Removal Of Paracetamol Research Articles

Magnetized cellulosic material from Cannabis biomass as a green adsorbent: Effective removal of paracetamol from wastewater

Magnetized cellulosic material from Cannabis biomass as a green adsorbent: Effective removal of paracetamol from wastewater

Optimisation of nanofiltration process for pharmaceutically active compounds: Removal of paracetamol, diclofenac and metoprolol

Optimisation of nanofiltration process for pharmaceutically active compounds: Removal of paracetamol, diclofenac and metoprolol

Efficient removal of paracetamol, diclofenac sodium, and tetracycline using green synthesized Fe-zn co-doped sunflower seed shells

ABSTRACT In this study, carbon material obtained from sunflower seed shells and doped with Fe and Zn using mint extract (Fe-Zn-SSSC) was prepared, and the usability of this adsorbent in the removal of paracetamol, diclofenac sodium, and tetracycline was investigated. Fe-Zn-SSSC was characterized by SEM-EDX and FTIR. Additionally, the effects of pH and adsorbent dosage on the removal of paracetamol, diclofenac sodium, and tetracycline were investigated. The removal rates of paracetamol, diclofenac sodium, and tetracycline were obtained as 88.7%, 65.4%, and 76.0% at a pH of 4, after 1 hour of adsorption with 5 g/L Fe-Zn-SSSC, respectively. The best removal of paracetamol, diclofenac sodium, and tetracycline was obtained at pH 4, with qmax values calculated as 14.51 mg/g, 6.33 mg/g, and 8.99 mg/g, respectively. It was determined that the adsorption of paracetamol, diclofenac sodium, and tetracycline with Fe-Zn-SSSC was more compatible with the Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. As a result, this study demonstrates that carbon materials synthesized from sunflower seed shells can serve as an effective and low-cost adsorbent for drug from water.

Study and scaling-up of multi-tip pulsed-corona air discharges for degradation of paracetamol

Abstract This study investigates the paracetamol removal efficiency by multi-tip pulsed corona discharges, highlighting the conditions avoiding mutual effects between two consecutive streamer branching discharges generated by each tip. The results show that the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) in the liquid phase and the efficiency of paracetamol removal are influenced by the distance between two contiguous tips due to the mutual effects for small inter-tip distances between 4 mm and 8 mm in the case of a fixed inter-electrode distance of 5 mm (i.e. distance between the tip summit and the water surface). Beyond an inter-tip distance of 12 mm (over twice the gap distance), the mutual effects of branching discharges were no longer observed since the field lines did not overlap, making the production and absorption of liquid-phase species more efficient. Furthermore, RONS production was almost linear when moving from one to four tip electrodes: [H2O2]1tip: 0.52 mg l–1 versus [H2O2]4tips: 1.99 mg l–1, a ratio of 3.82. Optimum values were reached for an inter-tip distance of 16 mm. In this case, the enhancement factor in this reactor configuration is the surface integration between the plasma and the liquid surface to be treated. Furthermore, the results show a quasi-exponential increase in the percentage of paracetamol degradation as a function of the number of electrodes, from 4% with a mono-tip configuration to over 78% for a treatment with a four tip one.

Chitosan supported hetero-metallic bio-nanocomposites for paracetamol removal from homogeneous solutions and heterogeneous mixtures with focused antibacterial studies

Biopolymers infused with bimetallic nanoparticles exhibit a wide range of functionalities necessary for efficiently eliminating diverse water contaminants. However, the protracted production process requires further exploration. As such, present study seeks to optimize microwave-assisted technique for the facile synthesis of cross-linked chitosan (CTS) supported bimetallic-oxide nanoparticles, specifically zinc oxide (ZnO) and iron-oxide (Fe3O4), denoted as CTS-TTP/Zn-Fe. The primary objective is to investigate the efficacy of these beads in the removal of Paracetamol (PCM) from single and complex water matrices while also assessing their antibacterial properties. Characterization includes chemical composition, surface structures, thermal stability, and magnetic properties. The experimental results demonstrated that CTS-TPP/Zn-Fe beads achieved a remarkable PCM removal efficiency of ~99 % (qm = 4.98 mg g−1), with a Zn:Fe mole ratio of 1:1. The experimental data showed good applicability with Freundlich isotherm and chemisorption-supported rate models (R2 > 0.9). To evaluate the long-term viability and practicality of these beads, three crucial field applicability tests were conducted. These encompassed competition studies with other pharmaceuticals, desorption investigations for repeated use, and efficiency evaluations in an ionic solution. Collectively, this research provides a comprehensive understanding, spanning from material design to practical applications, with potential relevance for large-scale wastewater treatment when coupled with appropriate flux control measures.

