Removal Of Basic Dyes Research Articles

Removal of Basic Blue-9 Dye from Water by Eugenia jambolana Seeds and Citrullus lanatus Peels

Removal of Basic Blue-9 Dye from Water by Eugenia jambolana Seeds and Citrullus lanatus Peels

Removal of Selected Basic Dyes using Activated Carbon from Tannery Wastes

Activated carbon prepared from tannery leather waste (TLW-AC) has been studied for its efficiency of removal of basic dyes, namely rhodamine B (RB), methylene blue (MB), and malachite green (MG) from aqueous solutions. Factors influencing dye adsorption such as the concentration of dye, pH, contact time, and temperature were investigated. The adsorption was found to be strongly dependent on the pH and temperature. The maximum sorption capacity of RB was obtained at pH 3 and for MB and MG was obtained at pH 11. Various thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS° were calculated. The kinetic studies reveal that the adsorption process follows the pseudo second-order kinetic model. The equilibrium data have been well-described by the Langmuir and Freundlich models, and the data fitted well in both model equations. The study revealed that wastes from leather industry is an economically viable option for dye removal.

Crop Residue Ashes as Adsorbents for Basic Dye (Methylene Blue) Removal: Adsorption Kinetics and Dynamics

In the quest for identifying low‐cost, locally available and effective adsorbents, pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) residue ash (PRA) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) residue ash (SRA) were evaluated as adsorbents for sequestering a basic dye, methylene blue (MB), from aqueous solution. Effects of contact time, initial solution pH and adsorbent dose on MB adsorption were investigated. MB adsorption onto PRA and SRA was dependent on initial solution pH, with adsorption being greater at higher pH. Percent MB removal increased with increase in adsorbent's dose. Adsorption followed pseudo‐second order kinetics. Intraparticle diffusion was not the sole rate‐controlling step. Both film diffusion and intraparticle diffusion controlled the adsorption process. The equilibrium data fitted well to Langmuir isotherm as compared to Freundlich isotherm, on the basis of coefficient of determination and error analysis. The maximum MB adsorption capacities of PRA and SRA were found as 58.8 and 62.5 mg g−1, respectively. The free energy change and dimensionless equilibrium parameter revealed spontaneous and favorable nature of MB adsorption onto crop residue ashes. Results demonstrate that the PRA and SRA have high adsorptive potential as compared to many previously reported ash based adsorbents, and hence can be used for treating water contaminated with cationic dyes.

Sumac Leaves as a Novel Low-Cost Adsorbent for Removal of Basic Dye from Aqueous Solution

Sumac Leaves (SL) (Rhus Coriaria L.) were investigated as an inexpensive and effective adsorbent for the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. The effects of initial dye concentration, initial solution pH, phases contact time, and adsorbent dose on the adsorption of MB on SL were investigated. The amount of dye adsorbed was found to vary with initial solution pH, Sumac Leaves dose, MB concentration, and phases contact time. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were evaluated using the experimental data and the experimental results showed that the Langmuir model fits better than the Freundlich model. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 151.69 mg/g from the Langmuir isotherm model at 25°C. The value of the monolayer saturation capacity of SL was comparable to the adsorption capacities of some other adsorbent materials for MB. The adsorption rate data were analyzed according to the pseudo-first order kinetic and pseudo-second order kinetic models and intraparticle diffusion model. It was found that kinetic followed a pseudo-second order model.

Removal of basic dyes from aqueous solution using sugarcane bagasse: optimization by Plackett–Burman and Response Surface Methodology

In the present study, Plackett–Burman design has been used to identify the significant factors affecting the removal of basic dyes using agricultural waste, sugarcane bagasse (natural sugarcane bagasse). The effect initial dye concentration and sorbent dosage were identified to be the variables responsible for affecting the percentage uptake of Basic Blue 3 (BB3) and Methylene Blue (MB) from aqueous solution. Meanwhile, none of the studied variables were found to be significantly affecting the percentage uptake of Basic Yellow 11 dye. The interaction between the factors and their optimum levels for maximum percentage uptake of dyes were determined using Response Surface Methodology. Both models were highly significant with correlation coefficients (R2) of 0.9947 and 0.9967 for BB3 and MB dye solutions, respectively. For BB3, the percentage uptake of 98.59 was obtained with optimized conditions at 50 mg L−1 initial dye concentration and 0.13 g sorbent dosage. Whereas for MB, under the optimum of 72 mg L−1 of initial dye concentration and 0.18 g of sorbent dosage, the percentage uptake was recorded to be 95.19. The experimental values agreed well with the predicted values with percentage errors less than 3%.

