Removal Efficiency Of TDS Research Articles

Prediction of electrocoagulation treatment of tannery wastewater using multiple linear regression based ANN: Comparative study on plane and punched electrodes

This study investigated the electrocoagulation (EC) treatment of tannery wastewater using plane and punched aluminum and iron electrodes at the optimum condition of pH 9, voltage 20 V, electrode distance of 1 cm and 90 min electrolysis duration. The efficiency of the EC process was determined by evaluating the levels of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and Chromium (Cr) in the treated effluents. The experiment utilized both linear regression and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models for modeling, with the ANN model validating the predicted model from the experimental design with 95 % confidence. The use of plane aluminum electrodes resulted in an optimum removal efficiency of BOD (89.66 %), COD (96.21 %), Cr (96.05 %), and TDS (95.77 %). On the other hand, the punched electrodes achieved a removal efficiency of 90.86 % (BOD), 98.62 % (COD), 96.94 % (Cr), and 96.92 % (TDS). Similarly, when using plane iron electrodes, the removal efficiency of BOD, COD, Cr and TDS was 87.57 %, 94.77 % 93.42 % and 93.08 %, respectively, while punched iron electrodes removed 89.01 % of BOD, 96.59 % of COD, 94.66 % of Cr and 95 % of TDS. The results demonstrate that the proposed ANN effectively predicts effluent BOD, COD, Cr and TDS, addressing economic and environmental sustainability concerns.

Investigation on surface water treatment using blended moringa oleifera seed and aloe vera plants as natural coagulants

The implementation and careful adaptation of treatment plants is currently the most common method for enhancing water quality, especially for large-scale supplies. Nowadays, natural coagulants are used for water treatment due to their environmental friendliness. moringa oleifera and Aloe vera plants are the known natural coagulants used for water. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the removal efficiency of color, turbidity, TDS, COD, and phosphate from surface water by utilizing the blended powder of moringa oleifera seeds (MOS) and Aloe vera plants (AVP). In this study also, pH, stirring speed of the jar test, coagulant dosage, and settling time were also considered as influencing factors on the removal percentages. The blended powder of moringa oleifera (MOS) and Aloe vera plants (AVP) removed color (87.1%), turbidity (88.5%), TDS (92.1%), COD (52.6%), and phosphate (93.9%) at different operating parameters at optimum condition. Furthermore, experimental data were statistically and mathematically analyzed using a central composite design (CCD) from response surface methodology (RSM), revealing that the quadratic model was significant for COD and phosphate removal. The model was also valid for the COD and phosphate removal based on the coefficient of determination, but the quadratic model for the removal of color, turbidity, TDS, and COD was aliased such that it is not appropriate for further investigation.

Solar photocatalytic hydrogen production from pulp and paper wastewater

The solar photocatalytic degradation of pulp and paper mill wastewater has been reported by several scientists. However, this is the first time we are reporting for solar photocatalytic hydrogen production from pulp and paper mill wastewater and simultaneous degradation of pollutants. In this work, CuO based photocatalysts and novel square type photocatalytic reactor of 5 L capacity were used. The result shows that the prepared photocatalysts are solar active, efficient in hydrogen recovery and pollutant degradation from the pulp and paper wastewater. The effects of catalyst loading, sacrificial agent, pollutant removal efficiency and stability check were investigated. At 0.25 g/L of CuO/Fe2O3, 0.2 M of sacrificial agent (Na2SO32−) and hydrogen yield of 1000 mL from 1000 mL of wastewater was achieved. The removal efficiency of TSS, TDS, BOD, COD, turbidity and TOC are around 70, 50, 60, 65, 70 and 45% respectively. Reusability study revealed that CuO/Fe2O3 was chemically stable and could be reused successively (five cycles) without significant changes in its photoactivity and intrinsic properties.

Performance evaluation of hydrodynamic cavitation in combination with AOPs for degradation of tannery wastewater

Tannery wastewater effluent (TWE) consists of a variety of complex structured compounds having very low biodegradability. Few attempts have been made to treat real-time TWE consisting of complex compounds and find the intermediate compounds formed during the HC+PAA+ FeSO4.7 H2O treatment system. Therefore, a pilot scale study has been conducted on an orifice-embedded hydrodynamic cavitation reactor for treating real-time TWE. Liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) has been carried out to identify the specific compounds present in TWE before and after treatment. Response surface methodology (RSM) – Box-Behnken design (BBD) obtained maximum COD, TDS and turbidity removal efficiency of 72.36%, 94.54% and 98.89%, respectively, at cavitation time-97.5 min, inlet pressure-7.5 bar, pH-2, orifice diameter-0.5 mm, PAA dosage-17.5 g/L, and PAA /FeSO4.7 H2O-2:1 ratio. The reaction rate constant was increased from 2.455 × 10−3 to 12.75 × 10−3 min−1 when AOPs were combined with HC. The study concluded that the degradation using HC+PAA+ FeSO4.7 H2O successfully increased the biodegradability of the TWE without forming any toxic by-products.

