Removal Of Toxic Heavy Metals Research Articles

Actinobacteria are better bioremediating agents for removal of toxic heavy metals: an overview

Accumulation of high concentrations of heavy metals in soil and environment affects both humans and microorganisms. Heavy metals get accumulated within the tissues of the organism and at various levels of the ecological chain; leads to decrease in the biomass and biological diversity by affecting the growth, morphology, and activity of the organism. Removal of hazardous heavy metals and radionuclide-contamination through biological means is of current importance. Bioremediation using microorganisms is considered as safe and more efficient. Actinobacteria, the most important groups of microbes, are responsible for degradation and transformation of organic and metal substrates and also possess significant bioremediation potential. It can degrade high doses of pesticides, chemical complexes, and heavy metals. Actinomycetes utilise toxins as carbon sources and in turn synthesise commercially viable antibiotics, enzymes and proteins. In this review, the efficacy of actinomycetes in bioremediation of heavy metals such as copper, chromium, mercury, lead, zinc, and cadmium was discussed.

Tuning and Characterizing Nanocellulose Interface for Enhanced Removal of Dual-Sorbate (AsV and CrVI) from Water Matrices

Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) is one of the emerging green candidates for the various domains due to its sustainability, abundance availability, and high surface area. However, its effectiveness in the environmental aspect of toxic heavy metal removal required improvement by tuning the interface between CNF and heavy metals, and by understanding removal mechanisms. Herein, we synthesized four types of surface-functionalized CNF from waste coffee-filters for enhanced uptake of AsV and CrVI in the different water matrices. Among them, Fe3+-cross-linked CNF-Fe2O3 (FF) and mussel-inspired dopamine conjugated CNF (DP) demonstrated significant performance in water treatment for AsV and CrVI, respectively, than commercial activated carbon based adsorbents. Combined X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES), extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, and data fitting elucidated the complexation mode of AsV and CrVI to each CNF derivative which suggested that AsV binds through a bidentate-bin...

Application of response surface methodology for optimization of lead removal from an aqueous solution by a novel superparamagnetic nanocomposite

The present study focuses on the response surface methodology (RSM) for the optimization of lead removal from an aqueous solution by a novel superparamagnetic nanocomposite. A rotatable central composite design and the response surface methodology were used to conduct and to analyze the experiments, respectively. The adsorption process was investigated as a function of the four factors consisting of pH (4.0–6.0), temperature (20℃–60℃), initial lead concentration (10–90 mg/L) and adsorbent dosage (0.2–1.0 g/L). The maximum lead adsorption capacity was obtained to be 124.955 mg/g under the optimal conditions of 5.49, 60℃, 89.08 mg/L, and 0.48 g/L for the solution pH, temperature, initial lead ion concentration, and the adsorbent dosage, respectively. The desirability function was used to find an optimum point where the desired conditions could be obtained. The superparamagnetic nanocomposite could be used as an adsorbent for the removal of toxic heavy metals from water and wastewater.

Removal of Pb2+ onto HDTMA-Br Modified Kaolinite Clay as function of pH: Batch Sorption, Isotherms and Kinetics

Adsorption removal of toxic heavy metals from wastewaters is considered as one of the most important methods of wastewater treatment due to its low maintenance cost, high efficiency and ease of operation. The adsorption capacities of some specific clay minerals have been known to improve significantly when modified with quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs).In the present study, kaolinite clay from Alkaleri LGA, Northeast-Nigeria was characterized and modified with a cationic surfactant, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA-Br) and applied for batch sorption of Lead (II) ion contaminant from aqueous solution at different pH values. The results showed that Lead (II) ion uptake decreased with increase in pH. The maximum Pb 2+ removal efficiency was 99.68% at pH3 and least at pH11 with 87.10%.The Langmuir adsorption isotherm proved to be the best fit based on correlation factor R 2 ranging from 0.9630-0.9950, while pseudo-second order kinetic was found to be the best fit based on R 2 ranging from 0.9860-0.9960.The negative values of Temkin binding energy (bT) indicated that the process was exothermic. The high values of free energy E (1.8227×10 1 -1.0000×10 3 kJ/mol) from Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm

Removal of Selected Metals from Wastewater Using a Constructed Wetland.