Bacterial bioaugmentation for paracetamol removal from water and sewage sludge. Genomic approaches to elucidate biodegradation pathway

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are recognized as significant contributors of paracetamol (APAP) into the environment due to their limited ability to degrade it. This study used a bioaugmentation strategy with Pseudomonas extremaustralis CSW01 and Stutzerimonas stutzeri CSW02 to achieve APAP biodegradation in solution in wide ranges of temperature (10-40oC) and pH (5-9), reaching DT50 values < 1.5hours to degrade 500mgL-1 APAP. Bacterial strains also mineralized APAP in solution (<30%), but when forming consortia with Mycolicibacterium aubagnense HPB1.1, mineralization significantly increased (up to 74% and 58% for CSW01+HPB1.1 and CSW02+HPB1.1, respectively), decreasing DT50 values to only 1 and 9 days. Despite the complete degradation of APAP and its high mineralization, residual toxicity throughout the process was observed. Three APAP metabolites were identified (4-aminophenol, hydroquinone and trans-2-hexenoic acid) that quickly disappeared, but residual toxicity remained, indicating the presence of other non-detected intermediates. CSW01 and CSW02 degraded also 100% APAP (50mgkg-1) adsorbed on sewage sludge, with DT50 values of only 0.7 and 0.3 days, respectively, but < 15% APAP was mineralized. A genome-based analysis of CSW01 and CSW02 revealed that amidases, deaminases, hydroxylases, and dioxygenases enzymes were involved APAP biodegradation, and a possible metabolic pathway was proposed. Environmental ImplicationThe wide use of paracetamol (APAP) involves ecological risks, being considered an emerging pollutant. APAP excreted by humans ends up in WWTPs, where its elimination is not complete, remaining in part in the effluent treated waters (discharged into surface waters used for soil irrigation) and in part adsorbed on sewage sludge (used as fertilizer in agricultural soils). APAP bioremediation in WWTPs is the unique opportunity to remove it from both matrices before its dispersion in the environment.The novelty of this study is the isolation of two bacterial strains from sewage sludge, P. extremaustralis CSW01 and S. stutzeri CSW02, that could degrade very high concentrations of APAP and their main formed metabolites, both in water and, for the first time, in sewage sludge, in very short periods of time, and even reach high percentages of APAP mineralization in water. Moreover, CSW01 and CSW02 were active under wide ranges of temperature and pH, and are therefore excellent candidates for the chance to achieve a reduction of APAP toxicity in the environment. In addition, by a genome-based analysis, enzymes possibly involved in APAP biodegradation have been identified and a possible degradation pathway has been proposed.

Removal of amoxicillin and paracetamol from water by carbon from peanuts skin waste material

Recent studies show that amoxicillin (AMX) and paracetamol (PRC) are among the most frequently prescribed drugs worldwide. As a result, these substances and their derivatives inevitably end up in water systems. This is a concern for human health and the environment in general. This research investigated the effectiveness of peanut skin in adsorbing AMX and PRC from water. Pristine (PPS), carbonised (CPS) and activated peanut skin (ACPS) were produced and characterised using SEM, EXD XRD and FTIR. The SEM images showed that the morphology of PPS is amorphous and has a high content of fatty acids. After carbonisation (CPS) and activation (ACPS), the samples had an improved surface, which is heterogeneous with well-developed pores and voids. The EDX shows that (C) and oxygen (O) are the main elements with traces of heteroatoms. The effect of initial concentration on adsorption showed that the adsorption increased gradually from 20–100 mg/L. It was observed that the removal of AMX gradually decreased with increasing temperature of the reaction mixture. This occurred with all adsorbents and confirmed that adsorption was exothermic. In contrast, the removal of PRC was enhanced by increasing the temperature of the reaction mixture. The trends for PRC confirm that the uptake is endothermic. The adsorption data were described by Freundlich and PSOM. The highest removal was observed at an initial pH of 6 and 8 for PRC and AMX respectively. The △G° values were negative, indicating that adsorption was favoured and feasible for AMX and PRC on all adsorbents. △S° was negative for all adsorbents, indicating that freedom at the solid-solution interface was restricted when adsorption reached equilibrium. FTIR analysis after adsorption showed that synergistic uptake mechanisms such as hydrogen bonding, Yoshida hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic and π-π interactions facilitated the adsorption of AMX and PRC. The adsorbents had adsorption capacities of 20.82, 32.76, and 35.98 mg/g for PRC and 12.36, 17.67, and 19.59 mg/g for AMX by PPS, CPS and ACPS, respectively.

