Congo Red Removal Research Articles

Fe-N-C-based cathode catalyst enhances redox reaction performance of microbial fuel cells: Azo dyes degradation accompanied by electricity generation

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a promising technology for the treatment of textile industry wastewater and energy recovering. However, insufficient power for redox reaction and costly cathode catalyst limit the application of MFCs. Herein, we proposed an environmentally friendly and convenient approach for Fe-N-C-based catalysts synthesis and confirmed their satisfactory effects. The results showed that graphitized structures, pyridine-N and graphitic-N enhanced the conductivity of pomelo peel-derived carbon (PPC). In addition, the existence of Fe3C nanocrystals, Fe-Nx active sites and the rod-like carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was favorable for the synthetic catalyst. Meanwhile, the effective removal of Congo Red (CR) (99.0%) and COD (86.6%) was achieved at the precursor mass ratio was 2 under neutral conditions, accompanied by a maximum power output of 184 mW·m-2. It was clarified that electrons preferentially break the azo bond (-N = N-) of CR and the intermediates mainly included the benzene ring and the naphthalene ring. Microbial community analysis showed that Proteobacteria (56.5%), Gammaproteobacteria (44.6%) and Acinetobacter (29.5%) dominated at the phylum, class and genus levels of the anodic biofilm, respectively. In general, this study provides an innovative substitute for cathode catalyst in MFCs and the synthesized Fe-N-C-based catalyst could be widely employed in engineering owing to its admirable intrinsic activity.

An easily-synthesized low carbon ionic liquid functionalized metal-organic framework composite material to remove Congo red from water

Congo red (CR) is documented as a typical azo dye compound that is widely used for industrial activities such as papermaking, textiles, leather and additives production, making it a main component of COD contaminants in industrial wastewaters. Excessive releases of CR have resulted in adverse impacts on water environments and ecological systems due to its non-biodegradable, toxic and carcinogenic properties. Therefore, the removal of CR from water environments is of important for wastewater treatment. Previous studies have proved that metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) were feasible for CR adsorption, but less stable in water environments. Several functionalized materials have therefore been used to produce MOF-derived composite material for better performance. To simplify the synthesis processes and reduce the energy consumption, an ionic liquid (IL) was used in this study for the synthesis of [BMIM][PF6]/ZIF-8 (BP/Z) composite material. The morphological structure of this material remained stable after the incorporation of IL. The equilibrium time of CR adsorption was 90 ​min with a maximum adsorption capacity of 1463 ​mg/g. Isotherm and kinetic studies revealed that the adsorption process was better described by Langmuir and pseudo-second-order model. Our results also presented that the IL/MOF composite material can be used within pH 5 and 6 with the presence of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl− and SO42−. It was also proved that the novel IL/MOF composites in this study have great potential to adsorb and remove organic dyes from water.

Fabricating Cationic Lignin Hydrogels for Dye Adsorption

Due to the low content of adsorption-active groups in lignin, its application in the field of adsorption is limited. Herein, we first prepared cationic kraft lignin acrylate, from which a cationic lignin (CKLA) hydrogel was further prepared by cationic kraft lignin acrylate, acrylamide, and N, N’-methylenebisacrylamide. The morphology, compression properties and swelling properties of CKLA hydrogels were investigated. The prepared CKLA hydrogel was applied as an adsorbent for Congo red. The effect of CKLA hydrogel dosages, initial concentration of Congo red, and pH on adsorption efficiency was investigated. The maximum Congo red removal efficiency was obtained at the initial concentration of Congo red of 50 mg/L, pH 7, and 5 mg dosage of CKLA hydrogel with 20% cationic lignin content. After five cycles of adsorption, the adsorption efficiency of the hydrogel for Congo red still reached more than 80%. The CKLA hydrogel showed pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics for Congo red adsorption. These results demonstrate the potential of the CKLA hydrogel as an adsorbent for water treatment.