Removal of selected metals from municipal wastewater using a constructed wetland with a horizontal subsurface flow was studied. The objective of the work was to determine the efficiency of Cu, Zn, Ni, Co, Sr, Li, and Rb removal, and to describe the main removal mechanisms. The highest removal efficiencies were attained for zinc and copper (89.8 and 81.5%, respectively). It is apparently due to the precipitation of insoluble sulfides (ZnS, CuS) in the vegetation bed where the sulfate reduction takes place. Significantly lower removal efficiencies (43.9, 27.7, and 21.5%) were observed for Li, Sr, and Rb, respectively. Rather, low removal efficiencies were also attained for Ni and Co (39.8 and 20.9%). However, the concentrations of these metals in treated water were significantly lower compared to Cu and Zn (e.g., 2.8±0.5 and 1.7±0.3μg/l for Ni at the inflow and outflow from the wetland compared to 27.6±12.0 and 5.1±4.7μg/l obtained for Cu, respectively). The main perspective of the constructed wetland is the removal of toxic heavy metals forming insoluble compounds depositing in the wetland bed. Metal uptake occurs preferentially in wetland sediments and is closely associated with the chemism of sulfur and iron.

Graphene-Based Microbots for Toxic Heavy Metal Removal and Recovery from Water

Heavy metal contamination in water is a serious risk to the public health and other life forms on earth. Current research in nanotechnology is developing new nanosystems and nanomaterials for the fast and efficient removal of pollutants and heavy metals from water. Here, we report graphene oxide-based microbots (GOx-microbots) as active self-propelled systems for the capture, transfer, and removal of a heavy metal (i.e., lead) and its subsequent recovery for recycling purposes. Microbots’ structure consists of nanosized multilayers of graphene oxide, nickel, and platinum, providing different functionalities. The outer layer of graphene oxide captures lead on the surface, and the inner layer of platinum functions as the engine decomposing hydrogen peroxide fuel for self-propulsion, while the middle layer of nickel enables external magnetic control of the microbots. Mobile GOx-microbots remove lead 10 times more efficiently than nonmotile GOx-microbots, cleaning water from 1000 ppb down to below 50 ppb in 60 min. Furthermore, after chemical detachment of lead from the surface of GOx-microbots, the microbots can be reused. Finally, we demonstrate the magnetic control of the GOx-microbots inside a microfluidic system as a proof-of-concept for automatic microbots-based system to remove and recover heavy metals.

Oriented Functionalization of Natural Hollow Kapok Fiber for Highly Efficient Removal of Toxic Hg(II) from Aqueous Solution

Due to hollow and tubular structure, a natural kapok fiber (KF) was used as the support and orientation matrix to control the polymerization of ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and N-vinylimidazole (VIM) along its inherent axial surface via a facile in situ rapid polymerization reaction in air atmosphere. The as-formed KF@VIM/EGDMA composite is featured with porous surface and rich N-containing functional groups for potential application as a highly efficient adsorbent for removal of toxic Hg(II) from aqueous solution. The variables affecting the adsorption capacity were studied, including monomer ratio, external pH values, contact time, and initial Hg(II) concentration. The pseudo-second-order equation and two adsorption isotherms including Langmuir and Freundlich equations were applied to determine the adsorption kinetics and adsorption capacity. The results show that the as-prepared KF@VIM/EGDMA composite has a maximum adsorption capacity of 697 mg/g to Hg(II), while no appreciable adsorption capacity can be found for KF itself. Given its intrinsic large lumen, faster adsorption kinetics (45 min) are also expected and observed for KF@VIM/EGDMA. After a simple filtration, this adsorbent can be directly separated from the aqueous solution and then be regenerated for multi-cyclable utilization. During the adsorption process, the chemical complexing represents the main adsorption mechanism. As a naturally renewable KF, such a simple preparation method opens a new avenue to develop highly efficient and economically viable adsorbent for removal of toxic heavy metal from aqueous solution.

