Removal Of Red Dye Research Articles

Ultrahigh adsorption capacity of a new metal sieve-like structure nanocomposite-based chitosan-graphene oxide nanosheet coated with poly-o-toluidine for the removal of Acid Red dye from the aquatic environment

This article describes an easy and simple method to remove a toxic Acid Red dye from aqueous solution. Ternary poly(O-toluidine)/graphene oxide/chitosan P(OT)/GO/CS nanocomposites (NCs) were fabricated by an oxidative polymerization technique to remove Acid Red (A.R.) dye from aqueous solutions using solid-phase extraction. The P(OT)/GO/CS NCs exhibit a metal sieve-like structure consisting of GO nanosheets and a core shell-shell porous structure, which provides several adsorption sites and channels for the transport of dye molecules. FTIR, XRD, RAMAN, TEM, SEM, BET, and TGA-DTG investigations were carried out on NCs. To investigate the removal effectiveness of the NCs using adsorbent dose, pH and solution temperature, shaking time, and ionic strength. Experimental adsorption findings, utilizing 15 mg of solid-phase NCs, can remove the majority of the A.R. dye in 75 min at pH 2.0 with an adsorption efficiency and an adsorption capacity of 99.6% and 169.5 mg/g, respectively. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model best captures the adsorption process of A.R. dye on the NC solid phase, according to experimental data. Thermodynamically, the removal process was endothermic, spontaneous, and associated with increasing randomness. Finally, NCs were tested by removing A.R. dye from real samples. NCs removed A.R. dye from aqueous solutions for four cycles.

Enhancing the adsorption capacity of green/chemical synthesized hematite nanoparticles by copper doping: removal of toxic Congo red dye and antioxidant activity

Enhancing the adsorption capacity of green/chemical synthesized hematite nanoparticles by copper doping: removal of toxic Congo red dye and antioxidant activity

Congo red dye removal using modified banana leaves: Adsorption equilibrium, kinetics, and reusability analysis

Congo red (CR) dye is a synthetic azo dye expansively used in the textile industry, is discharged to aquatic environments, and is toxic to humans and aquatic flora. The performance of cationic amino-modified banana leaves (CMBL) for CR dye sequestration was evaluated first time in this study. The surface modification of CMBL was analyzed using Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum and compared with raw banana leaves powder (RBL). The optimum condition for CR dye adsorption using CMBL was optimized using Central Composite Design (CCD) by investigating four critical operating parameters: contact time, pH, RBL/CMBL doses, and initial CR dye concentrations. The proposed model (quadratic) was acceptable due to the high values of correlation coefficients R2 (0.96) and adjusted R2 (0.92). The CMBL exhibited maximum removal efficiency of 76.82% towards CR dye at pH 3 compared to RBL, i.e., 19.63%. Electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding were the primary removal mechanisms for the CR dye adsorption process using CMBL. Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model exhibited a strong correlation for experimental data and reported a correlation coefficient (R2) of more than 0.99. In addition, CMBL showed excellent reusability for the adsorption of CR dye even after three consecutive adsorption-desorption experiments.

Synthesis and characterization of metal oxide dopped beaded sugarcane bagasse fly ash for direct red 28 dye removal

The direct red 28 (DR28) dye discharging into the water body creates toxicity to aquatic organisms because of its aromatic structure with difficult degradation and accumulation in the organisms, so DR28 dye-contaminated wastewater is required to be treat before release. This study aimed to synthesize and characterize sugarcane bagasse fly ash beads (SBFB), sugarcane bagasse fly ash beads doped with titanium dioxide (SBFBT), aluminum oxide (SBFBA), zinc oxide (SBFBZ), and magnesium oxide (SBFBM) for removing DR28 dye, and their DR28 dye removal efficiencies were studied by batch experiments, effect of ionic strength, adsorption isotherms, kinetics, thermodynamic studies, and desorption experiments. SBFBM had higher surface area and pore volume than others. They were rough surfaces with irregular structures and consisted of carbon, oxygen, silica, calcium, chloride, sodium, Si–OH, C = O, T − O − T (T = Al or Si), C − O − C, and Si − H. They could remove DR28 dye by more than 82%, whereas SBFBM demonstrated the highest DR28 dye removal efficiency at 98.31%. The ionic strength had little effect on their DR28 dye adsorptions. They corresponded to Freundlich model except for SBFB, and they corresponded to pseudo-second-order kinetic model. They were favorable DR28 dye adsorption with increasing temperatures, and they could reuse more than 5 cycles.