Evaluation, optimization study, and life cycle assessment of novel eco-friendly PVA-based nanocomposite hydrogel adsorbents for methylene blue and paracetamol removal

In this study, an eco-friendly and novel hydrogel based on a crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), iota carrageenan (IC) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) scaffold, containing a large amount (10–50 wt%) of nanoscale palm fronds (NPF) as additives, for water purification was demonstrated. A life cycle assessment (LCA) findings on NPF as biomass waste incorporated into PVA_PVP_IC polymer matrix was presented, and the results highlight the necessity of focused actions to reduce environmental impact and support the palm waste utilization in a sustainable manner. The multicomponent nanocomposite hydrogels were examined as adsorbents in a system work in batches for methylene blue (MB) and paracetamol (PCT) removal. The results show that, the presence of NPF, which dispersed in the hydrogel PVA_PVP_IC scaffolds containing both covalent and non-covalent cross-linking bonds, greatly enhanced the MB and PCT adsorption efficiency. A response surface methodology (RSM) model was used to find the best operating parameters of contaminant adsorption, including time, adsorbent dose, and starting concentration of pollutants. By using this statistical model, it was found that the optimal conditions for the adsorption reaction to achieve the complete removal of MB are 66.7 h adsorption time duration, 98.5 mg L−1 starting concentration, and an adsorbent dose of 5.9 mg, while for the complete removal of PCT, it is 57.6 h adsorption time duration, 80 mg L−1 starting concentration, and an adsorbent dose of 6 mg. The reusability of the nanocomposite hydrogels were tested for 5 cycles, all showed high adsorption capacity, indicating the potential for practical application of this nanocomposite hydrogel system. This study indicates that the prepared nanocomposite hydrogel raises the standard used for treatment of wastewater and also gives a solution to protect the environment and mitigate global warming.

Advanced Treatment: Tackling Paracetamol with Fenton Oxidation and Membrane Hybrid Processes

Paracetamol (PCT) in aquatic environments has become a global concern due to its potential harm to humans and environments. However, conventional water treatment was only able to degrade PCT partially. It was necessary to treat PCT contaminated water with tertiary technologies in particular by combination approach, such as Fenton oxidation and membrane filtration process. This combined approach enabling mitigation of large chemical footprint and iron residue associated with Fenton oxidation, as well as reducing fouling tendency of the membrane. The aim of this study was to evaluate the PCT removal efficiency by hybrid technology Fenton oxidation and membrane filtration. The membrane performance during the filtration process was also analyzed. As an important parameter for Fenton process, concentration of H 2 O 2 /Fe 2+ with ratio of 1:0.5 resulted in optimal removal of 45% PCT in terms of COD removal. However, separation using flat sheet Polyethersulfone Ultrafiltration (UF) with constant flux of 120 L/m²·h resulted in insignificant of COD removal. Nevertheless, the UF process was able to remove up to 54% of Fe 2+ at pH in alkaline condition with 8.5. In addition, a decrease in membrane permeability down to 0.2 L/m²h/bar over time, according to the filtered specific volume during the UF process, indicates fouling of the UF membrane during the 120 minutes of filtration. While the combined approach does not show significant improvement in COD removal, it does help to reduce the chemical footprint of the process, which is an important factor for the applicability of the selected water treatment method.