Dual applications of silver nanoparticles incorporated functionalized MWCNTs grafted surface modified PAN nanofibrous membrane for water purification

Herein, we have developed silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) incorporated carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) grafted aminated polyacrylonitrile (APAN) nanofibrous membrane pertinent for the removal of toxic heavy metals and bacteria.

Applicability and toxicity evaluation of an adsorbent based on jujube for the removal of toxic heavy metals

The removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater is important, owing to its eco-toxicity in aqueous environment. In this study, the mechanism and efficiency of the removal of toxic heavy metals by an eco-friendly adsorbent was investigated. Various types of adsorbents made from jujube were synthesized by varying the drying temperature of gel-type beads and elution method for jujube constituents. The maximum adsorption capacity for lead and copper ions was determined using the Langmuir isotherm model, with DJB-A-S-F (freeze-dried jujube bead made from a solution of squeezed autoclaved jujube) having the highest values at 60.44mg/g (lead) and 20.33mg/g (copper). In addition, the characteristics of the various adsorbents were determined by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used to identify the constituents of DJB-A-S-F before and after adsorption of heavy metals (Pb- and Cu-DJB-A-S-F). Furthermore, in vitro cytotoxicity assay was performed to investigate whether the binding of heavy metals to DJB-A-S-F increases cellular toxicity. As a result, no differences in cell viability between DJB-A-S-F and the ones coupled to heavy metals were observed, indicating that the developed adsorbents are non-cytotoxic with good compatibility. Thus, DJB-A-S-F is a promising adsorbent for the removal of toxic heavy metal cations from wastewater.

Fast and effective removal of cadmium ion from water using chitosan encapsulated magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles

A novel CS2-modified chitosan encapsulated magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (CMCS@Fe3O4) was prepared for the removal of Cd(II) from aqueous solution. The adsorption behavior of the CMCS@Fe3O4 toward Cd(II) was studied using batch method. The CMCS@Fe3O4 showed a rapid process and a superior adsorption capacity for Cd(II). The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order and the equilibrium data were well described by the Langmuir isotherm for the CMCS@Fe3O4. The maximum adsorption capacity of CMCS@Fe3O4 for Cd(II) was 200 mg g−1 from the Langmuir isotherm. Based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, the –NH2 and –SH groups on the CMCS@Fe3O4 mainly participated in the Cd(II) adsorption process. In addition, the common coexisting ions had a negligible impact on Cd(II) adsorption on the CMCS@Fe3O4. Overall, the results reported herein indicated that the CMCS@Fe3O4 is very attractive and implies a potential of practical application for the removal of toxic heavy metals.

Biosorption of Pb<sup>2+</sup> and Cr<sup>2+</sup> Using <i>Moringa Oleifera</i> and Their Adsorption Isotherms

In the last three decades attention has been paid on environmental management caused by toxic materials such as heavy metals whose levels have risen due to increased anthropogenic activities. Conventional methods for waste treatment are numerous, some of which are expensive and sometimes inefficient. A search for cheaper and environmentally friendly method of treatment using natural products has taken a central stage in the recent past. Moringa oleifera seed powder was investigated with a view of using it as a low cost biosorbent for the removal of toxic heavy metals from wastewater. Fourier transform Infrared (FT-IR) analysis was done for characterization of Moringa oleifera seeds powder. Batch biosorption experiments of Pb2+ and Cr2+ with respect to contact time, pH, particle size, adsorbent dosage, effect of pretreatment and adsorption isotherms were studied. FT-IR showed the presence of –NH, -OH, -COOH functional groups in the biomass. The maximum biosorption capacity was observed at pH 5 for both metals, with the particle size of adsorbent of 0.250 mm and high adsorbent dosage of 0.6 g. The order of modification for Pb2+ was CaCl2 > NaOH > KMnO4 > HCl, while that of Cr2+ was KMnO4 > CaCl2 > HCl > NaOH. Although the data fitted into both the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms high correlation coefficients of about 1.00, the Langmuir gave better results than the Freundlich. The results suggest that Moringa oleifera seeds have potential application in Pb2+ and Cr2+ decontamination from aqueous effluents and that pretreatment further enhances biosorption.