Synthesis of a novel porous organic polymer containing triazine and cyclohexanone rings as an efficient methyl red adsorbent from aqueous solutions

In this research, a new porous organic polymer based on triazine and cyclohexanone rings was synthesized via Schiff base condensation, and its performance as an adsorbent for the removal of Methyl Red dye from aqueous solution was investigated. The synthesized polymer was characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, EDS, TEM, TGA, and BET analyses. Five important parameters of pH (4–10), contact time (10–120 min), adsorbent dose (5–10 mg), initial dye concentration (10–70 mg/L), and temperature (25–45 °C) were investigated to optimize the adsorption conditions. Solution pH of 4, contact time of 80 min, adsorbent dose of 8 mg, initial dye concentration of 50 mg/L, and temperature of 45 °C were obtained as the best conditions for the adsorption of methyl red dye. Two widely used Langmuir and Freundlich models were employed to investigate the adsorption isotherm, and the obtained data showed that the adsorption process follows the Langmuir isotherm with a correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.9784) which indicates monolayer adsorption. The achieved maximum adsorption capacity was 178.57 mg/g. Also, the results of kinetic studies indicate that the adsorption process follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic, which suggests that chemical interactions play an important role in dye removal. Furthermore, the results showed that the adsorption process of methyl red dye by polymer is endothermic.

Adsorption Activity of Spent Coffee Grounds Biochar for the Removal of Vivizole Red 3BS Dye from Aqueous Solution

Adsorption Activity of Spent Coffee Grounds Biochar for the Removal of Vivizole Red 3BS Dye from Aqueous Solution

Development of a Nanoscale (Mg/Al)-LDH Coated Waterworks Sludge Sorbent for Efficient Congo Red Dye Removal – Batch Kinetics and Isotherm Studies

Development of a Nanoscale (Mg/Al)-LDH Coated Waterworks Sludge Sorbent for Efficient Congo Red Dye Removal – Batch Kinetics and Isotherm Studies

Congo red dye removal from aqueous solution by encapsulated eggshell membrane using central composite design

Eggshell is solid wastes produced from the food industry. Commonly, eggshell and its membrane used to treat water pollution such as heavy metal removal and also dye removal. Thus, on the treatment process, it’s was having the material handling problem, which was needed filtration method to remove out the adsorbent from the solution, and it was not efficient when commercializing in the wastewater treatment plant. Therefore, this study was using alcohol-sodium alginate (PVA/SA) to encapsulate the eggshell membrane, and this encapsulation method also would be able to enhance the performance of raw material on the dye adsorption. In this study, the eggshell membrane (ESM) are prepared in bead form, and the optimization of the bead are performed by the removal of congo red dye at several parameters such as pH, initial dye concentration, contact time, and dosage of ESM. The central composite design was selected to optimize the adsorption process by generating 30 runs of the experiment using software Design Expert® version 11. The Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis are used to characterize the ESM bead. There was found out that main functional group on ESM bead contribute on adsorption process were carbonyl group, hydroxyl group and ESM bead also having the 42.74 nm of pore size. The optimize point for each parameter was 12.63mg/L of initial dye concentration, 6.12 g of ESM dosage, pH 2.19 and 12.83 min of contact time and the optimum congo red dye removal efficiency was 98.86 %.