Removal of ibuprofen and paracetamol from water using a blend activated carbon from paper waste and avocado seeds

The presence of pharmaceuticals in water is a major problem worldwide. To alleviate this, this study produced carbon blends from avocado seeds and paper waste and activated them with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric acid (HNO3) and potassium permanganate (KMnO4). The effectiveness of the adsorbents was tested in removing ibuprofen (IBU) and paracetamol (PRC) from water. Characterization of the adsorbents by SEM, BET, FTIR and TGA revealed that the morphology was porous, with a large surface area and several functional groups bound to the surface. The concentration effect experiments showed that the uptake of IBU and PRC increased with an increasing initial concentration and that these data were consistent with the Freundlich model. The contact time effect showed that the uptake of PRC was rapid in the initial phase for all the adsorbents. However, the rate gradually slowed down and equilibrium was reached after 40 min for BCMN, 60 min for BCMH and BCMP and 120 min for BCM. IBU, on the other hand, showed that equilibrium was reached after 30 min for BCMN, BCMH and BCMP and after 120 min for BCM. These data complemented the PSOM. The model is based on chemisorption, where electrons are transferred and shared, and hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions. The △Ho value confirms that the sorption of IBU and PRC was endothermic. The △So was positive, indicating greater freedom at the solution interface during uptake.

Sustainable removal of tetracycline and paracetamol from water using magnetic activated carbon derived from pine fruit waste

This work presents highly porous magnetic activated carbon nanoparticles (MPFRC-A) derived from pine fruit residue. The MPFRC-A were produced through a three-step process: physical activation (carbonization temperature: 110–550 °C), chemical activation (H2SO4 (0.1 N, 96%)), and co-precipitation. These nanoparticles were then used to remove tetracycline (TC) and paracetamol (PC) from water. Functionalization with Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the surface of the pine fruit residue-derived activated carbon (PFRC-A) resulted in high saturation magnetization, allowing for separation from aqueous solution using an external magnet. The MPFRC-A adsorbent was characterized by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses, In the experimental section, the effects of various factors on the adsorption process were investigated, including pH, contact time, initial pollutant concentrations, adsorbent dosage, and temperature. Based on these investigations, adsorption isotherm models and kinetics were studied and determined. The results showed that MPFRC-A exhibited a large specific surface area (182.5 m2/g) and a high total pore volume (0.33 cm3/g). The maximum adsorption capacity was achieved at pH 6 and 5 for PC and TC drugs with an adsorbent dose of 400 mg and an initial concentration of 20 mg/L at 25 °C. The study revealed that the experimental data were well-fitted by the Langmuir isotherm model (R2 > 0.98), with maximum uptake capacities of 43.75 mg/g for TC and 41.7 mg/g for PC. Outcomes of the adsorption thermodynamics shows non-spontaneity of the reaction and the adsorption process by all adsorbents was endothermic.

Molecularly imprinted polymer based on deep eutectic solvent as functional monomer for paracetamol adsorption

Paracetamol, a popular analgesic, has been linked to harmful health effects, such as kidney and liver damage. The detection of paracetamol in the environment and its overdose use in humans and animals has raised global concerns, highlighting the need for its efficient removal or detection in real samples. In this study, a deep eutectic solvent-molecularly imprinted polymer (DES-MIP) was synthesized and applied as an adsorbent to recognize the removal of paracetamol selectively. DES-MIP was synthesized using a deep eutectic solvent (DES) as a functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a crosslinker, and paracetamol as a template. DES was initially prepared by combining choline chloride (ChCl) with methacrylic acid at a molar ratio of 1:2. A deep eutectic solvent-non-imprinted polymer (DES-NIP) was synthesized as a control. The characterization analysis, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning emission microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) was conducted for both polymers to confirm the synthesis occurred. The selectivity study inferred that DES-MIP (15.95 mg/g) was more selective towards paracetamol than DES-NIP (7.00 mg/g). Response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with central composite design (CCD) was employed to examine the effect of pH, contact time, and dosage on paracetamol adsorption. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrated the relative significance of process parameters in the adsorption process. The contact time and dosage were found to be more significant than the pH. The result indicated that the optimal conditions for paracetamol adsorption were pH 7, 35 min, and 5.5 mg. The behavior of paracetamol adsorption on DES-MIP was well-fitted using the second-order kinetic and Langmuir isothermal models, respectively. Then, the DES-MIP with optimized parameter studies was applied to herbs, medicine, and dietary supplements, achieving good recoveries of 94.46 %, 86.79 %, and 85.13 % and relative standard deviations (RSD) of 1.15 %, 2.39 %, and 2.52 %, respectively.

