Removal Of Ammonium Ions Research Articles

Zeolite 13X for adsorption of ammonium ions from aqueous solutions and hen slaughterhouse wastewaters

In this study adsorption efficiencies of various zeolites were tested for removal of ammonium ions from aqueous solutions. In the experiments performed with different initial ammonium concentrations, highest removal was obtained for Zeolite 13X so forthcoming studies were carried out with this zeolite type. The effects of initial NH4+ ion concentration, zeolite amount, pH and agitation time on adsorption efficiency were investigated with batch experiments. Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) models were applied to experimental data and calculated correlation coefficients were determined as 0.54, 0.93 and 0.89 for the models, respectively. Main energy of adsorption (E), calculated as 0.542kJ/mol, demonstrated physical characteristics of adsorption process. Optimal conditions determined for aqueous solutions were used also for hen slaughterhouse wastewaters. In kinetic calculations it was obtained that pseudo-second order reaction kinetic model was well-fitted for both synthetic solution and wastewater.

Removal of nitrate and ammonium ions from livestock wastewater by hybrid systems composed of zero-valent iron and adsorbents

The feasibility of hybrid systems for simultaneous removal of nitrate (NO) and ammonium ions (NH) from livestock wastewater was examined in batch experiments. As a part of efforts to remove nitrate and ammonium simultaneously, Fe0 and adsorbents including coconut-based granular activated carbon (GAC), sepiolite and filtralite were used. Various parameters such as adsorbent dosages and temperature were studied. Removal of NO increased with increase in temperature. Maximum NO removal (85.3%) was observed for the Fe0–filtralite hybrid system at 45 °C for a 24 h reaction time. Increase in GAC and sepiolite dosages had significant (P<0.01) effect on the NH removal efficiency, which was primarily due to the net negative surface charge of the adsorbents. The efficiency of hybrid systems for the removal of NO was in the order of filtralite>sepiolite>GAC, and the order of the removal of NH was GAC>sepiolite>filtralite. The results of the present study suggest that the use of hybrid systems could be a promising innovative technology for achieving simultaneous removal of NO and NH from livestock wastewater.

Carberry Type 생물반응기에서 암모늄 이온 제거에 의한 돼지유행성설사병 바이러스 백신 생산성 증대

미립담체에 고정된 Vero 세포를 이용한 돼지유행성설사병 바이러스 백신의 생산성을 향상시키기 위하여 Phillipsite-Gismondine synthetic zeolite가 투석막에 충진된 Carberry type 생물반응기를 사용하여 암모늄 이온을 선택적으로 흡착하였다. Impeller shaft 및 흡착제 사이에 응집된 미립담체 때문에 세포 성장이 감소하는 것으로 보이나, 포도당 소모량과 젖산 생성량의 비교를 통해 판단 할 때 zeolite는 세포에 독성을 나타내지 않았다. 배양배지로부터 암모늄 이온을 제거함으로써 세포성장 및 바이러스 생산 두 단계 모두가 크게 개선되었다. 바이러스 생산에 있어서는 암모늄 이온 제거에 의해 대조군과 비교하여 바이러스 역가가 2배 이상 향상되었다. 연구결과 zeolite는 암모늄 이온을 효과적으로 흡착제거하여 바이러스 백신의 생산성을 높일 수 있는 이상적인 흡착제임을 확인하였다. The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(PEDV) production yield in spinner flask cultures using Vero cells immobilized on microcarriers was improved by the selective adsorption of ammonium ions in a Carberry type bioreactor which was equipped with Phillipsite-Gismondine synthetic zeolite. Though the apparent cell growth seemed to be lower than that of control due to the aggregation of microcarriers between impeller shaft and the adsorbent, zeolite was found to not to be toxic to Vero cell, considering estimated glucose and lactate changes. Zeolite was observed to remove ammonium ions effectively in both steps of cell growth and virus production. In virus production, the virus titer with zeolite was two times higher than that without zeolite. Consequently, zeolite was found to be an ideal adsorbent for higher production of virus vaccine with the effective removal of ammonium ions.