Coupling of Coagulation and Fenton-Like Oxidation for Decolorization of Congo Red Dye in Water

Azo dyes are widely utilized in a variety of industries, including food, cosmetics, and textiles. Removal of azo dyes from wastewater by the conventional biological process is challenging due to its toxicity. Alternative treatment technology is needed to remove the dye effectively and in a relatively short duration. The processing technology is expected to be able to reduce pollutant materials before they enter water bodies which are a source of agricultural irrigation. In this work, dye removal was studied in some physical and chemical processes, including coagulation (Coag.), Fenton-like oxidation (FLO), and its combination. Synthetic Congo Red (CR) solution was used as a contaminant model of dye wastewater. The assays were performed in a laboratory Jar-Test apparatus with varying FeCl3 coagulant doses (20-30 mg/L), H2O2 doses (42-1,680 mg/L), and coupling mode (Coag.-FLO; FLO-Coag.; FLO/Coag.). The congo red decolorization up to 87% was observed in the coupling of Coag.-FLO process at 24 mg/L FeCl3, 280 mg/L H2O2, pH 8 (Coag.) and pH 3 (FLO). Compared to the removal efficiency of the Coag. (color removal 45%) and FLO (color removal 62%) under selected circumstances. In addition to the higher CR removal, the coupling Coag.-FLO process showed potential cost saving due to less H2O2 dose and partially shift to coagulant.

Hollow and porous TiO2 in PVA matrix nanocomposite green synthesis using ionic liquid micelle for Congo red removal from contaminated water

A new green procedure has been applied to prepare TiO2 nanocomposite in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix using an aqueous micelle solution of ionic liquid 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide by determining critical micelle concentration (CMC). The COSMO-SAC model has been used to calculate the activity coefficient of water and understand the water molecules’ behavior in the synthesis mixture. The prepared nanocomposite was porous and layered that has been characterized using FT-IR, XRD, DSC, TGA, SEM, EDX, and elemental mapping. The prepared nanocomposite has been used to remove Congo red dye from contaminated water with the adsorption process. The Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms have been used for modeling equilibrium adsorption of dye removal. Also, the optimized process factors have been evaluated that could achieve 97% dye removal in the following conditions: pH = 12, T = 25 ℃, and t = 45 min using 0.2 g TiO2@PVA (Mesh 100)/L of 10 ppm Congo red aqueous solution. Also, the efficiency of the nanocomposite was 88% after 5 recovery cycles from the optimized condition.

A novel route for the facile synthesis of NH2-MIL-53(Fe) and its highly efficient and selective adsorption of congo red

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown attractive advantages in adsorbing dyes from wastewater. However, their complex synthesis processes and poor stability have limited their applications. Herein, we proposed a novel two-step route to prepare NH2-MIL-53(Fe) at room temperature and investigated its dye adsorption performance. The prepared NH2-MIL-53(Fe) displayed high water stability in the pH range of 3–11. Moreover, NH2-MIL-53(Fe) showed a significantly higher adsorption capacity and faster adsorption rate towards congo red (CR) than the other selected dyes, with more than 99 % of CR being removed by NH2-MIL-53(Fe) within 20 min. The maximum adsorption capacity of NH2-MIL-53(Fe) for CR was 1877 mg·g−1. Besides, the removal efficiency of CR could maintain higher than 80 % within the tested pH range (3 to 11), and removal efficiency was consistently higher than 95 % at different NaCl concentrations (0 to 0.4 M). The dynamic CR adsorption process matched the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and fitted well using the Langmuir model, suggesting that the adsorption of CR onto NH2-MIL-53(Fe) was a monomolecular-layer chemical adsorption process. More importantly, NH2-MIL-53(Fe) showed high removal efficiency and good reusability towards CR in both synthetic and model wastewater. Mechanistic studies suggested that the removal of CR was attributed to the synergistic effects of the π-π stacking interactions, hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions between CR and NH2-MIL-53(Fe). Overall, the present study provides a novel strategy for the facile synthesis of NH2-MIL-53(Fe), highlights the excellent adsorption performance and reusability towards CR and underlies the adsorption mechanisms involved.

