Removal Of Various Types Research Articles

Comparison of Infection Rate Between Sterile and Nonsterile Gloves During Mohs Micrographic Surgery: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is a well-established technique for the removal of various types of skin cancers. While sterile gloves (SG) are commonly used in skin surgeries such as MMS, additional understanding of their effectiveness compared to nonsterile gloves (NSG) in preventing local infection is required. We aimed to perform an updated systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the use of SG with NSG for local infection rate post-MMS and point out cost discrepancies between these 2 scenarios. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane for studies published up to August 2023 comparing the use of SG with NSG during MMS that reported the outcome of wound infection. A total of 4 studies with 10,644 MMS were included, of which 7512 (70.6%) were performed with SG and 3132 (29.4%) were done with NSG. In the SG group, 232 out of 7512 cases (3.1%) developed infection compared to 64 out of 3132 (2.0%) in the NSG group [odds ratio (OR) 1.14; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.85-1.52; P = .39; I2 = 0%]. Therefore, the post-MMS infection rates were not significantly different between SG and NSG groups, including in the excision (OR 0.92; 95% CI 0.48-1.79; P = .81; I2 = 0%) and reconstruction (OR 1.17; 95% CI 0.85-1.60; P = .34; I2 = 0%) subanalysis. Regarding the mean cost of the gloves, the NSG pair was $0.24, approximately 10% of the price of the SG pair ($2.27). The results support that, compared to SG, NSG are equally effective in preventing infections during MMS while offering significant cost savings without compromising patient outcomes.Protocol registration: PROSPERO, CRD42023458525.

A novel aminated Fe3O4/GO/carboxylated cross-linked β-CDP composite for effective sorption of cationic and anionic dyes from water

A novel adsorbent, aminated Fe3O4 (Fe3O4-NH2)/graphite oxide (GO)/carboxylated cross-linked β-cyclodextrin polymer (CDP-COOH) composite, was fabricated for influential removal of various types of dyes from waters. The morphology and structure of resulting Fe3O4-NH2/GO/CDP-COOH composite was studied by SEM, two-dimensional EDS map, FTIR, WAXD, XPS, TGA, and zeta potential meter, and its saturation magnetization was determined to be 46.3 emu/g by VSM. The maximal sorption capacities of Fe3O4-NH2/GO/CDP-COOH composite for methylene blue (MB, as a model of cationic dyes) and Congo red (CR, as a model of anionic dyes) at 303 K were 201.75 mg/g and 2211.05 mg/g, respectively, which can be mainly assigned to multiple adsorptive forces like electrostatic attractions, hydrogen bonds, host–guest self-assembly interactions, π-π electron cloud interactions, and Lewis acid-base interactions. The dye sorption by the Fe3O4-NH2/GO/CDP-COOH composite had a spontaneous nature according to the sorption thermodynamic calculation and can be well explained by pseudo-second-order model. The Langmuir and Freundlich models could explain the sorption isotherms of Fe3O4-NH2/GO/CDP-COOH composite for MB and GO, respectively. The Fe3O4-NH2/GO/CDP-COOH composite possessed many other advantages including the good sorption capability for different heavy metal ions (like Pb2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+) and organic compounds (like dichlorophenol and propranolol) as well as the good recyclability and reusability.

Facet-dependent activation of oxalic acid over hematite nanocrystals under the irradiation of visible light for efficient degradation of pollutants

Naturally occurring hematite has been widely studied in the Fenton-like system for water pollutant remediation due to its abundance and non-toxicity. However, its inadequate catalytic activity results in difficulty in effectively degrading pollutants in the catalytic degradation system that it constitutes. Thus, we constructed a photochemical system composed of hematite with {001} facet of high activity facet and low-cost and non-toxic oxalic acid (OA) for the removal of various types of pollutants. The removal rate for the degradation of metronidazole, tetracycline hydrochloride, Rhodamine B, and hexavalent chromium by hematite nanoplate with the exposed {001} facet activating OA under visible light irradiation was 4.75, 2.25, 2.33, and 2.74 times than that by the exposed {110} facet, respectively. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation proved that the OA molecule was more easily adsorbed on the {001} facet of hematite than that on the {110} facet, which would favor the formation of the more Fe(III)-OA complex and reactive species. In addition, the reactive site of metronidazole for the attraction of radicals was identified on the basis of the DFT calculation on the molecular occupied orbitals, and the possible degradation pathway for metronidazole included carbon chain fracture, hydroxyethyl-cleavage, denitrogenation, and hydroxylation. Thus, this finding may offer a valuable direction in designing an efficient iron-based catalyst based on facet engineering for the improved activity of Fenton-like systems such as OA activation.