Evaluation of Ammonium Removal Performances of Some Zeolitic Volcanic Tuffs from Transylvania, Romania

In this study, zeolitic volcanic tuffs (ZVT) originated from Transylvania, Romania were used, to remove ammonium ions from model solution. The zeolitic volcanic tuff samples used as ionic exchangers were characterized by means of chemical analysis, optical microscopy, SEM, XRD, FTIR, and BET analysis. The main zeolite species identified in the volcanic tuffs from mentioned areas is clinoptilolite. All samples were subjected to chemical treatment with HCl and NaCl, followed by the ionic exchange process. The ionic exchange process was realized in batch and fixed bed column conditions. We found that ionic exchange efficiency varies according to their zeolite content, therefore P (Pâglişa) and M (Măcicaş) samples, which have the highest clinoptilolite content, proved to be more efficient.

Fast removal of ammonium ion using a hydrogel optimized with response surface methodology

Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a three-level, three-variable, Box–Behnken design (BBD) was used to optimize the preparation parameters of a hydrogel consisted of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), acrylic acid (AA) and tourmaline (Tm). With the adsorption capacity for ammonium ion (NH 4 +) as the response, the effects of three variables, i.e. neutralization degree (ND) of AA, ratio of PVA to AA, and ratio of Tm to AA, were investigated. The predicted appropriate preparation conditions for the hydrogel were ND of AA of 70%, PVA:AA of 0.0833 and Tm:AA of 0.5, under which a hydrogel was prepared and used as the adsorbent to remove NH 4 +. The effects of contact time, ion strength, NH 4 + concentration, temperature, and pH value on the adsorption capacity were investigated using a batch experiment. The results indicated that the as-prepared hydrogel showed entangled three-dimensional network and had the advantages of fast adsorption rate and high adsorption capacity for NH 4 + in a pH range from 3.0 to 8.0. The regeneration and reusable experiments were also performed, and it was observed that the as-prepared hydrogel was stable and regenerable using strong acid (HCl) or base (NaOH) as the desorbing agents.

Ammonium Ion Removal with a Natural Zeolite in Monodispersed and Segregated Fluidized Beds

This study focuses on the dynamic behavior of ammonium ion uptake during continuous operation with respect to liquid by means of ion exchange with a natural zeolite in fluidized and segregated flui...