Utilization of dried activated sludge for the removal of basic dye from aqueous solution

Textile dye wastewater can easily lead to environmental pollution issues because of its toxicity and difficult treatment. If the waste sludge produced from sewage treatment plant is used as an adsorbent to treat textile dye wastewater, waste recycling can be achieved. This study investigated the use of dried activated sludge (DAS) for the removal of Basic Red 29 dye from aqueous solution and used granular-activated carbon to compare differences in adsorption capacity. Influence on adsorption capacity of various factors, such as adsorbent properties, initial dye concentration and dye solution temperature, were investigated on the original dye solution. Kinetic data followed well both pseudo-first-order model and pseudo-second-order model. Equilibrium data fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm model. The monolayer adsorption capacity was found as 224.72 mg g−1 at 30°C. Thermodynamic studies indicated that adsorption process was exothermic in nature and the adsorption heat was −17.70 kJ mol−1. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that because DAS had an extremely strong amide group, it could be an effective adsorbent for the removal of basic dye from aqueous solution.

Removal of Basic Dye from Aqueous Solutions Using a Novel Nanocomposite Hydrogel: N-Vinyl 2-Pyrrolidone/Itaconic Acid/Organo Clay

In this work, N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone/itaconic acid/organo clay nanocomposite hydrogels were synthesized by free radical polymerization technique using different amounts of organo clay. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used for characterization of nanocomposite hydrogels and swelling, and mechanical properties of these hydrogels were investigated. Safranine-T adsorption capacities of nanocomposite hydrogels were investigated at different conditions such as pH, contact time, adsorbent dose and initial concentration of dye. The optimum pH value was found to be pH 6. According to the organo clay content, there are no significant differences in dye adsorption capacities of nanocomposite hydrogels until the clay content reaches 5 % wt. While the organo clay amount of nanocomposite hydrogels increases up to 10 % wt, dye adsorption capacities of these hydrogels significantly decrease. Adsorption processes of dye onto the nanocomposite hydrogels follow pseudo-second-order type adsorption kinetic. The equilibrium adsorption data have been evaluated using Freundlich and Langmuir Isotherm models. The results illustrated that the adsorption follows Langmuir isotherm.

Removal of basic dyes (malachite green) from aqueous medium by adsorption onto amino functionalized graphenes in batch mode

In this paper, graphene oxides and amino functionalized graphenes (NH2-G) were prepared and employed as adsorbent for the removal of a basic dye, malachite green (MG). The effect of several parameters (pH, dye concentration, adsorption time, and temperature) of the adsorption process was investigated for NH2-G. Four different adsorption isotherms were used to analyze the equilibrium of the adsorption system. The adsorption mechanism was investigated by adsorption thermodynamics and adsorption kinetics. The results indicated that NH2-G showed a high efficiency for the removal of the basic dye MG with the maximum adsorption capacity of 91.48 mg g−1. According to the obtained thermodynamic data, the adsorption of MG onto NH2-G was an endothermic process with a large adsorption enthalpy. The kinetic study showed that the whole adsorption process fit the pseudo-second-order kinetics model well.

Textile dyes removal from aqueous solution using Opuntia ficus-indica fruit waste as adsorbent and its characterization

For this research, three different adsorbents, one untreated and two chemically activated, were prepared from Opuntia ficus-indica fruit waste. By the construction of adsorption isotherms, its adsorption capabilities and the viability of its use in the removal of textile basic and direct type dyes were determined. It was found that the adsorbent with the most adsorption capacity for basic dyes was the one activated with NaClO, and, for direct dyes, it was the one activated with NaOH. Langmuir and Freundlich equations isotherms were applied for the analysis of the experimental data. It was found that the Freundlich model best described the adsorption behavior. The adsorption capacity was improved when the pH of the dye solution had an acid value. The specific surface area of the adsorbents was calculated by means of methylene blue adsorption at 298 K to stay within a range between 348 and 643 m2 g−1. The FTIR spectroscopic characterization technique, the SEM, the point of zero charge, and the elemental analysis show the chemical and physical characteristics of the studied adsorbents, which confirm the adsorption results obtained.

