabetes and depression. The results of the study will have implications for practitioners of diabetes care, policy makers, and researchers for the prevention and treatment of diabetic nephropathy.Trial registrationUMIN000017513 (Registered on May 22, 2015)

The Utility of the Remnant Kidney Volume/Body Surface Area Ratio and Tumor Diameter as Predictors of Postoperative Degree of Renal Functional Decline in Patients With Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated by Radical Nephrectomy

To characterize the preoperative factors affecting renal cell carcinoma patients as predictive of post-radical nephrectomy (RN) mild (M-decline) or severe (S-decline) renal functional decline and to elucidate the histopathologic features of the resected normal kidney cortex, as well as the occurrence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in both M-decline and S-decline patients. M-decline and S-decline were categorized as a percentage of postoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate decline of<20 and of >40, respectively. The preoperative factors analyzed were patient demographics, comorbidities, and radiographic findings, including remnant kidney status and tumor size. The factors based on postoperative information analyzed were tumor and normal cortex pathology and CVD events. In 175 patient cohort, 21 and 32 cases were categorized as M-decline and S-decline, respectively. Absence of comorbidities, larger remnant kidney volume (RKV)/body surface area (BSA) ratio, and larger tumor diameter were significantly predictive of M-decline, whereas smaller tumor diameter was significantly predictive of S-decline. The global glomerulosclerosis extent in nephrectomized normal cortex of S-decline cases was significantly higher than in other types of cases. No CVD event was observed in M-decline cases. This is the first report to identify the RKV/BSA ratio as a promising predictor of post-RN degree of renal functional decline. Post-RN prevention of life-threatening outcomes according to preoperative and postoperative information, including the degree of post-RN renal functional decline and histopathology of the nephrectomized normal cortex, should be considerable in future urological tasks.

Relationship between low Ankle-Brachial Index and rapid renal function decline in patients with atrial fibrillation: a prospective multicentre cohort study

ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) and renal function progression in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).DesignObservational prospective multicentre cohort study.SettingAtherothrombosis Center of I Clinica Medica of ‘Sapienza’ University...

Effect of post-voiding urine volume on progression of renal function decline in patients with type 2 diabetes

Diabetic bladder dysfunction (DBD) is a common complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The association between DBD and progression of diabetic nephropathy has not been clarified. In this study, we investigated the relationship between post-voiding residual urine (PVR) with decline in renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes.This retrospective study included 164 patients at a single center. We collected medical histories and laboratory findings of patients undergoing uroflowmetry from January 1, 2008 to October 30, 2013. Renal function was assessed by calculating the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study equation. We evaluated whether greater PVR was a risk factor for faster decline of GFR during a 1-year follow-up. The subjects’ mean age was 65±12 years, duration of diabetes 12.8±8.8 years, baseline serum creatinine level 106.1±53.0μmol/L, and eGFR was 64.6±25.2mL/min/1.73m2. Mean PVR was 69.8±96.3mL and in 17.7% of subjects, PVR>100mL. In linear regression analysis, PVR was independently associated with GFR decrease (standardized β coefficient=0.2, P=0.009). Multiple logistic analysis showed that subjects with PVR>100mL had a 2.8-fold higher risk of an eGFR change during 1 year higher than the median value of all subjects (95% confidence interval, 1.1–6.8; P=0.03).Increased PVR was independently associated with a more rapid decline in renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Predictors of Residual Renal Function Decline in Patients Undergoing Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