The Utilization of Pectin as Natural Coagulant-Aid in Congo Red Dye Removal

Coagulation using inorganic compounds such as aluminum sulfate is commonly used in water-wastewater treatment. However, there are some drawbacks to its utilization, such as a significant decrease in the treated water’s pH, non-biodegradable sludge, and a potential negative impact on human mental health (dementia and Alzheimer's). The use of inorganic coagulants can be minimized with the addition of natural-based coagulant-aid such as pectin. In this study, Congo red solution, a model dye substance, was coagulated by varying the pH (3–7) using alum coagulant to determine the best pH for coagulation. At the best pH, pectin was introduced at various doses (0–30 mg/L), and subsequently various dye concentrations (50–100 mg/L). The effect of pectin as coagulant-aid was compared with aluminum sulfate and pectin only; with a response of %removal and sludge volume. It was found that the Congo red dye coagulation had the best %removal at pH 6 indicating a charge neutralization mechanism. The addition of 15 mg/L pectin at an aluminum sulfate dose of 30 mg/L resulted in 97.7% dye removal with a sludge volume of 14 mL/L at a Congo red concentration of 50 mg/L. This value is higher compared to those of aluminum sulfate and pectin only which gave 75.6 and 3.19% removals, respectively. Furthermore, the addition of pectin as a natural coagulant-aid could halve the sludge volume due to the formation of denser flocs. The results show a promising potential of pectin as a natural coagulant-aid in water-wastewater treatment.

Polydopamine-mediated grafting polyethylenimine on blended polystyrene/dopamine electrospun nanofibrous adsorbent for removal Congo red from water

In this work, the water-soluble polyethyleneimine (PEI) was grafted onto the blended polystyrene (PS) and dopamine (PS/DA) electrospun fiber by using polydopamine (PDA) as an intermediate layer (PS/DA@PDA@PEI) to develop the water purification material toward Congo red (CR) dye removal. The morphology and structure of the obtained fibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Batch adsorption experiments were performed to investigate pH impacts, comparative adsorption, kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics. In comparison with PS/DA fibers and (PS/DA)@PDA fibers, the PS/DA@PDA@PEI fibers exhibited much higher CR adsorption capacity. The adsorption results also showed that the adsorption process toward CR by PS/DA@PDA@PEI fibers followed the Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order model. Meanwhile, the thermodynamic study revealed that CR removal was both spontaneous and endothermic. Further, the PS/DA@PDA@PEI loaded with CR can be recycled with HCl solution, which can be used repeatedly for CR adsorption. This work indicates that PS/DA@PDA@PEI fibers have great potential to be used as promising adsorbents for CR removal from water.

One-pot green synthesis of magnetic adsorbent via Anabaena sphaerica and its performance towards Remazol Red dye removal from aqueous media

A simple one-pot green approach was adopted for synthesizing novel surface-modified Anabaena sphaerica biomass of various functional groups with the superparamagnetic Fe3O4. The preparation strategy was based on the reduction of iron-precursor by the antioxidants released from Anabaena sphaerica during the solvothermal process. The prepared materials were applied for Remazol Red F3B (RR) dye removal. The adsorptive material prepared by 1:3 Anabaena sphaerica to Fe-precursor weight ratio as starting materials heated at 200 °C/48 h removed ∼ 98% of RR dye (10 mg/L) after only 15 min at pH 3. The reusability of the best sample was confirmed for five consecutive runs. Langmuir best described the adsorption equilibrium data, while Elovich's kinetic model best fitted the experiment data even at low adsorbent dosage. Conclusively, the prepared magnetic biosorbents were demonstrated as good adsorbents for water decontamination.

Biosorption of Congo red dye removal from aqueous solution using fennel seed spent and garlic peel

Biosorption of Congo red dye removal from aqueous solution using fennel seed spent and garlic peel

Efficient removal of congo red dye using activated lychee peel biochar supported Ca-Cr layered double hydroxide

Congo red is a known carcinogenic and mutagenic dye, so its presence in bodies of water is dangerous. The present work aims to synthesize and characterize a layered double hydroxide (LDH)-biochar composite and evaluate its application in the adsorption of Congo red dye (CR). CaCr/LDH was anchored over lychee activated biochar through coprecipitation. The composite was characterized using scanning electronic mapping (SEM), energy-dispersive spectrometer SEM (EDS-SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD) and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET). The effect of pH, adsorption kinetics, isotherms, ionic strength, and thermodynamic parameters were evaluated. The pH results show a stable adsorption capacity in a useful range of pH (pH 4–9). Adsorption kinetics fitted the Elovich model, suggesting a heterogeneous system. The maximum adsorption capacity value (qe) calculated was achieved by applying the Sips model, with 631.1 mg g−1 at 50 °C. Ionic strength experiments show that the capacity increased with increasing NaCl concentration, which is desirable for real use as other ions are commonly present in dye wastewater. π-π interactions and hydrogen bonding seems to be involved in the adsorption mechanisms. CaCr-LDH/lychee biochar has better structure stability over several adsorption–desorption cycles with anionic exchange regeneration (in comparison with thermal regeneration), wide operational pH and high adsorption capacity. Therefore, this new composite presents a very good potential for the adsorption of dye from waste- or ground- water.