Treatment for hydraulic fracturing flowback fluid of shale gas by ceramic membrane-ED-H/L pressure RO process

The ceramic membrane-ED-H/L pressure RO combined process was constructed for the treatment of fracturing flowback fluid, and the mechanism and influencing factors were investigated. The removal efficiency of TDS and COD reached 97.5 % and 31.9 %, respectively, through coagulation-ceramic membrane which was contaminated slightly by TSS due to the “cross-flow” operation. However, according to the analysis of ceramic membrane by FTIR, SEM and EDS, it was indicated the decreasing of membrane flux would be caused by organic and inorganic composite made from PAM, calcium and barium crystals. The removal of organic pollutants was positively correlated with operating voltage in ED. The removal efficiency of and COD reached 79.3 % on 20 V operating voltage. Based on the analysis of organic matter composition by CG-MS and 3D fluorescence spectroscopy, it was showed the removal efficiency of polar substance, such as phenol, was higher than non-polar substance, such as n-butane due to the electromigration. For the removal of the ions, the removal efficiency of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, SO42− and Cl− reached 99.7 %, 99.6 %, 95.8 %, 99.2 %, 99.3 % and 96.4 % respectively, indicating ion valence had a significant influence on ion removal by ED. The concentrated water and diluted water produced by ED were treated by the RO in high- and low-pressure operation, respectively, in order to improve membrane flux. The COD and TDS were about 11.6 mg/L and 4.0 mg/L in diluted water treated by the RO in low-pressure operation respectively, showing membrane flux hardly decreased significantly with high stability and flux.

Application of Algal Nanotechnology for Leather Wastewater Treatment and Heavy Metal Removal Efficiency

Wastewater from tanneries may ruin agricultural fields by polluting them with trace metals. The synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) from algal sources and their application could help in decreasing hazardous materials, for environmental safety. The potential of zinc oxide nanoparticles made from Oedogonium sp. was evaluated for removal of heavy metals from leather industrial wastewater. Synthesized algal nanoparticles (0 (control), 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg) were applied to treat wastewater by using different concentrations of leather industrial effluents (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 100%) for 15, 30, and 45 d. The wastewater collected was dark brown to black in color with very high pH (8.21), EC (23.08 μs/cm), and TDS, (11.54 mg/L), while the chloride content was 6750 mg/L. The values of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) ranged between 420 mg/L and 1123 mg/L in the current study. Prior to the application of nanoparticles, Cr (310.1), Cd (210.5), and Pb (75.5 mg/L) contents were higher in the leather effluents. The removal efficiency of TDS, chlorides, Cr, Cd, and Pb was improved by 46.5%, 43.5%, 54%, 57.6%, and 59.3%, respectively, following treatment with 1 mg of nanoparticles after 45 d. Our results suggested that the green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles is a useful and ecofriendly biotechnological tool for treating tannery effluents, before they are discharged into water bodies, thus making the soil environment clean.

A Study on Natural Clay and Moringa Oleifera for Sustainability of Landfill Liners

This project aims to characterize the municipal solid waste leachate, using column study method to evaluate the concentrations of constituents present in landfill leachate. The leachate sample were tested for several physical and chemical parameters. The initial results demonstrated that the characterizations of leachate found to be highest range of contamination. Hence compacted clay liner is used in this treatment. Moringa Oleifera is added with compacted natural clay to retain the constituents in the liner. Compacted natural clay liner shows the removal efficiency of TDS, Sodium and Potassium is 88.44%, 90.6% and 68.46% respectively. Moringa Oleifera with Compacted natural clay liner shows the removal efficiency of TDS, Sodium and Potassium is 90.2%, 98.75% and 81.2% respectively. Result shows Moringa Oleifera with Compacted clay liner has been an effective for the removal of constitutes present in landfill leachate.

Electro dialysis reversal (EDR) performance for reject brine treatment of reverse osmosis desalination system.