Residual renal function (RRF) is an important prognostic indicator in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. We determined the predictors of RRF loss in a cohort of incident CAPD patients. We reviewed the record of 645 incident CAPD patients. RRF loss is represented by the slope of decline of residual glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as well as the time to anuria. The average rate of residual GFR decline was -0.083 ± 0.094 mL/min/month. The rate of residual GFR decline was faster with a higher proteinuria (r = -0.506, p < 0.0001) and baseline residual GFR (r = -0.560, p < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis showed that proteinuria, baseline residual GFR, and the use of diuretics were independent predictors of residual GFR decline. Cox proportional hazard model showed that proteinuria, glucose exposure, and the number of peritonitis episodes were independent predictors of progression to anuria, while a higher baseline GFR was protective. Each 1 g/day of proteinuria is associated with a 13.2% increase in the risk of progressing to anuria, each 10 g/day higher glucose exposure is associated with a 2.5% increase in risk, while each peritonitis episode confers a 3.8% increase in risk. Our study shows that factors predicting the loss of residual solute clearance and urine output are different. Proteinuria, baseline residual GFR, and the use of diuretics are independently related to the rate of RRF decline in CAPD patients, while proteinuria, glucose exposure, and the number of peritonitis episodes are independent predictors for the development of anuria. The role of anti-proteinuric therapy and measures to prevent peritonitis episodes in the preservation of RRF should be tested in future studies.

Lipid Levels and Renal Function Decline in Pre-Dialysis Patients

Background: Little is known about the effect of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels on renal function decline in patients receiving specialized pre-dialysis care. Methods: In the prospective PREPARE-2 study, incident patients starting pre-dialysis care were included when referred to one of the 25 participating Dutch specialized pre-dialysis outpatient clinics (2004-2011). Clinical and laboratory data were collected every 6 months. A linear mixed model was used to compare renal function decline between patients with LDL cholesterol, TG, or HDL cholesterol levels above and below the target goals (LDL cholesterol: <2.50 mmol/l, TG: <2.25 mmol/l, and HDL cholesterol: ≥1.00 mmol/l). Additionally the HDL/LDL cholesterol ratio was investigated (≥0.4). Results: In our study population (n = 306), the median age was 69 years and 70% were male. Patients with LDL cholesterol levels above the target of 2.50 mmol/l experienced an accelerated renal function decline compared to patients with levels below the target (crude additional decline: 0.10 ml/min/1.73 m²/month, 95% CI 0.00-0.20; p < 0.05). A similar trend was found for TG levels above the target of 2.25 mmol/l (0.05 ml/min/1.73 m²/month, 95% CI -0.06 to 0.16) and for a HDL/LDL cholesterol ratio below 0.4 (0.06 ml/min/1.73 m²/month, 95% CI -0.05 to 0.18). Adjustment for potential confounders resulted in similar results, and the exclusion of patients who were prescribed lipid-lowering medication (statin, fibrate, or cholesterol absorption inhibitor) resulted in a slightly larger estimated effect. Conclusion: High levels of LDL cholesterol were associated with an accelerated renal function decline, independent of the prescription of lipid-lowering medication.

The natural history of renal functional decline in patients undergoing surveillance in the DISSRM registry

ObjectiveTo describe the natural history of renal function in patients on active surveillance (AS) for small renal masses (SRM) in the Delayed Intervention and Surveillance for Small Renal Masses Registry. MethodsDelayed Intervention and Surveillance for Small Renal Masses is a prospective, multi-institutional registry of patients with SRM (≤4cm) who choose intervention or AS. Of these, 64 patients on AS had longitudinal serum creatinine (sCr) values and underwent analysis of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). eGFR was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula. The Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative chronic kidney disease (CKD) classification was used to categorize patients’ eGFR values. ResultsMedian age was 74 (range: 34–88) years at onset of AS. Overall, 9% (6/64) of patients had CKD at baseline. Median initial tumor size was 2.1cm (range: 0.8–4.0). Median Charlson comorbidity index score was 4 (range: 0–8). Median baseline sCr was 1.0mg/dl (range: 0.4–2.1) and median baseline eGFR was 70.25 (range: 24.07–165.52). After a median follow-up of 17 (range: 2–46) months, 64% of patients experienced a decrease in eGFR, with average yearly decrease in eGFR of 1.82ml/min/1.73m2 (P = 0.092) and average yearly increase in sCr of 0.046 (P = 0.012). A total of 15 (24%) patients experienced an upstaging in classification of CKD. DiscussionNearly two-thirds of patients on AS experienced a decrease in eGFR and nearly one-fourth had upstaging of CKD classification. The annual eGFR decline experienced by patients on AS minimally exceeded the annual decline of 1.49±0.3ml/min/1.73m2 that an individual who was 70 to 79 years of age can expect from aging alone. Further follow-up is necessary to assess this in a more definitive manner, but this trend should be considered when evaluating AS as an alternative to interventional therapies for SRM.