LABORATORY STUDY OF AMMONIUM ION REMOVAL BY USING ZEOLITE (CLINOPTILOLITE) TO TREAT DRINKING WATER

Experimental investigation of ammonium ion removal from drinking water were carried out using natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) fractions of 0.3–0.6 mm and 0.6–1.5 mm. Before using natural zeolite was washed and dried in an oven at a temperature of about 105 °C. Solutions with different ion power (solution 1 ‐ supplied tap water and NH4Cl, solution 2 — distillate water and NH4Cl; initial concentration of ammonium ions of 2 mg/l) were filtrated through an experimental filter column packed with 70 mm and 210 mm of zeolite media for comparison purposes. Comparing the results for different natural zeolite fractions it was determined that the removal is more efficient using a finer fraction. After filtering 30 l of solution 1 through the laboratory‐ scaled filter column packed with 70 mm height of 0.3–0.6 mm particle size zeolite media and 0.6–1.5 mm particle size, the efficiency fluctuated from 89% to 70% (finer particles) and from 94% to 54% (coarser particles). Comparing the efficiency of ammonium ion removal from solutions with different ion power (solution 1 and solution 2), it was noticed that concentration reached the limit of 0.5 mg/l in the 12th l of solution 1, whereas it was fifty times lower in the 12th l of solution 2. After filtering 10 l of filtrate through the filter media with the height of 210 mm using coarse particles, the efficiency of ammonium ion removal reached 84%. Santrauka Eksperimentiniai NH4 + šalinimo laboratorijos salygomis iš ruošiamo geriamojo vandens tyrimai buvo atlikti naudojant gamtinio ceolito (klinoptilolito) 0,3–0,6 mm ir 0,6—1,5 mm stambumo frakcijas. Prieš naudojant gamtinis ceolitas buvo išplautas ir išdžiovintas krosnyje apie 105 °C temperatūroje. Pro eksperimentinio filtro ceolito užpildus (užpildo aukštis pirmuoju atveju buvo 70 mm, antruoju ‐ 210 mm) 5 m/h greičiu praleisti skirtingos jonines jegos tirpalai (iš vandentiekio vandens bei NH4Cl (I) ir iš distiliuoto vandens bei NH4Cl (II) pasigaminti tirpalai, kuriuose pradinD amonio jonu koncentracija buvo 2,0 mg/l). Lyginant dvieju skirtingu gamtinio ceolito frakciju eksperimento rezultatus nustatyta, kad smulkesne frakcija efektyviau iš tirpalu šalina NH4 +. Prafiltravus po 30 litru pirmojo tirpalo pro dvi 70 mm aukščio skirtingo ceolito grūdeliu stambumo frakcijas, amonio jonu šalinimo iš tirpalo efektyvumas kito atitinkamai nuo 89 % iki 70 % (esant smulkesnei frakcijai) ir nuo 94 % iki 54 % (kai frakcija stambesne). Lyginant amonio jonu šalinimo iš skirtingos jonines jegos tirpalu efektyvuma pastebeta, kad 0,5 mg/l amonio jonu koncentracija pirmojo tirpalo filtrate pasiekta jau dvyliktajame filtrato litre, o antrojo (II) tirpalo filtrato dvyliktajame litre ji buvo 50 kartu mažesne. Prafiltravus pro rege‐neruota 210 mm aukščio 0,6–1,5 mm stambumo ceolito grūdeliu užpilda 10 litru pirmojo tirpalo, amonio jonu šalinimo iš tirpalo efektyvumas sieke 84 %. Резюме Экспериментальные исследования очистки питьевой воды от ионов аммония проводились в лабораторных условиях, используя природный цеолит (клиноптилолит) с содержанием фракции 0,3–0,6 мм и 0,6–1,5 мм. Перед использованием природный цеолит был промыт и высушен в печи при температуре 105 0C. Растворы различного ионного заряда (1-й раствор из водопроводной воды и NH4Cl и 2-й раствор из дистиллированной воды и NH4Cl, в которых первичная концентрация ионов аммония была 2,0 мг/л) были пропущены через цеолитовую загрузку экспериментального фильтра со скоростью 5 м/ч (высота загрузки в первом случае составляла 70 мм, во втором – 210 мм). При сравнении результатов эксперимента с двумя различными фракциями природного цеолита обнаружено, что мелкозернистая фракция эффективнее очищает растворы от NH4+. После фильтрования 30 л первичного раствора обеими фракциями различной зернистости цеолита эффективность очистки раствора от ионов аммония достигала соответственно от 70% до 89% (мелкозернистой фракции) и от 54% до 94% (крупнозернистой фракции). При сравнении результатов удаления ионов аммония из 1-го и 2-го растворов с разными ионными зарядами в 12-м литре 1-го раствора была обнаружена концентрация ионов аммония в 0,5 мг/л, что в 50 раз меньше, чем в 12-м литре профильтрованного 2-го раствора. После того, как было профильтровано 10 л первого раствора через регенерированную цеолитовую загрузку высотой в 210 мм (фракция 0,6–1,5 мм), эффект очистки раствора от ионов аммония достигал 84 %.

The ground water ammonium sorption onto Croatian and Serbian clinoptilolite

The removal of ammonium from the Valpovo region ground water (VGW) with the use of natural clinoptilolite samples from the Donje Jesenje deposit (Croatia) and the Zlatokop deposit in Vranjska Banja (Serbia) was studied. The natural Serbian (SZ) and Croatian zeolites (CZ) were transformed to the Na-form (Na-CZ and Na-SZ) in order to increase the exchange capacity of zeolite. The CZ and SZ theoretic ammonium sorption capacities were 24.24 mg NH(4)(+)/g CZ and 32.55 mg NH(4)(+)/g SZ, respectively. The application of natural and Na-form of clinoptilolite for efficient removal of ammonium ions from VGW was further investigated. For that purpose, the four "filter guard" vessels filled with zeolite samples were set in parallel in the ground water purification pilot plant. The complete ammonium removal, with the use of SZ and Na-SZ was achieved during 20 h. After having observed saturation of clinoptilolite, the samples were regenerated with the use of 2 mol/L NaCl, and reused for determination of ammonium sorption efficiency. The regenerated samples showed to be still very efficient for NH(4)(+) removal and, in addition, the SZ was shown as superior for ammonium removal in comparison to the CZ.

AMMONIUM IONS REMOVAL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS USING MESOPOROUS (Al)Si-MCM-41

The batch removal of ammonium ions from aqueous solutions under different experimental conditions using (Al)Si-MCM-41 mesoporous molecular sieve in comparison with LTA microporous zeolite was investigated in this study. The ammonium uptake was dependent on the initial ammonium concentration. The equilibrium sorption data were fitted using Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. The Langmuir model (monolayer sorption) gave the best fit (R 2 = 0.9965 for (Al)Si-MCM-41 and R 2 = 0.9995 for LTA). The saturation capacity (monolayer coverage) was found of 33.33 mg NH4 + /g (Al)Si-MCM-41 and 55.55 mg NH4 + /g LTA. Equilibrium sorption was reached at about 25 min on (Al)Si-MCM-41 and at about 60-90 min in the case of LTA molecular sieves. The kinetic data showed that the sorption rate could be better described by pseudo-second order model.