In this study, the performance of bench-scale EDR was evaluated using the samples taken from the 1st and the 2nd stage RO from the Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis (BWRO) plant in Eshtehard, Iran. The measurements indicated that original TDS of the aquifer brackish water was equal to 3,229–3,664 mg/L, whereas TDS of the 1st stage RO brine was between 5,500 and 7,700 mg/L, that TDS of the 2nd stage RO brine was in the range of 9,500–10,600 mg/L. A batch bench-scale EDR system of 12 l/h was used with a direct electric current at three different scenarios. In the first, the brine was fed at 20°C (as a reference regulated point). In the second, temperature (14, 20, 26.5°C), and in the third, voltage were changed (6, 12, 18, 24 V) to investigate their influences on performance of the EDR process, while the other operational parameters (feed flow rate, recovery ratio, quality of feed brine)were kept constant. Based on the data analysis using the ANOVA and DUNCAN tests for the second and third scenarios, it was observed that the optimum TDS removal efficiency of the EDR process can be at temperature of 26.5°C and voltage of 18 V. On the other hand, the successful performance of the bench-scale EDR in reducing the 29,000 mg/L TDS and the 45,000 μmhos/cm EC of the 2nd stage brine to 1,716 mg/L (TDS) and 2,640 μmhos/cm (EC) (at 26.5°C and 24V) could be considered as the main achievement of this research. Overall, the hybrid process RO-EDR-RO can be considered as the best technical, environmental and economical scenario for the development of Eshtehard Desalination Plant phase 2 at full scale.

Potable Water Treatment in a Batch Reactor Benefited by Combined Filtration and Catalytic Ozonation

Due to continuous contamination of groundwater by anthropogenic activities, potable water fetches numerous pollutants such as pathogens, pharmaceuticals, and heavy metals, with these being severe health hazards. The main aim of the current study was to develop a hybrid unit based on catalytic ozonation and the filtration process to effectively remove the contaminants in drinking water. To the best of our knowledge, in the current study, the Fe-Zeolite 4A (Fe-Z4A)/O3 process followed by filtration involving rice husk and activated carbons were studied for the first time in order to treat drinking water. In the current investigation, fecal coliforms, arsenic, pharmaceuticals, turbidity, and TDS removal were investigated in a novel hybrid reactor. The results showed 100%, 45%, 40%, 70%, and 95% fecal coliform, arsenic, TDS, paracetamol, and turbidity removal efficiency, respectively. The results further indicated that all the studied drinking water samples followed WHO guidelines and NEQS for drinking water quality after the proposed treatment. Therefore, it is concluded that the proposed hybrid process implies a single unit is highly efficient for drinking water treatment. The designed novel hybrid reactor treatment can be scaled up in the future for household or commercial use.

Biological treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater using Up Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) - anoxic-aerobic system

Slaughterhouse wastewater (SWW) is heavily polluted wastewater. It contains high concentration of organic matters, suspended solids, nitrogen, phosphorus, oil and grease. Discharging of SWW without a proper treatment may cause many problems for the sewage network and municipal treatment plants. Thus, this study aims to investigate the treatability of SWW using a new treatment method consists of: Up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, Anaerobic Anoxic and Oxic (A2/O), and Virginia Initiative Plant Method (VIP). The integrated process consists of UASB reactor, anoxic tank, aeration tank (UASBAA), and final settling tank, respectively.The value of the mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS),and return activated sludge (RAS) flows from the final settling tank to the anoxic tank were 300% and 100% of the SWW inflow respectively. During the research the influence of HRT values in UASB, anoxic tank, and the aeration tank has been investigated on the efficiencies of pollutants removal that exist in SWW. The experiments proved that the suggested method achieved high removal efficiency of COD, BOD5, TS, TDS, TSS, NH4+, PO43−, and NO3−, respectively: 97.31%, 96.91%, 57.61%, 47.91%, 96.3%, 73.11%, 83.61%, 93.01%, at HRTs value of 24 h for UASB reactor; 12 h for anoxic tank: 24 h for aeration tank, and 3 h for final settling tank. The treated wastewater could be reused it in washing processes in the slaughterhouse or for the irrigation of industrial crops.