Selective Adsorption and Removal of Congo Red Based on Ethylenediamine Functionalized Mesoporous Silica

AbstractFive types of mesoporous silica‐based adsorbents were prepared by rationally implementing five diverse amine‐containing functional units into the mesoporous SBA‐15 structures. The prepared materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, N2 adsorption−desorption isotherms and thermogravimetric analysis. Among the five adsorbents, the ethylenediamine functionalized SBA‐15, namely, AAPTMS‐SBA‐15, achieved the complete adsorption of Congo red (CR) at pH 6.0, with the maximum adsorption capacity of 4608 mg/g. The AAPTMS‐SBA‐15 material was used effectively for CR adsorption from the individual and binary dye aqueous solutions, indicating that AAPTMS‐SBA‐15 can selectively remove and separate CR from wastewater. The hydrogen bonding interactions between AAPTMS‐SBA‐15 and CR were beneficial to the high selectivity and excellent adsorption capacity of AAPTMS‐SBA‐15 toward CR. Moreover, the selective adsorption and efficient separation of CR realized the recovery and reusability of AAPTMS‐SBA‐15 and CR, which can not only avoid secondary environmental pollution, but also save economic costs.

A magnetically recyclable lignin-based bio-adsorbent for efficient removal of Congo red from aqueous solution

It has been always attractive to design a sustainable bio-derived adsorbent based on industrial waste lignin for removing organic dyes from water. However, existing adsorbent strategies often lead to the difficulties in adsorbent separation and recycling. Herein, we report a novel magnetically recyclable bio-adsorbent of Mg(OH)2/Fe3O4/PEI functionalized enzymatic lignin (EL) composite (EL-PEI@Fe3O4-Mg) for removing Congo red (CR) by Mannish reaction and hydrolysis-precipitation. The Mg(OH)2 and PEI functionalized EL on the surface act as active sites for the removal of CR, while the Fe3O4 allows for the easy separation under the help of a magnet. As-obtained EL-PEI@Fe3O4-Mg forms flower-like spheres and has a relatively lager surface area of 24.8 m2 g−1 which is 6 times that of EL. The EL-PEI@Fe3O4-Mg exhibits a relatively high CR adsorption capacity of 74.7 mg g−1 which is 15 times that of EL when initial concentration is around 100 mg L−1. And it can be easily separated from water by applying an external magnetic field. Moreover, EL-PEI@Fe3O4-Mg shows an excellent anti-interference capability according to the results of pH values and salt ions influences. Importantly, EL-PEI@Fe3O4-Mg possesses a good reusability and a removal efficiency of 92 % for CR remains after five consecutive cycles. It is illustrated that electrostatic attraction, π-π interaction and hydrogen binding are primary mechanisms for the removal of CR onto EL-PEI@Fe3O4-Mg. This work provides a novel sustainable strategy for the development of highly efficient, easy separable, recyclability bio-derived adsorbents for removing organic dyes, boosting the efficient utilization of industrial waste lignin.

Methylene blue and Congo red removal by activated carbons: A current literature

Abstract Dye is a major source of water pollution. This mini-review highlights the origin of dye, its removal strategies, and the recent literature of methylene blue and Congo red adsorption by activated carbons. Adsorption is a unique process that relies upon the physicochemical properties of the activated carbon and the inherent characteristics of dye. Also, factors affecting adsorption, such as contact time, temperature, and concentration, were discussed to gain insight into dye removal mechanisms.

Facile Fabrication of Amino Functionalized Magnetic Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes for Removal of Congo Red from Aqueous Solutions

Facile Fabrication of Amino Functionalized Magnetic Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes for Removal of Congo Red from Aqueous Solutions

Amino-functionalization of lignocellulosic biopolymer to be used as a green and sustainable adsorbent for anionic contaminant removal