Analysis of hydrocarbon solvents for the removal of various types of asphalt, resin and paraffin deposits

In this work the physical-chemical properties of asphaltene-resin-paraffin deposits are studied. Their component composition was determined. The results obtained are the basis for the selection of effective solvents and the choice of the method of removing deposits from oil reservoirs. Two hydrocarbon solvents with the brands “TSK А” and “TSK B” were tested. The solvent ability of solvents was tested.

Removal of toxic metal Cd (II) by Serratia bozhouensis CdIW2 using in moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR)

The use of bioreactor technology to treat industrial wastewater containing heavy metals has created new perspectives. Cadmium metal is one of the toxic heavy metals that have harmful effects on human health and the environment. This research work presents a comprehensive approach for aqueous cadmium removal through biosorption in a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR). The bacterium resistant to Cd(II) (350 mg/L) CdIW2 was selected among 8 cadmium tolerant bacteria isolated from the industrial wastewater of the metal industry. 16S rRNA gene and phenotypic analysis showed that the bacterium CdIW2 is similar to Serratia bozhouensis. The highest biosorption capacity of 65.79 mg/g was acquired in optimal conditions (30 min, pH = 6, 0.5 g/L, and 35 °C). The biosorption of the CdIW2 strain was consistent with the Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second order kinetic and showed the process's spontaneous thermodynamic and endothermic results. The removal rate 91.74% of MBBR in batch mode was obtained in 72 h and 10 mg/L of Cd(II). Furthermore, continuous mode bioreactor analysis has shown high efficiency at intel loading rates of 6–36 mg/L. day for cadmium removal. The second order kinetic (Grau) was chosen as the suitable model for modeling the MBBR process. Although several studies have evaluated the removal of various types of heavy metals, none of the studies involved the use of a metal-resistant strain in an MBBR bioreactor.

Nano-material for waste water treatment

Wastewater treatment is now becoming a worldwide concern nowadays. Nano-sized materials (size ranging between 1 and 100 nm) have been used to remove various pollutants present in water and thus, extensively used in wastewater treatment. This review reveals the potential role of nanomaterials in the removal of contaminants present in water. Variety of nanomaterials (in form of nanoparticles such as carbon based nanoparticles, and various metal nanoparticles) possesses numerous physical and chemical properties and also these are helpful in wastewater treatment which includes (i) larger surface area as compared to traditionally formed nanoparticles; (ii) Presence of various functional groups which further enhance their activity towards the specific compounds and (iii) Exhibit high selectivity recyclable groups for reducing the toxic elements and ions present in effluent. Moreover, nanomaterials are effective transformations used in the purification water as nano-adsorbents. This literature survey portrayed the use of nanomaterials for the removal of various types of pollutants from industrial wastewater. The major aim of this review is to focus on recent advances in the various fields of emergent nanomaterials used in removing various harmful pollutants of water present in form of metals, dyes etc. for the betterment of the environment and humans.

Qualitative Assessment of the Contribution of Various Components to Cu(II) Adsorption by Alluvial Soddy-Gley Soil

Using the method of sequential removal of various types of sorption surfaces, a qualitative assessment of the contribution of organic matter, non-silicate iron compounds, and clay minerals to the adsorption of Cu(II) by alluvial soddy-gley soil was carried out under the conditions of laboratory equilibrium experiments. It has been established that the contribution of each of the components is determined both by the ability to form surface inner-sphere complexes at pH-dependent positions, and by the availability of sorption centers in the places of localization of a constant charge of clay minerals. In the AY horizon, the main components sorbing Cu(II) are organic matter and nonsilicate iron compounds, while in the ABg and BDg horizons, clay minerals make the main contribution to Cu(II) adsorption under the experimental conditions. The main mechanism of Cu(II) adsorption in the AY horizon is ion exchange with H+ on functional groups of organic matter and surface hydroxyls of nonsilicate iron compounds. In the underlying horizons, Cu(II) is mainly sorbed as a result of ion exchange with cations that compensate for the constant charge of the crystal lattices of clay minerals. Soil treatment with 10% H2O2 and the Mehra-Jackson reagent leads to a change in the surface area, quality and quantity of sorption centers, and to the transformation of the crystal lattices of clay minerals. These changes should be taken into account when assessing the contribution of soil components to the sorption of metal ions.