Investigation on Solar-Powered Electrocoagulation (SPEC) for the Treatment of Domestic Wastewater (DWW)

Solar-powered electrocoagulation (SPEC) was used for the treatment of domestic wastewater by using aluminum electrodes. As a single-unit process for treating household wastewater, the EC is solar-powered. The aim of this research was the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), TDS, and turbidity by SPEC. Optimization of various operating parameters such as pH, voltage/current, electrode gap, and pollutant concentration was first performed using direct electrical current. By using batteries and charge controllers with panels, the SPEC reactor has achieved consistent and efficient performance. The effects of COD, turbidity, and TDS exclusion of functioning parameters such as density (8–40 A/m2) and detention time (5–30 min) were examined. The COD reduction was 85%, and removal efficiency of TDS and turbidity was 70.18% and 87.4%. The results have shown the technical feasibility of SPEC design as a potential method for domestic wastewater treatment by electrocoagulation. Further analytical study of sludge was also performed by FTIR and XRD analysis.

Investigation of the Effect of Copolymer Antiscalant on TDS Removal Efficiency in Reverse Osmosis Membrane

Investigation of the Effect of Copolymer Antiscalant on TDS Removal Efficiency in Reverse Osmosis Membrane

Effect of Oxidizers on Sulphide Removal from Hair Dissolving Liming Wastewater in Tannery

Liming and unhairing is the conventional operation in the tannery where raw animal skins are treated with sodium sulphide and calcium hydroxide to remove keratin proteins e.g., hair and wool epidermis and to dissolve nonstructural proteins. The hair dissolving liming process discharges wastewater containing soluble sulphide. In acidification, the sulphide in wastewater generates toxic hydrogen sulphide, which has a negative impact on the environment. In this present study, the efficiency of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and sodium chlorite (NaClO2) oxidizers are compared to remove sulphide from the hair dissolving liming wastewater. The soluble sulphide in the raw liming wastewater was 3666 mg/L. At optimized dose and pH for H2O2 and NaClO2 soluble sulphide in the solution were 109.2 and 54.6 mg/L, respectively. The sulphide removal efficiency for H2O2and NaClO2 were 97.0% and 98.5%, respectively at an optimum pH (pH 7). Before and after treatment the physicochemical parameters of the liming wastewater were analysed by observing different water quality parameters viz: pH, TDS, EC and salinity. At optimized condition TDS and salinity removal efficiency was 47.2%, 52.3% and 8.1%, 11.2% for H2O2 and NaClO2, respectively. This simple and easy method would be effective for treating hair dissolving liming wastewater in reducing soluble sulphide discharge from the tanneries. Journal of Engineering Science 12(3), 2021, 67-72

Comparison of electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation for municipal wastewater treatment

Municipal wastewater can include many pollutants that have an effect on the environment, so treatment is very necessary before discharge into water bodies and for further recycling in recreation and agriculture. As a result, in this study, municipal wastewater is treated using Electro Coagulation (EC) and Chemical Coagulation (CC), with comparisons of both processes. For EC, aluminum electrodes and iron electrodes were used at different voltages and times. Aluminum sulphate and ferric chloride were used in the CC, along with coagulant dosage and contact time. After treating the municipal wastewater for electrocoagulation, the maximum removal efficiency of COD, TOC, TDS, and BOD is 85%, 87%, 82%, and 81% for the aluminum electrode, respectively and 92%, 92%, 84%, and 88% for the iron electrode, respectively. For chemical coagulation, the maximum removal efficiency of COD, TOC, TDS, and BOD is 81.66%, 80.09%, 84.67%, and 77.08% for aluminum sulphate as a coagulant, and 86%, 83.90%, 87.73%, and 81.8% for ferric chloride as a coagulant. Electrocoagulation was found to be superior to chemical coagulation in this study. And Fe is a very promising electrode compared to Al.

Using Of Different Electrocoagulation Cell Configuration Parameters for Treating of Abu-Ghraib Dairy Products Wastewater

