Removal Of Hydrochloride Research Articles

Construction and characterization of sodium alginate/polyvinyl alcohol double-network hydrogel beads with surfactant-tailored adsorption capabilities for efficient tetracycline hydrochloride removal

The extensive use of tetracycline (TC) for disease control and the residuals in wastewater has resulted in the spread and accumulation of antibiotic resistance genes, posing a severe threat to the human health and environmental safety. To solve this problem, a series of double-network hydrogel beads based on sodium alginate and polyvinyl alcohol were constructed with the introduction of various surfactants to modulate the morphology. The results showed that the introduction of surfactants can modulate the surface morphology and internal structure, which can also regulate the adsorption ability of the hydrogel beads. The SDS-B beads with SDS as surfactant exhibited highest adsorption efficiency for removal of TC with a maximum adsorption capacity up to 121.6 mg/g, which possessed a resistance to various cations and humic acid. The adsorption mechanism revealed that the superior adsorption performance of the hydrogel beads was primarily attributed to hydrogen bonding, electrostatic attraction, and π-π EDA interactions. Adsorption kinetics demonstrated that the pseudo-second-order model fitted the adsorption process well and adsorption isotherm showed the adsorption of TC occurred through both chemical and physical interactions. Moreover, the adsorption efficiency remained approximately 87.5 % after three adsorption-desorption cycles, which may have potential application and practical value in TC adsorption.

Bioelectricity-driven, sulfurized Fe species anode in situ generate sulfate radicals from sulfates in antibiotic wastewater for enhanced ciprofloxacin hydrochloride removal: Performance and mechanism

Bioelectricity-driven, sulfurized Fe species anode in situ generate sulfate radicals from sulfates in antibiotic wastewater for enhanced ciprofloxacin hydrochloride removal: Performance and mechanism

Synergetic effect of photocatalysis and peroxymonosulphate activated by MIL-53Fe@PDI Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst for removal of doxycycline hydrochloride

Synergetic effect of photocatalysis and peroxymonosulphate activated by MIL-53Fe@PDI Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst for removal of doxycycline hydrochloride

Construction of magnetic FeP/CdS composites as photo‐Fenton‐like catalysts to realize high‐efficiency degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride

Photocatalysis is an efficient technology for the degradation of pollutants. However, it still needs to be improved. In this study, magnetic Z‐scheme FeP/CdS composites heterojunction photocatalysts were prepared by a facile hydrothermal method, and the structure, morphology, optical and photocatalytic properties of the prepared composites were investigated in detail. The efficiency of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) removal by FeP/CdS composites was investigated under different reaction conditions (including different FeP and CdS ratios, catalyst dosage, hydrogen peroxide consumption, temperature, and initial pH). FeP/CdS composites exhibited better catalytic performance compared with pure components. The F1Cd1 composite (mass ratio of FeP to CdS is 1:1) achieved 92.7% removal efficiency of TCH, moreover, the F1Cd1 composite still exhibits a high stability after five consecutive cycles. The capture experiments on the active material showed that the removal of TCH by the F1Cd1 composite was mainly dominated by •OH; however, •O2−, e‐, and h+ played a minor role, and the degradation mechanism was revealed by combining various characterization techniques. The introduction of cadmium sulfide formed an effective photogenerated carrier transport channel at the interface with the iron phosphide surface, which could accelerate the transfer and separation of photo‐excited e‐/h+ pairs, thus improving the degradation performance of TCH.

Dual S-Scheme g-C3N4/Ag3PO4/g-C3N5 photocatalysts for removal of tetracycline pollutants through enhanced molecular oxygen activation