Heavy Metal Removal from Wastewater Using Low Cost Adsorbents

With the onset of industrialization mankind has witnessed various environmental issues in the society. This industrialization has not only brought development and prosperity but eventually disturbed the ecosystem. One of the impacts is visible, in form of water pollution. In the present study heavy metal contamination of water bodies has been discussed. Effluents from large number of industries viz., electroplating, leather, tannery, textile, pigment & dyes, paint, wood processing, petroleum refining, photographic film production etc., contains significant amount of heavy metals in their wastewater. The conventional methods of treatment of heavy metal contamination includes chemical precipitation, chemical oxidation, ion exchange, membrane separation, reverse osmosis, electro dialysis etc. These methods are costly, energy intensive and often associated with generation of toxic byproducts. Thus, the adsorption has been investigated as a cost effective method of removal of heavy metals from wastewater. In the present study various low cost adsorbent has been reviewed as an abatement of heavy metal pollution from wastewater. These adsorbent includes materials of natural origin like zeolites, clay, peat moss and chitin are found to be an effective agent for removal of toxic heavy metals like Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, Hg, Cr etc. Apart from these various agricultural wastes like rice husk, neem bark, black gram, waste tea; Turkish coffee, walnut shell etc. were also established as a potent adsorbent for heavy metal removal. Beside that low cost industrial by products like fly ash, blast furnace sludge, waste slurry, lignin, iron (III) hydroxide and red mud, coffee husks, Areca waste, tea factory waste, sugar beet pulp, battery industry waste, sea nodule residue and grape stalk wastes have been explored for their technical feasibility to remove toxic heavy metals from contaminated water.

Characterization of Montmorillonite Biocomposite and Its Application for Trace Level Removal of Sb3+: Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies

The effluent from various industries is the potential source of water contamination during last few decades. Thus effective methods have been adopted for the removal of toxic heavy metals from industrial effluents that show carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. The present research involves removal of Sb3+ that has been investigated using chitosan-montmorillonite biocomposites. The kinetics and adsorption equilibrium was determined respectively using batch adsorption model, taking into account solution pH, contact time and initial metal ion concentration. The adsorption isotherm parameters were evaluated wherein Freundlich model best represents the experimental data. The highest adsorption capacity of 48.7 mg/g of chitosan-montmorillonite beads was attained from an initial concentration of 100 g/m3 at 300 K. The equilibrium was achieved during initial phase of contact of 10 minutes only. The biosorbent show comparable high adsorption capacity for Sb3+ and is efficiently functional in broad range of metal ion concentration from 4 mg/m3 (4 parts per billion) to 100 g/m3 (100 parts per million) of solution. The adsorption kinetics follows chemical adsorption as the rate determining step. The interaction forces between Sb3+ and adsorbent/s were determined by Fourier Transform Infrared-Attenuated Total Reflectance (FT-IR-ATR). The metal ion desorption and reusability of biosorbent/s up to three cycles was supported by 0.1 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution. The Scanning Electron Micrographs and X-Ray Diffractograms of the adsorbents before and after metal interaction were found to correspond to the batch adsorption studies of the metal ion.

Application of 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol-modified nanoporous silica as a technique in simultaneous trace monitoring and removal of toxic heavy metals in food and water samples.