The mechanistic pathway of paracetamol degradation using UV/H2O2 with PVP functionalized ZnO Nanorods

In the present investigation the mechanistic pathway of photocatalytic degrdation of paracetamol using Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) functionalized ZnO nanorods (NRs) as a photocatalyst and catalysts' photostability have been studied. Pristine ZnO NRs and PVP functionalized ZnO NRs have been successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method. The XRD spectra reveal the polycrystalline nature of the synthesized ZnO NRs and PVP functionalized ZnO NRs. The peaks observed at 457 cm−1 and 446.5 cm−1 in the FT-IR spectra indicate the presence of bonding between Zn metal and oxygen atom in Pristine and PVP functionalized ZnO, respectively. The peaks absorption observed at 376, 373 nm for ZnO NRs and ZnONRs-PVP, respectively. After functionalization with carbonaceous material, a blue shift has been observed, which is due to increase in the crystallite size from ̴ 31 nm to ̴ 59 nm along the (100), (002) and (101) planes. The band gap values for pristine ZnO NRs and ZnONRs-PVP are found to be 3.10 eV, 2.95 eV, respectively, which is found less as compared to that of the bulk ZnO (3.37 eV). The surface morphology shows rod like structure of ZnO with flat edges and flower like structure with pointed edges for the ZnONRs-PVP. The degradation of paracetamol is effective upto 40 ppm concentration with the 200 mg/L of catalyst dose. Nearly 100 % paracetamol (20 ppm) has been successfully removed in 180 min, with the 50 mg/L catalyst dose of ZnONRs-PVP. The resulting quantum efficiencies in the degradation of paracetamol are found to be ̴ 0.10 % for ZnO NRs and 0.13 % for ZnONRs-PVP, respectively. The obtained results demonstrate the synergistic role of surface PVP (carbon) material in the degradation capability of ZnONRs-PVP in efficient removal of paracetamol from water. Therefore, ZnONRs-PVP can be a novel and promising material in wastewater treatment for sustainable future of environmental issues.

Co@C Nanocatalyst: Enhanced Activation of Peroxymonosulfate for Paracetamol Degradation

A core–shell Co@C composite catalyst was prepared, characterized and used to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for the degradation of paracetamol in water. Hybridized structures containing Co and graphitized carbon act as independent active sites for PMS activation initiating both radical and nonradical oxidation. A 91.57% paracetamol removal was reached in the Co@C/PMS system at 60 min. Radical quenching and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tests show that nonradical 1O2 played predominant roles in the advanced oxidation process, while the other three radicals [Formula: see text], •OH and [Formula: see text]. also played a certain role in paracetamol degradation. After four cycles, the degradation could still reach 70%, which proves that the Co@C composite catalyst exhibits good stability.

Preparation and characterization of clay hybrid adsorbents for the removal of paracetamol from model wastewater: A comparative study

Paracetamol, an emerging contaminant, in low concentration (ng/L to mg/L), is discharged as a pharmaceutical residue from wastewater plants into water bodies, endangering flora, fauna, and human health through bioaccumulation. Various adsorbents like titania (S1), silica (S2), titania and silica clay composites (S3 and S4) and montmorillonite K10, (S5) were tried for paracetamol uptake in a model wastewater system. All adsorbents were prepared by a sol-gel route at room temperature and were characterized by Fourier Transform Infra-Red, X-ray diffractometer, Scanning Electron Microscope, and Brunauer-Emmett Teller for the nature of functional groups, structure, and specific surface area. The silica clay composite (S4) showed a mesoporous network with an average pore diameter of 3.5 nm, leading to 74% removal of PCT in fifteen minutes of batch adsorption run time. A pseudo second order kinetic model was found fit for S4 with no formation of PCT metabolite as residue as observed from UV spectra. The maximum adsorption capacity of S4 was 1.86 mg/g of the silica clay composite material.