A dual S-scheme g-C3N4/Ag3PO4/g-C3N5 heterojunction was prepared by decomposition methods, and it displayed enhanced performance to degrade tetracycline hydrochloride with the ideal stability under different water substrates and ions. Comparing with three single components, as g-C3N4, g-C3N5, and Ag3PO4, the dual S-scheme g-C3N4/Ag3PO4/g-C3N5 heterojunction displayed 4.4-, 3.4-, and 2.5-times enhancements in the tetracycline hydrochloride removal. Based on the dynamics analyses for charge carriers and band structure calculations, two channels of molecular oxygen activation (MOA) between Ag3PO4 and g-C3N4 (and g-C3N5) were confirmed. More importantly, according to this double consumption process of excited electrons, dual S-scheme g-C3N4/Ag3PO4/g-C3N5 could suppress the charge recombination, which was the key point to boosting photocatalytic activity. Moreover, the determination of intermediates also supported the vital role of MOA during these photocatalytic reactions. this report of two reactive sites in MOA that generate reactive oxygen species in a “V” type band structure. The electronic dynamic in the reaction was also testified by several detections, indicating the enhanced charge separation and migration from internal field effect and electron trapping from dual S-scheme mechanism. This work provides a new research direction for the design and mechanism analysis of dual S-scheme photocatalysts

Spin-dependent activity of cobalt contained hydroxy double perovskite for efficient antibiotic removal via peroxymonosulfate activation

Cobalt-containing catalysts exhibit good performance in the advancement of efficient catalytic oxidation reactions. However, achieving an optimal balance between reaction kinetics and adsorption, usually governed by variable spin states of Co ions, to enhance the performance remains a significant challenge. This study aims to develop a convenient compositional tuning strategy to achieve such balance in stable CoxZn1-xSn(OH)6 perovskite hydroxides. We systematically investigate the effect of varying spin state on a chosen representative catalytic oxidation reaction, namely peroxymonosulfate activation and tetracycline hydrochloride removal. The magnetic properties analysis reveal that the content of octahedral Co2+ ions with high-spin state increases with Co content (x) and reaches 59.5 % in Co0.5Zn0.5Sn(OH)6. Experimental results and DFT calculations reveal that the spin states transition of Co2+ ions enhance the interaction between Co and O atoms. This enhanced interaction not only improves the reactivity due to the formation of highly covalent Co-OH bonds that serve as catalytically activated charge transfer channels, but also optimizes the suitable adsorption energy of PMS molecules at −3.52 eV for Co0.5Zn0.5Sn(OH)6. Consequently, Co0.5Zn0.5Sn(OH)6 shows superior catalytic activity, achieving nearly 100 % antibiotic removal efficiency within just 10 min, surpassing previously reported catalysts. These findings underscore the potential of compositional tuning spin states of transition metal ions in advancing oxidation processes and designing innovative catalysts.

Zn/Cr-MOFs/TiO2 Composites as Adsorbents for Levofloxacin Hydrochloride Removal.

The Zn/Cr-MOFs/TiO2 composites were synthesized using the solvothermal method. XRD, FTIR, and SEM techniques were utilized to characterize the Zn/Cr-MOFs/TiO2 composites employed for simulating levofloxacin hydrochloride in wastewater. The impact of the mass of the Zn/Cr-MOFs/TiO2 composite, concentration of levofloxacin hydrochloride, solution pH, and temperature on the adsorption performance was investigated. Experimental findings indicated that at pH 6, the maximum removal efficiency of levofloxacin hydrochloride by the Zn/Cr-MOFs/TiO2 composite was achieved at 88.8%, with an adsorption capacity of 246.3 mg/g. To analyze the experimental data, both pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics models were applied, revealing that the pseudo-second-order model provided a better fit to the data. Additionally, Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to study equilibrium adsorption behavior and showed good agreement with both kinetic modeling and Langmuir isotherm analysis results. These observations suggest that monolayer adsorption predominates during the removal process of levofloxacin hydrochloride by Zn/Cr-MOFs/TiO2 composites.

Ag2Se nanoparticles anchored on S-g-C3N4 nanosheets towards efficient photocatalytic tetracycline hydrochloride removal and H2 generation