Removal of Congo Red Dye Using Green Kyllinga Weed Extract and Silver Nanoparticles as Catalysts

This study describes the ability of green kyllinga weed extract (GKWE) with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as catalysts for the removal of congo red (CR) dye from synthetic coloring wastewater. AgNPs were synthesized using GKWE as a reducing agent, resulting in the formation of AgNPs with an average size of 17.64 nm. For the catalytic study, the experiment was carried out in batch mode. Different parameters such as the effect of pH, amount of AgNPs as a catalyst, initial CR dye concentration, and amount of GKWE were evaluated for the removal of CR dye for 30 mins reaction times. The CR removal was achieved between 91.2% and 96.7% at the optimum condition which is at pH 2, 0.5 mL of 2 mM AgNPs as a catalyst, 60-100 mg/L of initial CR dye concentration, and 1 mL amount of GKWE were used. The result showed that the combination between GKWE and AgNPs had a synergy interaction in enhancing the removal of CR dye from coloring wastewater via the coagulation-flocculation and sedimentation process.

Removal of remazol red dye in batik wastewater using natural coagulant of moringa seeds

Removal of remazol red dye in batik wastewater using natural coagulant of moringa seeds

Congo Red Removal From Aqueous Solutions by Ion ExchangerAmberliteLA-2

Amberlite LA-2 was used as an ion exchanger to remove Congo red dye from aqueous solution. The effect of the initial concentration of dye and the initial concentration of Amberlite LA-2 on the efficiency of dye removal from the aqueous phase to the organic phase at different contact times, temperatures and pH values was studied. this research aims to study the potential of using Amberlite LA-2 as an extracting material for Congo red dye removal. UV-visible Spectrophotometer were used to assay the dye concentration in the aqueous solution before and after removal. Distribution coefficients (KD), loading capacity (Z), and extraction efficiency (E%) were computed using experimental data. The maximum extraction efficiency of 99.69 % was obtained with a loading capacity of 384.366 mol/kg. The obtained results also indicated that the removal of dye increases with the increase in the concentration of Amberlite LA-2. The best removal was obtained in a neutral medium (pH = 7), a temperature of 20 oC. A mechanism of extraction by Amberlite LA-2 was also proposed.

Preparation and Characterization of a New Bis-Uracil Chitosan-Based Hydrogel as Efficient Adsorbent for Removal of Anionic Congo Red Dye

A new hydrogel, based on chitosan crosslinked with 2-chlorophenyl-bis(6-amino-1,3-dimethyluracil-5-yl) methane, (2Clph-BU-Cs), has been successfully created. Various instrumental techniques such as elemental analysis, FTIR, SEM, and XRD were used to prove its structure. Its removal efficiency for anionic Congo red (CR) dye under different conditions for industrial wastewater treatment was studied. For optimizing the conditions to maximize CR dye removal, the impacts of temperature, contact time, pH, and initial concentration of the dye on adsorption capacity were investigated. The removal of the dye was pH-dependent, with a much higher value achieved at pH 4 than at pH 7 and 9. The maximum adsorption capacity of the hydrogel was 93.46 mg g-1. The model of adsorption process was fitted to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The intraparticle diffusion demonstrated the multi-step nature of the adsorption process. The thermodynamic results showed that the adsorption process was endothermic because of the positive value of enthalpy (43.70 kJ mol-1). The process of adsorption at high temperatures was spontaneous, according to the values of ∆G0. An increase in randomness was seen in the value of ∆S°. Generally, the investigated hydrogel has the potential to be used as a promising effective reusable adsorbent for industrial wastewater remediation.