In this work, natural biopolymer stemming from lignocellulosic peanut hull biomass was used as a green and low-cost adsorbent to eliminate anionic Congo red (CR) and Cr(VI) ions from aqueous sample. In order to enhance the removal performance, the lignocellulosic biopolymer was subjected to amino-modification by the graft copolymerization of (3-acrylamidopropyl) trimethylammonium chloride and N, N′-methylenebisacrylamide. The property of the prepared amino-functionalized biopolymer (AFB) was examined through FTIR, TG, SEM, particle size analysis, zeta potential determination and XPS. The adsorption efficacy of AFB for CR and Cr(VI) was tested at different pH, contact time and initial concentration. The kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamics investigations revealed that the uptakes of CR and Cr(VI) were the combination processes of chemical and physical interactions, and both endothermic in nature. The AFB exhibited good reusability without significant loss in adsorption capacity after five consecutive cycles. Mechanistic analysis indicated that the quaternary ammonium groups in AFB contributed a lot to the binding of anionic compounds through electrostatic attraction. In addition, n-π and hydrogen bonding while reduction and coordination were also responsible for the removal of CR and Cr(VI), respectively. The present study provides a favorable strategy for the removal of anionic contaminates in water by using green and sustainable lignocellulosic wastes.

KINETICS, EQUILIBRIUM AND THERMODYNAMICS OF CONGO RED REMOVAL BY CATIONIZED CELLULOSE OBTAINED FROM CEREAL BY-PRODUCTS

The present study deals with the removal efficiency towards Congo red dye of two cationized cellulose adsorbents prepared from cereal by-products. Rice and einkorn husks were used as raw materials to extract and separate the cellulose by alkali and bleaching treatments. The cellulose materials were modified with N,N-dimethyl-1-octadecylamine to prepare cationized adsorbents. Instrumental methods, such as XRD, DTA, FTIR and SEM, as well as low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, were used for their characterization. The results showed that the quaternary ammonium group was successfully grafted onto the cellulose structures. The survey mainly focused on the effect of process parameters on the adsorption capacity of the investigated materials, including contact time, initial Congo red concentrations, solution pH and temperature. The adsorption process was well described by the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models. The values of entropy, enthalpy and Gibbs free energy for the Congo red removal were determined.

Hydrothermal synthesis of bifunctional Ag/MnO2 nanowires decorated with V2O5 nanorice: Photocatalytic and electrochemical impedance study for treatment of impurities present in waste water

Organic dyes and herbicides are harmful pollutants that are being increasingly found in the water systems. To treat these waste water pollutants effectively, photocatalysis can be applied as green and eco-friendly clean up technology. In this article, a novel binary composite consisting of Ag doped MnO2 nanowires (NWs) and V2O5 nanorice (NRs) in 1:1 ratio was synthesized for photocatalytic treatment of Congo red (CR) dye and Pendimethalin (PM) herbicide. Physiochemical properties of the composite were determined by XRD, FT-IR, and SEM spectroscopy. Results revealed that the robust interfacial interactions and generation of heterojunctions among Ag/MnO2 NWs and V2O5 NRs improved the electron-hole pair separation. Due to very low aspect ratio of Ag/MnO2 NWs and V2O5 NRs in the composite, Ag/MnO2@V2O5 provided a high surface area and increased the photocatalytic performance of photocatalyst. The photocatalytic efficiency of Ag/MnO2@V2O5 for the removal of CR was 82.9% 0.0142 min−1 that was ∼2.85 and ∼4.15 times higher than Ag/MnO2 and V2O5. In addition, Ag/MnO2@V2O5 showed 50.9% degradation of PM within 120 min with rate constant value of 0.005 min−1. When applied for cyclic test, Ag/MnO2@V2O5 exhibited excellent chemical and photostability. These results proved Ag/MnO2@V2O5 as potential photocatalyst for removal of various industrial and agriculture effluents. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) study was also carried out using three electrode measurements. The electrochemical data obtained showed that the Ag/MnO2@V2O5 has reduced charge transfer resistance and thus electrochemical measurements confirmed the excellent performance of prepared catalyst.