Assessment of activated carbon/alginate for the concurrent removal efficiency of paracetamol and caffeine from wastewater in their binary solutions

The increasing amount of pharmaceutical chemicals in wastewater is a concern for both public health and the environment. This research investigates the effectiveness of a new composite material made of alginate-activated carbon in removing caffeine and paracetamol from wastewater simultaneously. The composite material, produced using a simple technique, demonstrates excellent removal rates and exceptional adsorption properties for both medicinal chemicals. The structural stability and integrity of the composite are confirmed through comprehensive characterization methods including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and BET surface area analysis. The study uses batch adsorption experiments to assess the impact of various factors, such as pH, initial concentration, and contact time, on the efficiency of caffeine and paracetamol removal. The highest values for the adsorption process were 89.63% for Paracetamol and 97.32% for Caffeine, achieved under optimal experimental conditions (pH 7, 0.1 g dose of adsorbent at elevated temperature). Additionally, Kinetic studies and thermodynamic parameters such as ΔS°, ΔGº, and ΔH° were calculated, indicating that the adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous for paracetamol, and exothermic and non-spontaneous for caffeine. Seven non-linear equilibrium isotherm models were utilized to fit the experimental data for paracetamol and caffeine at pH 7 showing maximum adsorption capacities (qmax) of 606.80 and 725.05 mg/g for Paracetamol and Caffeine, respectively with a high regression coefficient (R2) of 0.99 using alginate-activated carbon as an adsorbent, The results demonstrate the potential of alginate-activated carbon as an effective adsorbent for the simultaneous removal of various pharmaceutical pollutants, highlighting the synergistic adsorption effects of the composite material. The study also examines the safety of the composite material, particularly in the context of potential medical applications. The study emphasizes the potential for sustainable and repeated use of the activated carbon/alginate composite, demonstrating that it maintains both its structural integrity and adsorption effectiveness after multiple cycles of use. This study evaluated the suitability of the suggested analytical method using BAGI, a metric with a unique formula. The BAGI is a complementary tool to GAPI, Complex GAPI, AGREE, AGREE prep, and ESA. A major focus is on the practical elements of white analytical chemistry centered around “blue”.

Diclofenac sodium and paracetamol removal with ZnCl2 activated carbon produced from rice straw

This study explored the efficacy of activated carbon derived from rice straw and treated with ZnCl2 (ZnCl2-RS) for the removal of diclofenac sodium (DCF) and paracetamol (PCM) through an adsorption process. The investigation included examining the variations in removal efficiency at different pH levels and ZnCl2-RS doses. The characteristics of the ZnCl2-RS, prepared for the study, were determined through SEM and FTIR analyses, revealing a composition of 49.4% carbon and 8.3% zinc. At pH 5, the adsorption efficiency for DCF and PCM was enhanced, achieving removal rates of 92.2% for DCF and 89.1% for PCM with 0.2 g of ZnCl2-RS. The adsorption of DCF and PCM by ZnCl2-RS followed pseudo-second-order kinetic and adhered to the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacities were calculated as 26.04 mg/g for DCF and 19.05 mg/g for PCM. In conclusion, the cost-effective production of activated carbon from agricultural waste like rice straw yielded a promising adsorbent material for efficiently removing pharmaceuticals such as diclofenac sodium and paracetamol. This approach not only contributes to waste reduction but also promotes the repurposing of agricultural waste materials.

Valorisation of coal gasification slag and fly ash to mesoporous activated carbon @zeolite socony mobil-5 composite for preconcentration of pharmaceuticals and their removal