Multifunctional Ternary NLP/ZnO@l-cysteine-grafted-PANI Bionanocomposites for the Selective Removal of Anionic and Cationic Dyes from Synthetic and Real Water Samples.

The development of competent adsorbents based on agro-waste materials with multifunctional groups and porosity for the removal of toxic dyes from aqueous solutions is still a challenge. Herein, a bionanocomposite made up of neem leaf powder (NLP), zinc oxide (ZnO), and amino acid (l-cysteine)-functionalized polyaniline (PANI), namely, NLP/ZnO@l-cysteine-grafted-PANI (NZC-g-PANI), has been prepared by an in situ polymerization method. The as-prepared bionanocomposite was tested for the adsorptive removal of three anionic dyes, namely, methyl orange (MO), amido black 10B (AB 10B), and eriochrome black T (EBT), as well as three cationic dyes, namely, brilliant green (BG), crystal violet (CV), and methylene blue (MB), from synthetic aqueous medium. The morphological and structural characteristics of the NZC-g-PANI nanocomposite were examined with the help of HR field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy. FTIR and Raman studies show that the formulated NZC-g-PANI have an ample number of functional moieties such as carboxyl (-COOH), hydroxyl (-OH), amines (-NH2), and imines (-N=), thus demonstrating outstanding dye removal capacity. C-S linkage helps to attach l-cysteine with polyaniline. Moreover, the predominance of chemisorption via ionic/pi-pi interaction and hydrogen bonding between the NZC-g-PANI nanocomposite and dyes (BG and MO) has been realized by FTIR and fitting of kinetics data to the PSO model. For both BG and MO dyes, the biosorption isotherm was precisely accounted for by the Langmuir isotherm with q max values of up to 218.27 mg g-1 for BG at pH 6 and 558.34 mg g-1 for MO at pH 1. Additionally, thermodynamic studies revealed the endothermic and spontaneous nature of adsorption. NZC-g-PANI showed six successive regeneration cycles for cationic (MO: from 96.3 to 90.4%) and anionic (BG: from 94.7 to 88.7%) dyes. Also, batch adsorption operations were validated to demonstrate dye biosorption from real wastewater, such as tap water, river water, and laundry wastewater. Overall, this study indicates that the prepared NZC-g-PANI biosorbent could be used as an effective adsorbent for the removal of various types of anionic as well as cationic dyes from different aqueous solutions.

Catalytic adsorptive desulfurization of mercaptan, sulfide and disulfide using bifunctional Ti-based adsorbent for ultra-clean oil

Ultra-deep desulfurization of transformer oil is of great demand among power industry. In this work, the effective and deep removal of various types of organosulfurs, including mercaptan, sulfide and disulfide via catalytic adsorptive desulfurization (CADS) using bifunctional Ti-based adsorbent is reported. Compared to adsorptive desulfurization (ADS), dramatically improvement of the organosulfur uptakes were achieved under CADS process. The equilibrium adsorption capacity at 5 μg∙g −1 S reached up to 15.7, 33.4, 11.6 and 11.9 mg∙g −1 for propyl mercaptan( n -PM), dimethyl sulfide(DMS), di- t -butyl disulfide (DTBDS) and dibenzyl disulfide (DBDS), which was 262, 477, 97 and 128 times to that of ADS process, respectively, and was the highest among the reported desulfurization adsorbents. Moreover, it achieved superior breakthrough capacity of 2050, 530 and 210 ml F·(g A) −1 at the breakthrough S concentration of 1 μg∙g −1 of the commercial transformer oil S containing 10, 50 and 150 μg∙g −1 , respectively. The effectiveness of CADS is associated to the transformation of sulfur species to higher polar sulfonic species with the assistance of mild oxidant, which can be readily captured by silanol groups on SiO 2 through H-bonding interaction. The excellent recyclability of the adsorbent can be realized through solvent washing or oxidative air treatment. This work provides an effective and economic approach for the elimination of trace amount of mercaptan, sulfide and disulfide from transformer oil.