Removal of wood dyes from aqueous solutions by sorption on untreated pine (Pinus radiata) sawdust

In this work, the possibility of using un-treated pine (Pinus radiata) sawdust as biosorbent for the removal of three wood dyes (blue, red and black) from aqueous solutions was investigated. The BET surface area of the material was 1.55 ± 0.81 m2 g−1 using N2 at − 196 °C and 17.83 ± 0.032 m2 g−1 using CO2 at 0 °C. The point of zero charge was 4.8. In addition, the material was characterized before and after adsorption by surface analytical techniques. Assays were performed to analize the stability of wood dyes with time and pH and also to estimate the pKa values. Batch adsorption experiments were performed and the influence of experimental parameters such as contact time (up to equilibrium), stirring rate (100 and 210 rpm), adsorbent dose (2–10 g L−1), pH (2–9) and initial dye concentration (5 and 300 mg L−1) were studied. The optimum conditions were pH 2 and adsorbent dose of 6 g L−1 and the highest adsorption percentages achieved at 5 mg L−1 were: 100.0% for the blue, 99.7% for the black and 92.4% for the red. For 300 mg L−1 adsorption efficiency decreased to 85.6, 57.0 and 63.8% for the blue, black and red ones, respectively. Kinetic data were best fitted to the pseudo-second order model, suggesting a chemisorption process. Freundlich and Dubidin-Radushkevich were the best isotherm models. Regeneration study showed that un-treated pine sawdust could be reused efficiently for red dye removal at least in up to four repeated adsorption–desorption cycles using NaOH as desorption agent.

Phenol red dye removal from wastewater using TiO2-FSM-16 and Ni-FSM-16 photocatalysts

In this study, the performance of Ni-FSM-16 and TiO2-FSM-16 photocatalysts in phenol red removal was explored. The XRD, FE-SEM, and BET tests were used to characterize the catalysts. All experiments were performed at ambient temperature and under UV (20 W). The parameters including dye concentration (20–80 mg/L), photocatalyst concentration (0–8 g/L), UV exposure duration, and contact time (0–160 min) were optimized using RSM software. BET values of Ni-FSM-16 and TiO2-FSM-16 were 718.63 m2/g and 844.93 m2/g, respectively. TiO2-FSM-16 showed better performance in dye removal than Ni-FSM-16. At pH 3, the maximum dye removal by TiO2-FSM-16/UV and Ni-FSM-16/UV was obtained 87% and 64%, respectively. The positive hole species had the main role in photocatalytic phenol red removal. The reusability study was done for up to 7 cycles, but the catalysts can be reused effectively for up to 3 cycles. The synergistic factor for the TiO2-FSM-16 and TiO2-FSM-16/UV processes were calculated to be 1.55 and 2.12, respectively. The dye removal efficiency by TiO2-carbon and Ni-carbon was slightly lower than those obtained by the FSM-16 ones. The TiO2-FSM-16 and Ni-FSM-16 catalysts had a suitable surface and acceptable efficiency in phenol red removal.

Superior efficacies adsorptions on hydrotalcite-like compound as dual-functional clay nanomaterial for heavy metals and anionic dyes

Layered double hydroxide (LDH) calcined material, noted as flower-like Mg(Al)xOy clay nanostructures, with a Mg2+/Al3+ ratio of 2/1 has been involved as a potential low-cost adsorbent for the removal of cadmium ion and Congo red (CR) dye from wastewaters. The characterization was performed by FE-SEM, BET, TEM, XRD, FT-IR, and XPS analysis. A detailed study regarding the influence of pH, flower-like Mg(Al)xOy clay nanostructures dose, initial concentration, contact time, temperature, and desorption study was conducted for cadmium ion. Both Freundlich and Langmuir models fit the obtained data. Based on the thermodynamic results, the adsorption process for cadmium ion using the proposed adsorbent is spontaneous. The flower-like Mg(Al)xOy clay nanostructures material presents good recyclability after three cycles of adsorption/desorption. Also, this report includes a preliminary study (effect of initial concentration, temperature and contact time) regarding the capacity of flower-like Mg(Al)xOy clay nanostructures material to remove an anionic dye, i.e. CR. Kinetic data for the removal of both pollutants were best fitted by the pseudo second order kinetic model. Since the structure of the prepared material can allow cadmium ion and CR dye to be adsorbed in high amounts (up to 625 mg/g for cadmium ion and 1666.6 mg/g for CR dye), the water quality may considerably be improved.