Synthesis and evaluation of Fe-doped zinc oxide photocatalyst for methylene blue and congo red removal

Zinc oxide is one of the most common photocatalysts utilized for the photocatalytic degradation of synthetic dyes aside from titanium dioxide. However, the application of ZnO in the treatment of wastewater containing synthetic dyes is limited due to the high energy band gap which allows ZnO to be efficient upon irradiation with ultraviolet radiation only. This study aims to evaluate the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of the zinc oxide photocatalyst and its derivatives, specifically 0.25, 0.5, 2.5 and 5 mol% Fe(II)-doped ZnO, 0.25, 0.5, 2.5 and 5 mol% Fe(III)-doped ZnO and 2.5 mol% Fe(II)-Fe(III)-doped ZnO. The performance of the photocatalysts was evaluated based on the effect of solution pH, effect of photocatalyst loading and nature of dye. The synthesis of photocatalysts were done using sol-gel synthesis method, and photodegradation tests were carried out under visible light exposure for 60 minutes. The photocatalysts were characterized with SEM, FTIR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The optical characterization results show that 2.5 mol% Fe(II)-Fe(III)-doped ZnO has the lowest band gap energy of 3.401 eV which was estimated using Tauc’s plot. This further validated the degradation performance of the 2.5 mol% Fe(II)-Fe(III)-doped ZnO photocatalyst where it displayed the highest photocatalytic degradation efficiencies at all pH and photocatalyst loading. The highest degradation achieved using methylene blue was 94.21% and 32.97% using congo red as model solute at optimum pH and 300 mg/L photocatalyst loading. In overall, the present study has proven that Fe-doped photocatalysts have the potential for the degradation of various synthetic dyes upon irradiation with visible light.

One-step preparation of lignin-based magnetic biochar as bifunctional material for the efficient removal of Cr(VI) and Congo red: Performance and practical application

The lignin-based magnetic biochar (LMB) was fabricated with a facile one-step solvothermal method. The spherical Fe3O4 was successfully loaded on the lignin-based biochar. LMB could efficiently remove Cr(VI) and Congo red (CR) synergistically with the adsorption of biochar and the catalytic/reduction of Fe3O4. LMB showed a removal efficiency of 100 % for Cr(VI) (100 mg/L) at 30 min. The LMB could be a catalyst to activate persulfate (PS) to degrade CR. The LMB + PS system showed a removal efficiency of 94.3 % for CR at 60 min. Moreover, LMB could simultaneously remove 41.5 % of Cr(VI) and 91.5 % of CR in the mixed Cr(VI) and CR solution. The simulated wastewater studies showed that LMB exhibited superior high Cr(VI) (100 %) and CR (82 %) removal efficiencies with the coexistent of anions, cations, and organic matter. LMB can be effectively applied to remove Cr(VI) and CR and purify different contaminated water bodies.

Photocatalytic activity of visible-light-driven L-Proline-TiO2/BiOBr nanostructured materials for dyes degradation: The role of generated reactive species

L-Proline (2%)-TiO2/BiOBr (30%) nanocomposite was synthesized to obtain high photocatalytic performance in the visible light region and infrared radiation(IR) for methylene blue (MB) and congo red (CR) removal from the contaminated wastewater. L-Proline (2%)-TiO2/BiOBr (30%) photocatalyst with strong absorption near IR wavelength and high charge separation ability was fabricated for the first time. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM)/Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectrum (DRS), photoluminescence (PL) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) characterization techniques show that the visible driven nanocomposite was successfully synthesized. According to the UV-DRS analysis, the estimated band gaps for the L-proline (2%)-TiO2 and L-Proline (2%)-TiO2/BiOBr (30%) nanostructures were respectively 2.3 eV and 2.1 eV.The nanoparticles exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity (93–100%) and high mineralization efficiency (71–89% TOC removal) for both the dyes. The best photocatalytic activity was achieved by adding 2 wt% of L-Proline and 30 wt% of BiOBr into TiO2 sol. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to find significant parameters and their optimum values for maximum degradation, which show pH, dye concentration, irradiation time, and catalyst dosage for both the dyes are significant. The best photocatalytic degradation efficiency was achieved at the optimum conditions of pH = 7.7, catalyst dosage = 0.71 g/L, irradiation time = 142 and dye concentration = 11 mg/L for MB. Scavenger study showed that •OH radicals are responsible for the degradation process.