Advancement in recycling waste tire activated carbon to potential adsorbents

Waste tires have been identified as one of the contributors to environmental problems and the issue of inadequate landfill spaces. The lack of consistent and systematic approaches such as specific regulations/laws or mechanisms of waste management to waste tires, limited application of technology for recycling waste tires and lack of awareness on the impacts of waste tires problem, make waste tires a source of environmental pollution. Various researches have been conducted on recycling waste tires into polymer bends, and materials to harden concretes, fuels and adsorbent. Researchers suggested that pyrolysis is the current trend of recycling waste tire to harvest the saleable pyrolysis oil and the recycled carbon black. Therefore, this review attempts to compile relevant knowledge about the potential of adsorbent derived from waste tires to be applied in the removal of various types of pollutants like heavy metals, organic pollutants, dye and air/gaseous pollutant. Studies were carried out on revealing the properties and the characteristics of activated carbon derived from waste tire as effective adsorbent which influence the application performance at liquid or gas phase. In addition, the challenges in the production of activated carbon derived from waste tire were discussed.

Synthesis of glutaraldehyde-modified silica/chitosan composites for the removal of water-soluble diclofenac sodium

Composite materials are effective adsorbents for the removal of various types of contaminants, such as pharmaceutical products. However, they require improvement to achieve a good adsorption capacity. This study presents the development of a promising adsorbent: silica/chitosan modified with different proportions of glutaraldehyde, which involves the D-glucosamine units from chitosan. The developed materials were evaluated for their ability to remove diclofenac sodium. The adsorption data showed that the diclofenac adsorption efficiency increased with increasing degree of glutaraldehyde crosslinking. The equilibrium and kinetic data were well fit by the Liu and Elovich models, respectively, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 237.8 mg/g. Therefore, it can be assumed that the process is predominantly chemical and exothermic, with a high affinity between the adsorbents and diclofenac sodium. The adsorption mechanisms were investigated to better understand the interactions, and the predominance of covalent bonds with the self-polymerized glutaraldehyde was verified.

Synthesis and characterization of magnetic nanoparticles, and their applications in wastewater treatment: A review

The sustainable growth of any society is in direct proportion with developing novel methods and technologies for the management of its environmental quality. The use of Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) has emerged as an efficient tool for remediation of wastewater owing to its intrinsic qualities including size, surface effect, quantum effect, etc. These intrinsic properties of MNPs have diversified their application in managing the qualitative stress on water resources. The present review aims to assess the use of MNPs in removing organic and inorganic contaminants from wastewater. Insights into various synthesis methods and their effects on contaminant removal are also presented. It is reported that MNPs provide target specificity and cost-effectiveness as compared to conventional treatment methods. Moreover, the biological synthesis of MNPs is proven to be eco-friendly and aids in sustainable development. Nearly 100% removal of various types of contaminants such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products, dyes, pesticides, heavy metals, etc. can be achieved through MNPs. Some MNPs have shown a magnetic saturation reaching up to 70 emu/g, and recycling up to 5 cycles with ¿95% removal efficiency. High pollutant removal efficiency (¿98%) can also be achieved in a short time (within 5 min) by MNPs. It is noteworthy that, nanosorption along with the redox reactions are the most frequently used and efficient mechanisms of contaminant removal from wastewater samples. • Synthesis methods and applications of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are reviewed. • Synthesis method is important for target specific remediation. • Biologically synthesized nanoparticles are better suited for wastewater remediation. • Green MNPs are cost-effective, target specific, and provide reusability/recyclability. • MNPs efficiently remove various organic and inorganic contaminants from wastewater.

Experimental Investigations into Improvement of Cleaning Performance for Anticorrosive Paints for Shipbuilding using Handheld-Type Laser Cleaning Equipment

In the shipbuilding and marine industry, laser cleaning is considered an eco-friendly technology because it can significantly reduce the generation of secondary waste when removing the paint and oxide layer on a steel surface during ship repair work. Accordingly, various studies are being conducted worldwide for the application of laser cleaning. However, studies on the removal of various types of paint used on ships for anticorrosion and cosmetic effects and on the control of the scanning mode of laser cleaning application parts, such as square and circular, are limited. Therefore, in this study, the effects of the scanning mode and major process parameters were analyzed for four types of specimen coated with different paints and with various thicknesses. Consequently, it was possible to remove the paint on the steel surface completely by using handheld-type laser cleaning equipment with an average power of 100 W. In addition, the working time was reduced and the cleaning performance was improved by determining the scanning mode suitable for the laser cleaning application part and the optimal process parameters for each specimen.