Ammonium removal from aqueous solutions by dissolved air flotation in the presence of zeolite carrier

In this paper, dissolved air flotation (DAF) was examined as a possible treatment method for the removal of ammonium ions (NH 4 +) from surface water. A natural zeolite, clinoptilolite sample with a fine particle size (< 10 µm) was used as a carrier material during the flotation tests. Two types DAF cells, batch and continuous implemented in our laboratories, were used in the flotation experiments. Flotation tests revealed that the test loaded with 5 mg/L ammonium resulted in a residual ammonium concentration of < 0.5 mg/L with corresponding turbidity values of treated water (< 10 NTU). It was observed that the usage of carrier material with higher treatment capacity and finer ion exchange material of higher surface area than classical ion exchangers may provide better advantages over the classical DAF method.

Principles of interaction of ammonium ion with natural Jordanian deposits: Analysis of uptake studies

Ammonium ion removal from aqueous solution by Petra clay minerals has been established. To study the efficiency of the Petra clay as sorbent, the effect of relevant parameters, such as temperature, contact time, pH and initial ammonium (NH4+) concentration were examined. Kinetics experiments were also done at different parameters. The pseudo first-order, pseudo second-order kinetic models and intra-particle diffusion model were used to describe the kinetic data. The pseudo second-order kinetic model provided excellent data fitting (R2>0.99), and the rate constant for sorption was predicted. Activation energy of sorption has also evaluated as 22.60kJ/mol based on the pseudo second-order rate constants, the findings of this investigation suggest that physical sorption plays a role in controlling the sorption rate. Ammonium uptake rate was controlled by particle diffusion at different variables.

Ammonium removal from aqueous solutions by using natural Chinese (Chende) zeolite as adsorbent

This paper presents a study of the removal of ammonium ion from aqueous solutions using natural Chinese (Chende) zeolite. A series of experiments was conducted to examine the effects of solution pH, particle size, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and the presence of other cation- and anion species on ammonium removal. The findings indicated that these parameters named had a significant effect on the removal of ammonium by the zeolite. The effect of other cations on the removal of ammonium followed the order of preference Na + > K + > Ca 2+ > Mg 2+ at identical mass concentrations, and the effect of the presence of individual anions followed the order of preference carbonate > chloride > sulfate > phosphate at identical mass concentrations of ammonium ions. Kinetic analysis showed that the adsorption of ammonium on zeolite at different ranges of particle size well followed the pseudo-second-order model and followed the intra-particle diffusion model only during the initial 60 min of the adsorption process. Equilibrium isotherm data was fitted to the linear Langmuir- and Freundlich models with the latter model providing the better description of the process ( R 2 = 0.991–0.997) compared to the former ( R 2 = 0.902–0.989).

Kinetic and equilibrium studies of the removal of ammonium ions from aqueous solution by rice husk ash-synthesized zeolite Y and powdered and granulated forms of mordenite

The removal of ammonium from aqueous solutions using zeolite NaY prepared from a local agricultural waste, rice husk ash waste was investigated and a naturally occurring zeolite mordenite in powdered and granulated forms was used as comparison. Zeolite NaY and mordenite were well characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and the total cation exchange capacity (CEC). CEC of the zeolites were measured as 3.15, 1.46 and 1.34 meq g(-1) for zeolite Y, powdered mordenite and granular mordenite, respectively. Adsorption kinetics and equilibrium data for the removal of NH(4)(+) ions were examined by fitting the experimental data to various models. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order reaction. The equilibrium pattern fits well with the Langmuir isotherm compared to the other isotherms. The monolayer adsorption capacity for zeolite Y (42.37 mg/g) was found to be higher than that powdered mordenite (15.13 mg/g) and granular mordenite (14.56 mg/g). Thus, it can be concluded that the low cost and economical rice husk ash-synthesized zeolite NaY could be a better sorbent for ammonium removal due to its rapid adsorption rate and higher adsorption capacity compared to natural mordenite.