Solid-phase extraction is one the most useful and efficient techniques for sample preparation, purification, cleanup, preconcentration, and determination of heavy metals at trace levels. In this paper, functionalized MCM-48 nanoporous silica with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol was applied for trace determination of copper, lead, cadmium, and nickel in water and seafood samples. The experimental conditions such as pH, sample and eluent flow rate, type, concentration and volume of the eluent, breakthrough volume, and effect of coexisting ions were optimized for efficient solid-phase extraction of trace heavy metals in different water and seafood samples. The content of solutions containing the mentioned heavy metals was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), and the limits of detection were 0.3, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.9 ng mL(-1) for cadmium, copper, nickel, and lead, respectively. Recoveries and precisions were >98.0 and <4%, respectively. The adsorption capacity of the modified nanoporous silica was 178 mg g(-1) for cadmium, 110 mg g(-1) for copper, 98 mg g(-1) for nickel, and 210 mg g(-1) for lead, respectively. The functionalized MCM-48 nanoporous silica with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol was characterized by thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), elemental analysis (CHN), and N2 adsorption surface area measurement.

Highly efficient adsorption of heavy metals from wastewaters by graphene oxide-ordered mesoporous silica materials

Novel graphene oxide-ordered mesoporous silica materials with two-dimensional mesoporous structure and large surface area were successfully fabricated through sol–gel and self-assembly methods. The synthesized materials were characterized by small-angle X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption. By taking advantage of the excellent properties, the hybrid materials were employed as the adsorbent for removal of heavy metals in environmental waters by adsorption separation—inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results showed that the materials exhibited superior adsorption capacity, the removal efficiencies for As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb reached 97.7, 96.9, 96.0, 98.5, and 78.7 %, respectively. The facile, low-cost, and environmental friendly synthesis method as well as highly efficient adsorption ability made it become a promising adsorbents for the removal of toxic heavy metals at low or trace concentrations from wastewater.

Adsorption of Zn (II) from aqueous solution by using chitin extraction from crustaceous shell

Removal of toxic heavy metals from wastewater is an important environmental challenge. In this Study, Zn (II) removal from aqueous solution by chitin extraction from crustaceous shells (shrimp and crab) was investigated. The biosorption studies were determined as a function of contact time, pH, initial metal concentration, and the amount of adsorbent. Adsorption of Zn (II) increased with decreasing concentration of the adsorbents and reached maximum uptake at 0.5 g. Effect of pH was studied in the range of 3-7 and the optimum conditions for both adsorbents were found in the range of 5-7. Zn (II) adsorption for both adsorbent was evaluated by Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherms. Results indicated that the Freundlich isotherm model was the most suitable one for the adsorption process using chitin extracted of shrimp and crab shells. The pseudo-first order and pseudo second order kinetic models were used to describe the kinetic data. The adsorption capacity (q max ) calculated from Langmuir isotherm and the values of the correlation coefficient obtained showed that chitin extracted from shrimp shells has the largest capacity and affinity for the removal of Zn (II) compared with the chitin extraction from the crab shells.

Microscopic characteristic of biological iron sulfide composites during the generation process and the association with treatment effect on heavy metal wastewater

Heavy metal pollution is a serious environmental concern worldwide, resulting in both environmental and human harm. Recently, studies have shown that environmental biotechnologies based on sulfate reduction offer a potential for removal of toxic heavy metals. Biological iron sulfide composites are iron sulfide compounds generated in situ by sulfate-reducing bacteria. In this study, microscopic morphological changes during the composites' generation process were studied, and the effect of biological iron sulfide composites in different generation phases on treatment of heavy metal wastewater was investigated to establish the correlation between macro-effect and micro-properties. The results revealed that the generation process of biological iron sulfide composites occurs in three phases: the formation phase, stationary phase, and agglomeration phase. The stationary phase can be divided into a pre-stationary phase and post-stationary phase. It was found that the best treatment time for Cr(6+) is in the pre-stationary phase, while the best treatment time for Cu(2+)and Cd(2+) is in the post-stationary phase. The results of this study further prove the benefits of treatment of heavy metal wastewater using biological sulfide composites and provide theoretical guidance in practical applications.