Synthesis and evaluation of Ca-doped ferrihydrite as a novel adsorbent for the efficient removal of fluoride.

Ferric hydrate has been extensively applied for the removal of various types of pollutants from wastewater because of its low cost and high efficiency. However, its wide-scale application has been greatly restricted by high-dose and low-adsorption capacity. Therefore, a novel Ca-doped ferrihydrite adsorbent has been synthesized and used for the enhanced removal of fluoride from wastewater in the presence of other co-existing ions. At 5 mg/L initial fluoride concentration and pH 5, the removal efficiency of fluoride approached to 97.5% and remained stable. Similarly, with the increase of dose from 100 to 300 mg/L, the fluoride removal linearly increased to 98% and remained plateau at neutral pH. Also, the presence of co-existing ions such as NO3-, SO42-, Cl-, and natural organic matter has not significantly influenced the removal performance of the adsorbent. Fluoride removal best fit the pseudo-second-order reaction kinetics and Langmuir isotherm model. The prepared adsorbent exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity of 53.21 mg/g for fluoride uptake from water. The SEM-EDX confirmed the doping of Ca onto the ferrihydrite where the elemental peaks of Ca and Fe emerged at the energy value of about 3.6 Kev and 7.1 Kev respectively in EDX analysis. In addition, SEM results of Ca-doped ferrihydrite adsorbent illustrated that a large microplates type of products was acquired after synthesis. The regeneration results confirmed that adsorbent could retain their original adsorption capacity after five regeneration cycles. The current study suggested that Ca-doped ferrihydrite has the application potential for the enhanced adsorption of fluoride from the water phase.

Rational design of multifunctional membrane material with underwater superoleophobicity for dye contaminated emulsion separation

Ecofriendly production of membranes with excellent antifouling, surface wettability and reusability characteristics is highly desired. Polyelectrolyte based membranes with superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic properties have demonstrated outstanding separation performance of high-viscous oil contamination in waterborne because of anti-oil-fouling properties. Hence, we reported on a rational design for the fabrication of multifunctional membrane materials with a polyelectrolytic nature for oil/water emulsion separation, and dye mixed with emulsion separation. The multifunctional membrane material formed by intercalating through carrageenan (CGN) mixed with nanoclay laponite (LP), and its surface functionality was altered by the addition of Tannic acid (TA) for effective cross-link formation. The obtained multifunctional membrane (TA@CGN-LP) material was coated on filter paper for emulsion and methylene blue dye mixed with emulsion separation by filtration. The TA@CGN-LP coated membrane shows a superhydrophilic property with an underwater oil contact angle of 150° for crude oil and water contact angle of 40° in air. Polyelectrolytes of the surface functional groups on the TA@CGN-LP membrane offer emulsion separation efficiency of 99.8% and flux rate of approximately 1721 Lm-2h−1 bar-1. The obtained composite materials have promising multipurpose applications as an ecofriendly, green membrane fabrication material for simultaneous removal of various types of water pollutants.

Biodegradable polymers and their nano-composites for the removal of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) from wastewater: A review

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) target the endocrine system by interfering with the natural hormones in the body leading to adverse effects on human and animal health. These chemicals have been identified as major polluting agents in wastewater effluents. Pharmaceuticals, personal care products, industrial compounds, pesticides, dyes, and heavy metals are examples of substances that could be considered endocrine active chemicals. In humans, these chemicals could cause obesity, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, autism, reproductive abnormalities, and thyroid problems. While in wildlife, dysfunctional gene expression could lead to the feminization of some aquatic organisms, metabolic diseases, cardiovascular risk, and problems in the reproductive system as well as its levels of hatchability and vitellogenin. EDCs could be effectively removed from wastewater using advanced technologies such as reverse osmosis, membrane treatment, ozonation, advanced oxidation, filtration, and biodegradation. However, adsorption has been proposed as a more promising and sustainable method for water treatment than any other reported technique. Increased attention has been paid to biodegradable polymers and their nano-composites as promising adsorbents for the removal of EDCs from wastewater. These polymers could be either natural, synthetic, or a combination of both. This review presents a summary of the most relevant cases where natural and synthetic biodegradable polymers have been used for the successful removal of EDCs from wastewater. It demonstrates the effectiveness of these polymers as favorable adsorbents for novel wastewater treatment technologies. Hitherto, very limited work has been published on the use of both natural and synthetic biodegradable polymers to remove EDCs from wastewater, as most of the studies focused on the utilization of only one type, either natural or synthetic. Therefore, this review could pave the way for future exploration of biodegradable polymers as promising and sustainable adsorbents for the removal of various types of pollutants from wastewater.