A novel highly permeable positively charged nanofiltration membrane based on a nanoporous hyper-crosslinked polyamide barrier layer

A novel positively charged thin film composite nanofiltration (NF) membrane comprising a nanoporous hyper-crosslinked polyamide barrier layer has been developed by utilizing the highly functional 2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-biphenyl hexaacyl chloride (BHAC) monomer bearing a rigid and contorted biphenyl skeleton which undergoes interfacial polymerization with piperazine (PIP) on a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) support membrane. The physicochemical properties of the corresponding BHAC–PIP barrier layer were characterized with respect to chemical structure, surface charge performance, morphology as well as film thickness. Moreover, the NF properties studied revealed that the optimized BHAC–PIP composite membrane having a mean effective pore radius of 0.44nm and molecular weight cut off (MWCO) of 570Da exhibits high efficiencies for many NF applications including rejection of divalent cations, removal of basic dyes and selective separation of mixed cations. More importantly, the developed BHAC–PIP composite membrane shows higher pure water permeability of 15.3lm−2h−1bar−1 when compared with a number of previously reported positively charged NF membranes, the common trimesoyl chloride (TMC)–PIP membrane, as well as our previously developed 3,3′,5,5′-biphenyl tetraacyl chloride (BTEC)–PIP NF membranes. Furthermore, comparative studies on the porous properties of the three unsupported BHAC–PIP, BTEC–PIP and TMC–PIP polyamides measured by means of gas sorption experiments indicate the greater porosity of the hyper-crosslinked BHAC–PIP polyamide matrix, which is believed to give rise to the highly permeable feature of the resultant BHAC–PIP polyamide barrier layer. This study may provide useful insights for the molecular-level design of NF membrane materials with improved water permeability.

Adsorptive removal of basic cationic dyes from aqueous solution by chemically protonated watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) rind biomass

ABSTRACTThis study presents a study on the potentiality of protonated watermelon rind (PWR), an agro waste, to remove methylene blue (MB), crystal violet (CV), and rhodamine B (RB) dyes from aqueous solution. Protonation of watermelon rind was carried out using hydrochloric acid, and process was evidenced by EDX patterns. The batch experiments were performed systematically by varying contact time, pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration, and temperature. Effects of salt ionic strength were also studied. Sorption of dyes onto watermelon rind is found to be rapid, and equilibrium has been reached in less than 30 min. The equilibrium data tend to fit better with Langmuir isotherm than Freundlich isotherm. The maximum loading capacity of PWR is found to be 489.8, 104.76, and 86.6 mg g−1, respectively, for MB, CV, and RB. Kinetic studies indicate the adsorption process that follows pseudo-second-order model. Thermodynamic parameters including change in free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°), and entropy (ΔS°) are...

Removal of Basic Textile Dyes in Single and Multi‐Dye Solutions by Adsorption: Statistical Optimization and Equilibrium Isotherm Studies

AbstractThe removal of three basic dyes by adsorption onto bentonite was investigated for single, binary, and ternary solutions in a batch system. Before and after dye adsorption, bentonite samples were analyzed by using X‐ray fluorescence spectrometer, SEM, and Fourier transform IR spectrometry. The D‐optimal design and response surface methodology were applied in designing the experiments for evaluating the interactive effects of each initial concentrations variable of the dyes in binary systems. Predicted values were found to be in good agreement with experimental values, which defined propriety of the model and the achievement of D‐optimal in optimization of adsorption of binary dye systems. The competitive adsorption results showed that the adsorption amount of a dye was suppressed in the presence and increasing concentrations of second or third dye. For mono‐component isotherm modeling, Langmuir and Freundlich models were applied to equilibrium data of single, binary, and ternary dye solutions, while modified Langmuir, Sheindrof–Rebhun–Sheintuch and modified extended Freundlich models were also applied to equilibrium data of binary dye solutions for multi‐component isotherm modeling. The results showed that the Langmuir was the more suitable model for single dye systems while extended Freundlich model fitted best to the experimental data with the lowest error values for multi‐dye systems.