Compliance Index, a Marker of Peripheral Arterial Stiffness, may Predict Renal Function Decline in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease.

Background: Compliance index derived from digital volume pulse (CI-DVP), measuring the relationship between volume and pressure changes in fingertip, is a surrogate marker of peripheral arterial stiffness. This study investigated if CI-DVP can predict renal function deterioration, cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).Methods: In this prospective observational study, 149 CKD patients were included for final analysis. CI-DVP and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) were measured, decline in renal function was assessed by the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) slope. Composite renal and cardiovascular outcomes were evaluated, including ≥50% eGFR decline, start of renal replacement therapy, and major adverse events.Results: Patients in CKD stages 3b to 5 had higher baPWV and lower CI-DVP values than those in patients with CKD stages 1 to 3a. Stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis showed that lower CI-DVP (p =0.0001) and greater proteinuria (p =0.0023) were independent determinants of higher eGFR decline rate. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that CI-DVP (HR 0.68, 95% CI 0.46-1.00), baseline eGFR (HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.94-0.98) and serum albumin (HR 0.17, 95% CI 0.07-0.42) were independent predictors for composite renal and cardiovascular outcomes.Conclusions: Compliance index, CI-DVP, was significantly associated with renal function decline in patients with CKD. A higher CI-DVP may have independent prognostic value in slower renal function decline and better composite renal and cardiovascular outcomes in CKD patients.

Role of elevated serum uric acid levels at the onset of overt nephropathy in the risk for renal function decline in patients with type 2 diabetes

Aims/IntroductionDespite the use of intensive therapies, declining renal function is often observed during the overt nephropathy stage of type 2 diabetes. We aimed at investigating the role of serum uric acid (SUA) levels at the onset of overt nephropathy in the risk of renal function decline in type 2 diabetes patients.Materials and MethodsThe present cohort study included 290 type 2 diabetes patients who were followed from the onset of overt nephropathy. The relationship between SUA and declining renal function was assessed using Cox regression models after adjusting for known risk factors.ResultsOver a median 4.8-year follow-up period, 85 patients (4.9/100 person-years) showed serum creatinine (Cr) doubling with a total cumulative incidence of 71.9% at 20 years of follow up. The highest SUA tertile resulted in significantly a higher incidence (7.7/100 person-years) and cumulative incidence at 20 years (85.7%) than the middle (3.9/100 person-years, 54.2%) and lowest (3.0/100 person-years, 55.5%) tertiles. The univariate Cox hazard model resulted in significant risks for Cr doubling related to female sex, short diabetes duration, smoking and elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), glycated hemoglobin and SUA tertiles. SUA tertiles remained statistically significant in the multivariate model (highest vs lowest hazard ratio 2.68, 95% confidence interval 1.48−5.00, P = 0.0009).ConclusionsElevated SUA levels within the normal range (men >6.3 mg/dL, women >5.1) at the onset of overt nephropathy resulted in an increased risk for declining renal function in type 2 diabetes patients.

Diabetes: Predicting renal function decline in patients with T2DM.

A recent cohort study has shown that cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is associated with increased albuminuria and decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at baseline and is predictive of a subsequent decline in eGFR. Could CAN be used to identify patients who are at increased risk of early decline in eGFR?