To improve the stability of Ag based co-catalysts and to increase the photocatalytic performance of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), Ag2Se nanoparticles were grown onto superior thin sulfur-doped g-C3N4 nanosheets which was fabricated via two-step thermal polymerization at high temperature. Ultrathin S-doped g-C3N4 nanosheets were prepared via two-step thermal polymerization using melamine and thiourea. The ratios of Ag2Se were adjusted to fabricate a series of Ag2Se/S-g-C3N4 (Ag2Se/SCN) composite samples by controlled solvothermal synthesis. S-doping plays an important role in mono-dispersion of Ag2Se nanoparticles on S-g-C3N4 nanosheets because of the control of growth sites. The photocatalytic removal of tetracycline hydrochloride test indicates that sample Ag2Se/SCN-3 with Ag2Se loading of 3 % reveals the best removal effect, in which tetracycline hydrochloride of 60 % is removed within 60 min. Photocatalytic hydrogen generation test results without co-catalyst addition demonstrate that sample Ag2Se/SCN-3 exhibits the best H2 evolution rate of 2116.35 μmol·g−1·h−1, which is 3.8 times of that of pure carbon nitride. The photocatalytic mechanism tests suggest that Schottky heterojunctions are formed in the Ag2Se/S-g-C3N4 composites. The formation of Schottky heterojunctions improved the separation efficiency of photogenerated charge carriers. The incorporation of Ag2Se nanoparticles (as the co-catalyst) on S-g-C3N4 nanosheets is the key for drastically improving the photocatalytic performance and eliminating the use of Pt co-catalyst during the photocatalytic processes.

Bifunctional 0D carbon quantum dot cathode electrocatalyst coupled with atomic hydrogen and hydroxyl radicals for efficient removal of oxytetracycline hydrochloride

Efficient removal of antibiotics is difficult to achieve by conventional single-oxidation or reduction processes. Herein, a bifunctional cathodic electrocatalyst coupling atomic hydrogen (H*) reduction with hydroxyl radical (·OH) oxidation in an efficient electrocatalytic process was developed for the effective degradation of oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC). Pd particles were dispersed on B-doped carbon quantum dots to prepare a Pd-B-doped carbon quantum dots/titanium (Pd-BCQD/Ti) electrode as a bifunctional cathode catalyst. The electrode can simultaneously generate H* through the H2O/H+ reduction process, H2O2 through the oxygen reduction process, and then generate ·OH. H* performs nucleophilic hydrogenation reduction of OTC molecules, and ·OH performs electrophilic oxidation of the carbon skeleton, and both act synergistically with the active chlorine species (HClO) generated at the anode. The experimental results showed that the electrode achieved 90.50 % removal of OTC within 60 min. In addition, the Pd-BCQD/Ti electrode reduces energy consumption while increasing current efficiency. The degradation effect was more than 85.80 % in the pH range of 3∼9, indicating fairly stable catalytic activity over a wide pH range. The degradation efficiency was basically unchanged after ten cycles, and the reactivity was still high in the actual water. Intermediates were analyzed based on LC-MS to explore the degradation pathways of OTC. The toxicity of the intermediates generated during OTC degradation was predicted based on quantitative conformational relationships. This study provides a feasible strategy for the preparation of bifunctional catalysts based on zero-dimensional BCQD for efficient green antibiotic wastewater treatment.

Revolutionizing Tetracycline Hydrochloride Remediation: 3D Motile Light-Driven MOFs Based Micromotors in Harsh Saline Environments.

Traditional light-driven metal-organic-frameworks (MOFs)-based micromotors (MOFtors) are typically constrained to two-dimensional (2D) motion under ultraviolet or near-infrared light and often demonstrate instability and susceptibility to ions in high-saline environments. This limitation is particularly relevant to employing micromotors in water purification, as real wastewater is frequently coupled with high salinity. In response to these challenges, ultrastable MOFtors capable of three-dimensional (3D) motion under a broad spectrum of light through thermophoresis and electrophoresis are successfully synthesized. The MOFtors integrated photocatalytic porphyrin MOFs (PCN-224) with a photothermal component made of polypyrrole (PPy) by three distinct methodologies, resulting in micromotors with different motion behavior and catalytic performance. Impressively, the optimized MOFtors display exceptional maximum velocity of 1305±327µms-1 under blue light and 2357±453µms-1 under UV light. In harsh saline environments, these MOFtors are not only maintain high motility but also exhibit superior tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) removal efficiency of 3578±510mgg-1, coupling with sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes and peroxymonosulfate. This research underscores the significant potential of highly efficient MOFtors with robust photocatalytic activity in effectively removing TCH in challenging saline conditions, representing a substantial advancement in applying MOFtors within real-world water treatment technologies.