Evaluation of ammonium removal using a chitosan- g-poly (acrylic acid)/rectorite hydrogel composite

This paper concerns the removal of ammonium ions (NH 4 +) from aqueous solution using a hydrogel composite chitosan grafted poly (acrylic acid)/rectorite prepared from in situ copolymerization. The effects of rectorite content, contact time, pH, NH 4 + concentration and temperature on the adsorption capacity were discussed. Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin and Redlich–Peterson isotherms were used to describe the experimental data. The results indicate that the adsorption equilibrium can be achieved within 3–5 min and, the hydrogel composite has a higher adsorption capacity for NH 4 + in a wide pH levels ranged from 4.0 to 9.0. No significant changes in the adsorption capacity are found over the temperature range studied. The adsorption mechanism of NH 4 + onto hydrogel composite was proposed, and the reusable ability of this hydrogel adsorbent was evaluated.

Investigation on natural and pretreated Bulgarian clinoptilolite for ammonium ions removal from aqueous solutions

The possibilities for ammonium ions removal from aqueous solutions by natural and NaCl pretreated Bulgarian clinoptilolite from Beli plast deposit were studied. Experiments were carried out using batch method. The adsorption of NH 4 + was investigated as a function of the solution pH, dosage of adsorbent, initial ammonium concentration and temperature. The results clearly showed that the treatment with NaCl improved both the adsorption capacity and the removal efficiency of natural clinoptilolite. The equilibrium experimental data for adsorbed NH 4 + ions on clinoptilolite samples were correlated better by the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacities for ammonium ions shown by natural and pretreated clinoptilolites (CL_Na and CL_Na(t)) were 7.85, 12.29 and 18.40 mg/g, respectively. The results indicated a significant potential of the natural and conditioned clinoptilolites as adsorbents for ammonium removal.

Enrichment culture of marine anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria from sediment of sea-based waste disposal site

The present study investigates the enrichment of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria in the marine environment using sediment samples obtained from a sea-based waste disposal site and discusses the construction of marine anammox bioreactor. Enrichment of bacteria related to Candidatus Scalindua wagneri along with simultaneous removal of nitrite and ammonium ions was observed in the continuous bioreactor culture under a total nitrogen loading rate of 0.4 kg-N m(-3) day(-1).

Preparation of high purity monodisperse oligosaccharides derived from mannuronan by size-exclusion chromatography followed by semi-preparative high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection

Oligosaccharides of ([4)-β- d-Man pA-(→] n ) with a degree of polymerisation (DP) of 5, 10 and 15 were generated by partial acid hydrolysis of alginate mannuronan. These were subsequently purified by a combination of size-exclusion chromatography and semi-preparative high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. The purity of the isolated oligosaccharides was greater than 96%. With automated operation of the chromatography system, milligram quantities can be generated over a period of a few days. Thus, our methodology now offers some significant advantages over earlier, including our own, protocols focused on uronic acid oligomers, where the final products are either not as pure or more starting material is needed to generate an equivalent yield of product. Removal of ammonium ions in collected fractions after size-exclusion chromatography and prior to freeze-drying was found to be essential to prevent the formation of imines and subsequent Maillard browning products.

The improvement of porcine epidemic diarrhea vaccine production through in situ removal of ammonium ions by zeolite

The improvement of porcine epidemic diarrhea vaccine production through in situ removal of ammonium ions by zeolite

Removal of ammonium ions from aqueous solutions with coal-based activated carbons modified by oxidation

The main purpose of this work is to study the possibilities for removal of ammonium ions from aqueous solutions by the two coal-based activated carbons (one obtained from Bulgarian lignite from the Chukurovo deposit, and the second, available as commercial product) and their oxidized modifications . The porous texture and surface chemistry of the adsorbents were characterized. Adsorption of NH 4 + ions was investigated using solutions with different concentrations in the range 35–280 mg l −1 in a static mode. Equilibrium modeling data were fitted to linear Langmuir’s and Freundlich’s equations and maximum adsorption capacities were calculated .

REMOVAL OF AMMONIUM ION FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING MAGNETICALLY MODIFIED ZEOLITE

This paper assesses the potential of magnetically modified zeolite (MMZ) for ammonia removal from aqueous solution. The effects of relevant parameters such as contact time, pH and initial ammonia concentration were examined. The results show that ammonium ion removal by MMZ occurs rapidly within the first five minutes, pH has an effect on ammonium ion removal efficiency, and the ammonium ion removal capacity of MMZ increases with increase in initial ammonium ion concentration. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms were used to determine the adsorption characteristics. Ammonium‐laden MMZ seems to be regenerated completely by sodium chloride solution at pH 11–12.