Synthesis, characterization, and use of an amine-functionalized mesoporous silica SBA-15 for the removal of Congo Red from aqueous media

Synthesis, characterization, and use of an amine-functionalized mesoporous silica SBA-15 for the removal of Congo Red from aqueous media

High-efficiency adsorption removal of CR and MG dyes using AlOOH fibers embedded with porous CoFe2O4 nanoparticles

Owing to the toxicity and difficulty in degradation, how to the effective separation for the residual dyes in the aqueous solution is still an issue with great challenge in the area of environmental protection. Now, to high-efficiency removal of organic dyes from the aqueous solution, we design a unique AlOOH/CoFe2O4 adsorbent with porous CoFe2O4 nanoparticles embedded on the AlOOH fibers using a simple hydrothermal technique and calcination process. The structural properties and surface characteristics of the AlOOH/CoFe2O4 composites are detailedly analyzed by XRD, FTIR, XPS, TEM and SEM. Here, the high SBET and specific porous structure are beneficial to improve the adsorption performance of AlOOH/CoFe2O4 adsorbents. Especially, when the molar ratio of AlOOH to CoFe2O4 in the AlOOH/CoFe2O4 fibers is 1:1, an optimal performance on adsorbing anionic Congo red (CR) and cationic methyl green (MG) dyes can be obtained at pH = 6.29, where the corresponding maximum adsorption capacities reach up to 565.0 and 423.7 mg g−1, respectively. Factors leading to the change in the ability of adsorbing CR and MG dyes are systematically discussed, including contact time, temperature, initial concentrations, and pH values of the solutions. Meanwhile, the uptake of CR and MG dyes can best conform to Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics. The thermodynamic analysis verifies that the dye adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic. Moreover, from the point view of practical application, the good reusability further makes the as-synthesized magnetic AlOOH/CoFe2O4 composite be a perfect adsorbent with efficiently removing both anionic and cationic dyes from aqueous solutions.

RAW OYSTER SHELL SORBENT FOR REMOVAL OF CONGO RED DYE

Raw oyster shell was successfully prepared as an adsorbent for removing Congo Red (C.R.) dye in an aqueous solution using an adsorption technique. The various parameters influencing this adsorption process, such as adsorbent size, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, contact time, pH, agitation speed and agitation time, were studied. The maximum percentage of dye removal of 96.3% was obtained at the optimised conditions of 75 μm of adsorbent size, 1.0 g of adsorbent dosage, 30 mg/L of initial dye concentration, pH 3, 110 rpm of agitation speed and 75 min of agitation time. The experimental data were analysed using two adsorption models, the Langmuir isotherm model and the Freundlich isotherm model. The adsorption data obtained well fitted for the Langmuir isotherm model indicate a monolayer adsorption reaction involved during the adsorption process. The result shows that raw oyster shells could be employed as a suitable alternative adsorbent to remove Congo red dye in an aqueous solution.Keywords: raw oyster shell, adsorption, congo red

Removal of Organic Pollutants with Polylactic Acid-Based Nanofiber Composites.

In the process of using nano-titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalytic treatment of organic polluted liquid, the easy aggregation and recycling difficulty of nano-TiO2 particles are important problems that cannot be avoided. Anchoring nano-TiO2 to the substrate not only limits the aggregation of nano-TiO2, but also facilitates the easy removal and reuse of nano-TiO2 after processing. Herein, coaxial electrospun nanofibrous (NFs) made of L-polylactic acid (PLLA) and chitosan (CS) are coated with graphene oxide (GO) and TiO2 for the enhanced oxidation of organic pollutants. The adsorption and photocatalysis experiment results show that, for methyl orange (MO) dye solution, the saturated removal of MO by PLLA/CS, PLLA/CS-GO and PLLA/CS-GO/TiO2 nanofibers are 60.09 mg/g, 78.25 mg/g and 153.22 mg/g, respectively; for the Congo red (CR) dye solution, the saturated removal of CR by PLLA/CS, PLLA/CS-GO and PLLA/CS-GO/TiO2 nanofiber materials were 138.01 mg/g, 150.22 mg/g and 795.44 mg/g, respectively. These three composite nanofiber membrane materials can maintain more than 80% of their adsorption capacity after four repeated cycles. They are environmentally friendly and efficient organic pollution remediation materials with promising application.