PERBANDINGAN KEDALAMAN PENGIKISAN LOGAM DALAM LARUTAN FERI KLORIDA

A comparative study of metal removal in ferric chloride solution has been completed. The purpose of this study is the effect of acid solution cause material removal of various types of metals such as steel, iron, aluminum and tin. Previously this plate had been prepared by determine the dimensions of the plate size, plate mass and ensuring the plate surface is flat. After that, the plates were immersed in ferric chloride solution with a solution percentage of 27% gram / ml in water for 2 hours. Metal plates had been cleaned and dried and then carried out post-immersion measurements for plate mass, plate dimensions, solution temperature and the acidity of the solution. The result of measurement show the metal plates of steel, iron, aluminum and tin have removed material with a depth of 0.350 mm; 0.550 mm; 0.5625 mm and 0.665 mm. The mass lost after immersion in ferric chloride solution was 2.2 g; 3.9 g; 3.6 g and 7.6 g. Through Faraday's Law, it has been found that the calculation of the material removal rate (MRR) is 0.140 cm3/hour; 0.252 cm3/hour; 0.667 cm3/hour and 0.659 cm3/hour. This has shown the acid solution can remove the metal surface,when the density of the metal is large, material removal rate is low. Therefore, further studies are needed to observe the presence of impurities in the plate and the surface roughness of the metal plate after immersion.

Electrochemical technologies for the treatment of pesticides

Pesticides are used worldwide in large quantities to increase yield in agriculture. On the other hand, they are in general toxic/persistent organic pollutants presenting strong adverse effects to the environment and human health, including acute and chronic toxicity. Consequently, water polluted by pesticides should be treated efficiently before its release into receiving water bodies to protect the natural aquatic environment. Different methods have been used for the treatment of water contaminated by pesticides. Among them, electrochemical technology seems to be very efficient in removing pesticides from water. Therefore this review aims to provide an overview of the recent works on the treatment of pesticide wastewater using electrochemical technology with a special focus on electrochemical advanced oxidation processes that demonstrated high efficiency in the removal of various types of pesticides from contaminated water.

Theoretical Bases of Electrochemical Cleaning of Oil-contaminated Soil


 
 
 This study developstheoretical bases for the electrochemical process of cleaning soils from oil, oil products and highly mineralized reservoir water. The article experimentally and theoretically reveals patterns of reducing the content of polluting oil products in soils of various types during the small voltage passing. The optimal amount of electricity for the effective removal of various types of pollution was required. For the implementation of a electrochemical soil cleaning process a scheme of an original installation with placement of electrodes in the soil was studied. It reduces the resistance between the electrodes. The technical and economical calculations to determine energy costs of the electrochemical installation for cleaning oil-contaminated soils included: the number of electrodes; the voltage depending on the properties of the soil; the area; the depth of contamination of the soil to be treated;azndthe parameters of the electrodes. This allowed us to determine and develop the required degree of cleaning.
 
 
 
 Keywords: electrochemical process, charge, soil, oil products, voltage, cleaning
 
 
 
 
 

Current Advances of Polymer Composites for Water Treatment and Desalination

Over the past five years, a lot of research activities in polymer composites were done in order to improve environmental sustainability and to present advantages for commercial applications of water treatment and desalination. Polymers offered tunable properties, improved processability, remarkable stability, high surface area for fast decontamination, selectivity to eliminate different pollutants, and cost-cutting of water treatment. Hence, the development of polymeric materials is one of the future directions to meet the environmental water standards and to supply the water requirements of the growing populations. This review highlighted the very recent achievements in fabrication, characterization, and applications of polymeric composites used for water treatment and desalination. The polymeric modifications, the addition of functional groups, and the assemblies of nanomaterials were also discussed in detail. In particular, great attention was paid to the recent advances in polymer/polymer composites, polymer/carbon composites, and polymer/clay composites, presenting their usage in the removal of various types of contaminants, e.g., metal ions, dyes, and other toxic pollutants. The review also summarized the main advantages and disadvantages of the different adsorbent materials. Specific attention was paid to the mechanism of adsorption, including chemisorption and physisorption mechanisms. In addition, the challenges and the future perspectives were identified to reach the optimal performance of the different adsorbents.