Biosorption of nickel by Lysinibacillus sp. BA2 native to bauxite mine

The current scenario of environmental pollution urges the need for an effective solution for toxic heavy metal removal from industrial wastewater. Bioremediation is the most cost effective process employed by the use of microbes especially bacteria resistant to toxic metals. In this study, Lysinibacillus sp. BA2, a nickel tolerant strain isolated from bauxite mine was used for the biosorption of Ni(II). Lysinibacillus sp. BA2 biomass had isoelectric point (pI) of 3.3. The maximum negative zeta potential value (−39.45) was obtained at pH 6.0 which was highly favourable for Ni(II) biosorption. 238.04mg of Ni(II) adsorbed on one gram of dead biomass and 196.32mg adsorbed on one gram of live biomass. The adsorption of Ni(II) on biomass increased with time and attained saturation after 180min with rapid biosorption in initial 30min. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms could fit well for biosorption of Ni(II) by dead biomass while Langmuir isotherm provided a better fit for live biomass based on correlation coefficient values. The kinetic studies of Ni(II) removal, using dead and live biomass was well explained by second-order kinetic model. Ni(II) adsorption on live biomass was confirmed by SEM-EDX where cell aggregation and increasing irregularity of cell morphology was observed even though cells were in non-growing state. The FTIR analysis of biomass revealed the presence of carboxyl, hydroxyl and amino groups, which seem responsible for biosorption of Ni(II). The beads made using dead biomass of Lysinibacillus sp. BA2 could efficiently remove Ni(II) from effluent solutions. These microbial cells can substitute expensive methods for treating nickel contaminated industrial wastewaters.

Extraction of Pb(II) from water samples by ionic liquid-modified silica sorbents

Removal of toxic heavy metals from water matrices is an important challenge in water pollution. In this study, a solid-phase extraction method based on physical adsorption is reported for the removal of Pb(II). Two modified silica sorbents were developed by direct immobilization of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (C4) and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (C6), respectively, on silica surface. Surface modification and characterization of adsorbents were confirmed by FTIR and SEM. Both the sorbents showed enhanced sorption capacity for Pb(II), however, sorbent loaded with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide showed relatively increased removal efficiency when compared to silica loaded with 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide. Batch studies were performed to optimize different variables that influence adsorption process i.e. effect of sorbent dosage, pH, time of contact, sorbate concentration, and temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms were applied to study adsorption phenomenon.

Modified composites based on mesostructured iron oxyhydroxide and synthetic minerals: A potential material for the treatment of various toxic heavy metals and its toxicity

The composites of mesostructured iron oxyhydroxide and/or commercial synthetic zeolite were investigated for use in the removal of toxic heavy metals, such as cadmium, copper, lead and arsenic, from aqueous solution. Four types of adsorbents, dried alginate beads (DABs), synthetic-zeolite impregnated beads (SZIBs), meso-iron-oxyhydroxide impregnated beads (MIOIBs) and synthetic-zeolite/meso-iron-oxyhydroxide composite beads (SZMIOIBs), were prepared for heavy metal adsorption tests. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the removal efficiencies of cations and anions of heavy metals and the possibility of regenerating the adsorbents. Among these adsorbents, the MIOIBs can simultaneously remove cations and anions of heavy metals; they have high adsorption capacities for lead (60.1mgg−1) and arsenic (71.9mgg−1) compared with other adsorbents, such as DABs (158.1 and 0.0mgg−1), SZIB (42.9 and 0.0mgg−1) and SZMIOIB (54.0 and 5.9mgg−1) for lead and arsenic, respectively. Additionally, the removal efficiency was consistent at approximately 90%, notwithstanding repetitive regeneration. The characteristics of meso-iron-oxyhydroxide powder were confirmed by X-ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller and transmission electron microscopy. We also performed a comparative toxicity study that indicated that much lower concentrations of the powdered form of mesostructured iron oxyhydroxide had stronger cytotoxicity than the granular form. These results suggest that the granular form of meso iron oxyhydroxide is a more useful and safer adsorbent for heavy metal treatment than the powdered form. This research provides promising results for the application of MIOIBs as an adsorbent for various heavy metals from wastewater and sewage.