Efficient removal of chlortetracycline hydrochloride and doxycycline hydrochloride from aqueous solution by ZIF-67

ZIF-67 nanoparticles were synthesized by a simple method at room temperature and used to remove chlortetracycline hydrochloride (CTC) and doxycycline hydrochloride (DOX) from water. ZIF-67 was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetry (TGA) and zeta potential analyzer. The morphology and chemical composition of the synthesized ZIF-67 were characterized. The effects of key parameters such as pH, dosage, temperature, contact time, different initial concentrations and coexisting ions on the adsorption behavior were systematically studied. The results of batch adsorption experiments indicate that the adsorption process conforms to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Sips model. At 303K, the removal rates of CTC and DOX at 150 mg/L reached 99.16 % and 97.61 %, and the maximum adsorption capacity of CTC and DOX reached 1411.68 and 1073.28 mg/g, respectively. At the same time, ZIF-67 has excellent stability and reusability. Most importantly, the possible adsorption mechanism is proposed by exploring the changes of SEM, TEM, BET and FT-IR characterization results before and after the reaction, which mainly includes pore filling, electrostatic interaction and π-π interaction. The prepared ZIF-67 has a large specific surface area (1495.967 m2 g−1), achieves a high removal rate within a short time frame, and maintains a high removal rate across a wide pH range. These characteristics make ZIF-67 a potentially promising adsorbent for removing antibiotics from aqueous solutions.

Green electrospun Fe-based MOFs incorporated polyvinyl alcohol/carboxymethyl chitosan nanofibrous membranes for enhanced adsorption of tetracycline hydrochloride

Tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) removal from wastewater has drawn much attention recently, although it still remains challenging. Herein, Fe-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) incorporated nanofibrous membranes were prepared by green electrospinning and applied as adsorbents to remove TCH. The presence of MOFs noticeably improved specific surface area of the nanofibrous membranes, and adsorption capability increased with the amount of MOFs within membranes. As the temperature increased, the amount of TCH that was adsorbed continuously reduced, and the maximum adsorption capacity (248.5 mg/g) was attained at 273 K. The adsorption behavior of the nanofibrous membranes followed Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic parameters suggested that the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic. A series of interactions between the membrane and TCH, such as pore filling, coordination bonding, π-π interaction, hydrogen bonding interaction and electrostatic interaction, combined to enhance the adsorption performance. Good stability and adsorption capability were demonstrated by the nanofibrous membranes, suggesting that they could be used for effective and affordable water purification.

Preparation of carbon aerogel from waste newspaper for adsorption of antidiabetic drug residue from aqueous system

In this study, the waste newspaper was utilized to prepare carbon aerogel (CA) for adsorptive removal of Metformin hydrochloride (MH) (antidiabetic drug residues) from the aqueous system. The prepared CA was characterized using Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analyser. The MH adsorption was carried out using two types of water, one was laboratory-prepared distilled water and another was real river water. Although, optimum removal around 87 % was observed at pH 3, the removal efficiency at about 63 % estimated at neutral pH. In river water experiment, slightly lower rate of adsorption about 59 % was noticed. Nearly 61 % removal was found for 120 min and then no significant adsorption was found. The pseudo-second-order kinetics and Freundlich isotherm models presented a good interpretation of the adsorption experiment data. Physio-sorption was the primary mechanism of the MH adsorption was confirmed by Temkin and D-R isotherms studies. Regeneration studies demonstrated the removal stability of CA around 32 % until five cycles. An adsorption mechanism was also proposed for the removal of metformin hydrochloride using carbon aerogel.

Anchoring highly dispersed FeCo/C nanoparticles within zeolite 13X to promote 1O2 generation in the degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride

This paper reports the preparation of a FeCo/C@13X catalyst derived from FeCo/ZIF using Na-13X molecular sieves as substrates through the ion-exchange method, followed by in situ FeCo/ZIF growth and a carbonization step. Compared with FeCo/ZIF@13X and Co/C@13X, FeCo/C@13X exhibited an improved peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation effect owing to the well-dispersed FeCo sites embedded in the carbon@13X matrix, as confirmed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra and X-ray diffraction. The cobalt loading in the FeCo/C@13X catalysts was up to 15.32 wt% as determined by ICP-OES. FeCo/C@13X, prepared by the introduction of organic Fe and calcining FeCo/ZIF@13X, exhibited good reusability and stability, viz. 92 % degradation efficiency after five cycles compared to 84 % of Co/C@13X and 79 % of FeCo/ZIF@13X. The FeCo/C@13X/PMS system was highly stable over a wide pH range and showed excellent tolerance for background substances in aqueous environments because of non-radical-dominated degradation. Quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance analysis demonstrated that singlet oxygen (1O2) primarily facilitated the tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) removal during the FeCo/C@13X catalytic process. The electron transfer and free radicals (SO4∙−, ∙OH, and O2∙−) were engaged in the TCH degradation. Through electrochemical measurements and in situ Raman spectroscopy, electrons were rapidly transferred from FeCo/C@13X to PMS, consuming HSO5− to generate metastable active species (FeCo/C@13X-PMS* complexes), which can efficiently accelerate the cycling of Fe3+/Co3+ to Fe2+/Co2+ and enhance 1O2 production. This study provides a suitable method for designing heterogeneous Fenton-like catalysts with high and stable catalytic performances for the continuous production of 1O2.

Adsorptive removal of oxytetracycline hydrochloride using bagasse-based biochar powder and beads

Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride (OTC), a common antibiotic used to treat specific illnesses in humans and animals, is characterized by poor absorption into cells, low volatility, and high hydrophilicity. It is a potent contaminant that poses a serious threat to the ecosystem, particularly the aquatic sources. Adsorption onto natural adsorbents is one of the most successful, economical, and ecologically friendly ways to remove antibiotics from waste water. The present work focuses on the adsorption of OTC utilizing alginate biochar beads (AlBCB) and biochar powder (BC) derived from bagasse. The influence of several factors were studies and optimized through batch studies employing BC and AlBCB. After 50 min BC displayed a removal of 97%, at an initial concentration of 10 ppm. The experimental data was discovered to follow PFO kinetics and fit with the Freundlich isotherm adsorption model. AlBCB, after a contact time of 40 min, indicated a maximum percentage removal of 86% for initial concentration of 10 ppm OTC. Al-biochar beads showed the maximum percentage removal at pH 10. 0.5 g of adsorbent was used to carry out all batch experiments at room temperature. The adsorption fitted Freundlich adsorption isotherm and intraparticle diffusion kinetics.

Removal of Chlortetracycline Hydrochloride from Aqueous Solution by Microbial Cells Supported onto Granular Pozzolana

Removal of Chlortetracycline Hydrochloride from Aqueous Solution by Microbial Cells Supported onto Granular Pozzolana

Green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles via Tulsi (Ocimum Sanctum) leaf extract for efficient adsorptive removal of doxycycline hydrochloride from aqueous solution

Due to significant consumption and improper disposal, the increase in emerging broad-spectrum antibacterial pharmaceutical contaminants in water bodies leds to degradation of quality of water resources and aquatic life, causes water availability issues. Doxycycline hydrochloride belongs to the tetracycline antibiotic class of drug, exhibits a significant persistence of toxicity in the aquatic environment. In the present study, eco-friendly CuO nanoparticles were biosynthesized using ocimum sanctum leaf waste extract and an investigation was carried out for the efficient adsorptive removal of doxycycline hydrochloride from pharmaceutical waste with harmful impacts on the environment. UV–visible spectra, XRD, FTIR, EDX, BET, HRTEM and FESEM analysis were used to characterize surface modification of the biosynthesized nanoparticles. Drug concentration, contact time, pH, temperature and adsorbent dosage were among the main adsorption parameters that were examined in order to optimize the most effective removal results. Maximum adsorption capacity of 8.56 mg/g was achieved at optimum process parameter; 100 mg/L, 170 min., pH 6 at 298 K. Moreover, various isotherm models were examined in order to accurately describe the adsorption equilibrium experimental results. Although, the thermodynamic data and kinetic study showed that the sorption process was spontaneous and endothermic, followed second order kinetic model. The outcomes showed that green synthesized CuO nanoadsorbent can be effectively employed for the removal of antibiotic medications from actual wastewater.