Removal of basic yellow cationic dye by an aqueous dispersion of Moroccan stevensite

The aim of this study was to investigate the adsorption of basic yellow, a cationic dye, from aqueous solution by natural stevensite, with 104m2/g of specific surface area. The kinetics and the effects of several experimental parameters such as the pH of the solution, adsorbent dose and initial dye concentration were researched using a batch adsorption technique. The results showed that an alkaline pH favoured basic yellow adsorption and the adsorption reached equilibrium in about 20min. It was concluded that the adsorption process was governed by the electrostatic interaction. The isothermal data were fitted by means of Langmuir and Freundlich equations, and a monolayer adsorption capacity of 454.54mg/g was calculated. Finally, a good agreement was found between the pseudo-second order model and the experimental data. A high maximum adsorption capacity was obtained (526mg/g) and a maximum surface density of ~9 dye molecules/nm2 was estimated, involving a columnar arrangement of the adsorbed molecules.

Efficient removal of dyes using heterogeneous Fenton catalysts based on activated carbon fibers with enhanced activity

Activated carbon fibers supported ferric ion (Fe@ACFs) have been reported as a heterogeneous Fenton catalyst for the efficient removal of dyes, including acid, reactive, and basic dyes. The catalysts presented sustained catalytic ability and in situ regeneration capability in these experiments. Moreover, the Fe@ACFs/H2O2 system also exhibited remarkable catalytic activity across a wider pH range. Importantly, compared with most reported supports, the introduction of ACFs contributed specifically to the activity enhancement of ferric ion. NaCl played a passive role in the degradation of RR M-3BE, consistent with the traditional Fenton reaction. The presence of isopropanol, as a hydroxyl radical (∙OH) scavenger, had a passive influence on RR M-3BE oxidation as well, indicating the hydroxyl radical was involved as the active species, confirmed by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR). Furthermore, the superoxide radical (HO2∙), which existed in the homogeneous Fenton system, was not detected by EPR in the Fe@ACFs/H2O2 system, suggesting better use of H2O2 for degradation of dyes. This paper discusses a possible catalytic oxidation mechanism in the Fe@ACFs/H2O2 system, which may be a feasible approach for the elimination of widely existing pollutants.

Preparation of chitosan-ethyl acrylate as a biopolymer adsorbent for basic dyes removal from colored solutions

In this study, the chitosan-ethyl acrylate (Ch-g-Ea) as a biopolymer adsorbent was prepared and used for the removal of Basic Blue 41 (BB41) and Basic Red 18 (BR18) from colored solutions. The purified product was characterized using FTIR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR analyses. The obtained results from spectroscopic data confirmed an acceptable relation with chemical structure of Ch-g-Ea. Response surface methodology (RSM) involving a central composite design (CCD) in four factors such as pH, adsorbent dosage, time contact and temperature was successfully employed for the investigation and optimization of dyes removal process. It was found that the removal of dyes increased significantly after the modification. This can be attributed to a large number of carboxyl groups were introduced to the backbone of chitosan. The results indicated that the experimental data fitted appropriately to pseudo-second order kinetic model (R2>0.99). Also, the data for adsorption of two basic dyes onto Ch-g-Ea correlated reasonably well by Langmuir model (R2>0.98). Based on the data of present study, Ch-g-Ea can be applied as an affective biopolymer adsorbent for removal of dyes from colored solutions.

Superparamagnetic Core-Shell Polymeric Nanocomposites for Efficient Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions

Ultrafine well-dispersed Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) were directly prepared in an aqueous solution using controlled co-precipitation method. The Fe3O4-poly(acrylamide-co-sodium acrylate) core-shell magnetic nanogels are prepared by solution polymerization of acrylamide (AM) and sodium acrylate (AA-Na) monomers in the presence of Fe3O4 NPs, N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a cross-linker, N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine and potassium peroxydisulphate (KPS) as the redox initiator system. The novel Fe3O4-poly(acrylamide-co- sodium acrylate) core-shell magnetic nanocomposite hydrogels are prepared by in situ free radical co-polymerization of AM and AA-Na in an aqueous dispersion of nanogel particles using MBA as the cross-linker and KPS as the initiator. The as-prepared nanocomposite hydrogels are characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra, X-ray powder diffraction and transmission electron microscopic measurements. The mean particle size of the synthesized magnetite (Fe3O4) NPs was approximately 8 nm. The diameter of the stabilized polymer-coated Fe3O4 nanogels is approximately 11 nm. The surface morphology of the nanocomposites has been studied by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The Fe3O4-poly(acrylamide-co-sodium acrylate) nanocomposites have been extensively investigated for the removal of basic dyes from aqueous solutions. Results of batch experiments showed that these adsorbents exhibited high sorption capacities towards methylene blue (MB). Experimental data were analyzed using first-order kinetics, pseudo-second-order kinetics and intra-particle diffusion models. The kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order equation. Equilibrium isotherm data were analyzed according to Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption of MB onto the nanocomposite hydrogels were also calculated. Regeneration of nanocomposite adsorbents can be easily achieved.