Upcycling industrial solid waste, such as coal gasification slag and fly ash, to functional adsorbents with unique structures for water decontamination is of great importance to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6.0. This study used coal gasification slag and fly ash to synthesise mesoporous activated carbon @zeolite socony mobil-5 (MAC@ZSM-5) composite. Various analytical techniques were used to investigate the surface, morphological, and structural properties of the MAC@ZSM-5 composite. The MAC@ZSM-5 composite had a relatively high specific surface and was classified as a mesoporous adsorbent. The MAC@ZSM-5 composite was used as an adsorbent in ultrasound-assisted micro solid phase extraction (UA-µSPE) for effective preconcentration and removal of aspirin (ASP), ibuprofen (IBP), and paracetamol (PCT) from water samples before determination by high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a photodiode array detector (HPLC-DAD). The Langmuir adsorption isotherm characterised the adsorptive removal method, while the kinetics followed a pseudo-second order type. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption process was endothermic, spontaneous, and chemisorption. Additionally, the UA-µSPE/HPLC-DAD method displayed a good linear range of 0.1–1000 µg/L, with a coefficient of determination greater than 0.99. The developed method had a good performance, as shown by the relatively low limits detection (LODs: 0.017–0.064 µg/L) and quantification (LOQs: 0.057–0.21 µg/L) as well as high precision (relative standard deviation (%RSD) < 5 %). The proposed method was applied successfully for preconcentration and removal of the target analytes from real water samples. The MAC@ZSM-5 composite was reusable (up to 5 cycles) and proved a promising adsorbent for effective extraction, preconcentration, and adsorptive removal of emerging contaminants from water bodies.

An outstanding photocatalytic performance of CNTs based nanocomposite of ternary metal oxides towards cationic and anionic dyes and pharmaceutical drug

Currently, hetero-metallic oxides and their nanocomposites with 1D materials have a tremendous role in photocatalytic applications, mainly for the removal of organic effluents, due to their higher potential of electron-hole pair migration and separation than pure metal oxide NPs. The present work reports the fabrication of ternary metal oxides nanostructure (WO3·Ag2O·CuO) and its nanocomposite with carbon nanotubes (WO3·Ag2O·CuO/CNTs) using a facile approach i.e. ultra-sonication. The photocatalytic removal efficacy of fabricated nanocomposite i.e. WO3.Ag2O.CuO/CNTs along its counterpart (WO3·Ag2O·CuO) was evaluated using a model cationic dye (Methylene blue, MB), an anionic dye (Congo red, CR), and an analgesic drug (Paracetamol). The catalytic experiment was performed under natural sunlight upon light irradiation of about 90 min and using 30 mg of photocatalyst for all chosen effluents. The obtained results deduced that WO3·Ag2O·CuO/CNTs nanocomposite showed catalytic efficiency of about 97 % for MB, 87 % for CR, and 93 % for Paracetamol while it was about 80 % for MB, 74 % for CR, and 79 % for drug using WO3·Ag2O·CuO as photocatalyst. The rate constant values of nanocomposite for the removal of MB, CR, and Paracetamol are 0.037 min−1, 0.023 min−1, and 0.027 min−1 respectively. The remarkable degradation performance of WO3·Ag2O·CuO/CNTs nanocomposite as compared to ternary metal oxide (WO3·Ag2O·CuO) was due to its high charge separation, high surface area, and availability of large number of active sites for the adsorption of pollutant molecules. Hence, WO3·Ag2O·CuO/CNTs nanocomposite could be a competent photocatalyst for the removal of variety of industrial effluents i.e. organic dyes and pharmaceutical drugs etc.

Adsorption equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies on the removal of paracetamol from wastewater using natural and HDTMA-modified clay

In this study, the adsorption efficiency of low-cost raw and modified clay was investigated. The modified clay was characterized through various technics including X-ray diffraction, XRF spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, and Electron microscopy SEM to analyze the evolution of raw clay structure and morphology. Paracetamol was chosen as an adsorbate to evaluate the removal performance from the aqueous medium. Factors influencing the uptake of paracetamol, such as pH, equilibrium time, adsorbent dosage, and initial concentration of paracetamol, were examined. The results obtained showed that the raw clay was successfully modified by HDTMA, which increased adsorption capacity thanks to new hydrophobic interaction. The adsorption of paracetamol on the modified clay reached equilibrium at a contact time of 120 min. Isothermal and kinetic models used in this study showed that the adsorption followed the Langmuir-isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The maximum experimental adsorption capacity predicted by Langmuir model is about 112.63 mg/g, which is much higher than that obtained for the unmodified sample (62.11 mg/g). These results show that modified natural Moroccan clay can be used as low-cost and eco-friendly adsorbent nanomaterials to remove emerging pharmaceutical contaminants from water.