Constructing a stable photocatalytic functional layer through cross-linking of chitosan and l-mannose for efficient removal of doxycycline hydrochloride in single-pass flow mode

The development of technologies for effectively eliminating antibiotic pollutants from aquatic environments is crucial for preserving environmental quality. In this study, the 0D/3D Ag/AgI/MOF-808 photocatalysts were immobilized on the surface of polyethersulfone membrane using the Schiff-base reaction between chitosan and l-mannose to form a photocatalytic membrane (PES-CSLM-1) with a unique “sandwich” structure, which consists of a cross-linked layer, a functional layer, and a supporting layer. Under 240 min of visible light irradiation, the removal rate of doxycycline hydrochloride (DOX) (10 mg/L) by PES-CSLM-1 membrane was more than 90 %, which was 26.2 % higher than that of PES-CS membrane. The flux recovery rate of the membrane after photocatalytic self-cleaning reached 92.2 %, notably surpassing that achieved through physical cleaning (73.75 %), indicating that the photocatalysis effectively converted irreversible pollutants into reversible pollutants. After four cycles, the DOX removal efficiency of PES-CSLM-1 remained near 80 %, and the membrane structure and crystal structure did not change significantly. ·OH and ·O2− play important roles in the degradation process of DOX, and three potential degradation pathways for DOX were proposed. Toxicity analysis revealed that the environmental risk was significantly reduced during the DOX degradation process.

Defect and doping engineering mediated M-D-MIL(Fe)/Cu-C3N4 heterojunction with dual active centers for efficient tetracycline hydrochloride removal

It is essential to explore Fe-MOFs catalysts containing both multiple active sites and rapid charge separation for improving photo-Fenton performance. Herein, a defect and doping engineering mediated M-D-MIL(Fe)/Cu-C3N4 heterojunction with dual active centers was prepared and its removal performance was investigated against tetracycline hydrochloride. Characterization confirms that: (1) The ligand vacancies in M-D-MIL(Fe) can expose plenty of coordinatively unsaturated metal sites (Fe CUS), which enhance the Lewis acidity and optimize the adsorption of H2O2. Meanwhile, the built-in dual redox centers (Fe3+/Fe2+ and Cu+/Cu2+) can synergistically promote the activation of H2O2. (2) The ligand vacancies in M-D-MIL(Fe) and copper ion in C3N4 as electron trapping sites can optimize the carrier separation of single-component materials. Furthermore, the composites exhibit a suitable energy band structure, an oriented built-in electric field, and tight interfacial contacts, all of which collectively create an optimal pathway and driving force for the efficient transport of photoinduced charges. This, in turn, accelerates the Fe3+/Fe2+ redox cycle. Finally, M-D-MIL(Fe)/Cu-C3N4 demonstrates excellent photo-Fenton performance at low H2O2 concentrations (5 mM), with a kinetic rate (k) of 0.035 min⁻¹, which is 14.58, 18.42, 1.94, and 15.21 times higher than those of MIL-100(Fe), C3N4, M-D-MIL(Fe), and Cu-C3N4, respectively. The study presents an innovative idea with potential applications in environmental restoration.

Improving the Photoactivity of Porphyrin-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks via Constructing [Ce-O] Active Site and Vacancy.

Defect engineering of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is a versatile approach to tailoring their electronic structures and photocatalytic performance. Herein, Ce-based porphyrin MOFs (CMFs) featuring controlled structural defects were successfully prepared using a simple acid modulation strategy to drive the photocatalytic H2 generation. The [Ce-O] unit serves as the active site via a ligand-to-metal charge transfer process, which has been confirmed by in situ XPS analysis. Abundant exposed coordinatively unsaturated Ce-O centers are beneficial for the adsorption and activation of water molecules, which is an important factor for improving the photocatalytic performance of the synthesized defective MOFs. In addition, optical and electrochemical experiments indicate that CMFs with more oxygen vacancies possess higher charge separation efficiency. As a result, the optimized CMF(Zn)-200 sample afforded high stability and activity in the H2 generation (up to 1603.3 μmol·g-1·h-1 under cocatalyst-free conditions) and tetracycline hydrochloride removal efficiency (97%), which was 8.45 and 97 times higher than that of pure meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphine. This study demonstrates that effective structural modulation and defect introduction can improve the activity and stability of PMOF-based photocatalysts.