Removal of Basic Dye by modified Bentonite

Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for the removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions using Fe 3 O 4 /bentonite nanocomposite . Effects of the contact time, mass of the adsorbent and the pH of the initial dye solution on the adsorption capacity were studied. The results showed that the adsorption capacity for the dye increased by increasing the contact time and initial pH of the solution. However, it decreased with increasing the mass of the adsorbent. The adsorption kinetics was in good agreement with pseudo 2 nd order kinetic equation and the intra-particle diffusion model. The adsorption isotherm showed good fitting to Langmuir equation and the maximum adsorption capacity was1600 mg/g. For this the prepared nanocomposite could be regarded as a potential adsorbent for MB removal in a wastewater treatment.

Competitive adsorption of dyes and heavy metals on zeolitic structures

The adsorption of Acid blue 25, basic blue 9, basic violet 3, Pb2+, Ni2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+ ions has been studied in single and dye–metal binary solutions using two mineral materials: Clinoptilolite (CL) and ER (Erionite). These zeolites were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy; potentiometric titration and nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77 K to obtain their textural parameters. Results indicated that ER has an acidic character and a high specific surface (401 m2 g−1) in contrast with the zeolite CL (21 m2 g−1). Surprisingly, the removal of dyes was very similar for the two zeolites and they showed a considerable selectivity by the basic dyes in comparison with the acid dyes. In the case of heavy metals, ER was more effective in the adsorption process showing a selectivity of: Pb2+ > Ni2+ > Zn2+ > Cd2+. In the multicomponent adsorption experiments an antagonistic effect was observed in the removal of basic dyes and heavy metals. Particularly, the adsorbed amount of basic violet 3 decreased more significantly when the heavy metals are presents in contrast with the basic blue 9.

A Novel Waste Assessment; Removal of a Basic Dye from an Aqueous Solution Using Modified Grass Waste (MGW)

The main objective of this experimental study was the removal of methylene blue dye (MB) from an aqueous solution using modified grass waste (MGW). In this context, the grass wastes were subjected to a pre-treatment process with a 1% hydrogen peroxide solution in order to improve adsorption capacities. After modification of grass waste, some functional groups (-COOH and –OH) were efficiently introduced onto the surface of the adsorbent. These functional groups are very powerful in capturing MB dyes from an aqueous solution. Adsorption capacity of MGW for MB removal was investigated as a function of medium pH, MB and MGW concentrations, and particle sizes using batch adsorption experiments. The adsorbed MB concentrations increased with the increasing specific external surface area of the MGW, initial MB concentration, and pH, but decreased with increasing MGW concentration. The maximum adsorption capacity was 120 mg MB g MGW-1 when the MGW concentration was 0.25 g L-1 with an average particle size of 64 μm. The initial volumetric rate of adsorption was found as 44 mg MB L-1 h-1 at a specific external surface area of 943 cm 2 g -1 with the smallest particle size (53 μm) tested.

Seaweed Biomass for the Removal of Basic Dyes From Aqueous Solutions

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of removing methylene blue (taken as representative for dyes) from aqueous solutions, using sea, forest, agricultural and industrial by-products. Specifically seaweed was used, which comes ample in Greece and from many sources. The material was tested in raw form. Adsorption experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of adsorbent dose, pH, contact time and initial adsorbent concentration, on the adsorption process. The adsorption batch kinetics and adsorption equilibrium isotherms were further studied using the data obtained from these experiments. Moreover, adsorption column experiments were carried out and (i) Bohart-Adams and (ii) Clark bed depth column models were successfully used to fit these experimental data.