One of the most significant issues that people throughout the world will confront in the future years is a lack of clean and safe water. Anthropogenic activities, in particular, are polluting water systems. With rising population, urbanization, and climate change, water reuse has become a requirement in some areas of the globe, putting pressure on the development of effective water treatment methods for a range of contaminants. High biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), oil-grease, and other pollutant loads define dairy sector effluent. Improved technology is required to address these issues. Electrocoagulation is a new type of therapy. It’s simple to use, ecologically friendly, and removes a wide range of contaminants from a variety of water types. The goal of this study was to see how operational factors such applied voltage, number of electrodes, distance between electrodes, electrode shape, and reaction time affected the electrocoagulation of actual dairy effluent. Aluminum and iron electrodes are used for this purpose. It was discovered that raising the applied voltage, reaction time, and decreasing the distance between electrodes improved COD, BOD, EC, TDS, color, and oil-grease removal efficiency. Moreover, switch between square, triangular electrodes and perforated cylindrical. The data show that electrocoagulation is effective at the maximum COD, BOD removal efficiency of first electrode at 20 holes of cylindrical shape is (88.03) %, (87.97) %, respectively. Second triangle shape is (100) %, (100) % respectively. Third square shape is (99.38) %, (99.42) % respectively. the maximum removal of TDS, EC efficiency of first electrode at 20 holes of cylindrical shape is (67.57) %, (62.34) %, respectively. Second triangle shape is (77.45) %, (67.68) % respectively. Third square shape is (81.96) %, (71.25) % respectively. The maximum color and oil-grease removal efficiency of first electrode at 20 holes of cylindrical shape is (100) %, (100) %, respectively. Second triangle shape is (100) %, (100) % respectively. Third square shape is (100) %, (100) % respectively. Electrocoagulation methods for the treatment of dairy wastewaters were shown to be successful in the research. Finally, the findings indicated that electrocoagulation is a technically feasible method for removing contaminants from dairy wastewaters.

Performance Evaluation of a Combined Electrocoagulation– Electrooxidation Process for the Treatment of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater

The present study investigates the application of a combined electrocoagulation-electrooxidation (EC-EO) process for the treatment of wastewater generated from Al-Dewaniya petroleum refinery plant in Iraq. The EC-EO process was examined in terms of its ability to simultaneously produce coagulant and oxidant agents by using a parallel plate configuration system composed of stainless steel plates as cathode and pair of aluminum and graphite plates as anode at two different current concentrations (1.92A/l and 0.96A/l). The results showed that the best conditions for treatment of Al-Dewaniya petroleum refinery wastewater using the combined approach were current concentration of (0.96A/l), current density of (12mA/cm2), NaCl concentration of (2g/l), pH of (7), and electrolysis time of (60 min). In this case COD removal efficiency (93.75%), phenol removal efficiency (96.20%), TDS removal efficiency (6.88%) were obtained with lower specific energy consumption (29.45 kWh/kg COD) and lower aluminum consumption (0.587 x10−3kg/h). The combined process showed to be better than EC process in term of COD and phenol removal efficiencies as well as aluminium consumption. In addition, it was better than EO in term of energy consumption. The combined process also gave buffering effect regarding to pH hence no need for controlling the pH during the operation.

Joint influence of hydraulic load and hydraulic retention time on oilfields wastewater contaminant removal dynamics in free water surface flow constructed wetland

Constructed wetlands have been proposed to address the frequency and magnitude of oil and gas-related environmental contamination. The effect of co-variation of hydraulic load and hydraulic retention time on the dynamics of contaminant removal efficiency of heterogeneous plant species was assessed using ordinary least squares regression. The results showed that hydraulic load (HL), hydraulic retention time (HRT) and plant species jointly explain 87%, 79%, 83%, 85% and 66% of the total variance in removal efficiency of conductivity, TDS, BOD, COD, and total coliform bacteria, respectively. The models also explain 86%, 80% and 81% of the variations in removal efficiency of oil and grease, total phosphorus, and nitrate. More than 90% of the explained variance of total coliform removal efficiency is jointly attributable to hydraulic load and retention time. Hydraulic load of 1000 L and retention time of 72 h (1000 L 72 h) recorded optimum removal efficiency for TDS and conductivity. Optimum removal efficiency for BOD, COD and total coliform bacteria were achieved at HL and HRT of 1000 L 72 h, 1000 L 48 h and 1250 L 24 h, respectively. Alternanthera philoxeroides recorded the highest removal efficiency for oil and grease, conductivity and TDS, whereas Ruellia simplex recorded the highest removal efficiency for COD. Typha latifolia had the highest removal efficiency for total phosphorus and nitrate. Plant species suppressed the relationship between HL and HRT (1250 L 48 h, 1500 L 72 h, 1750 L 48 h and 2000 L 48 h) and removal efficiency for conductivity. Similarly, plant species suppressed the relationship between 1000 L 48 h and 1750 48 h and removal efficiency for TDS. These relationships underscore the complex dynamics between optimal contaminant removal efficiency and required hydraulic load, hydraulic retention time and plant species.

Bioaugmentation and advanced oxidation process for organic and inorganic pollutants removal and pathogenic bacteria inactivation,s for El-Rahawy Drain, Egypt

River Nile (Rossita Branch) receives massive quantities of untreated or inadquite municipal wastewater, industrial and agricultural wastewater through El-Rahawy drain. Consequently, the objective of the present study was to design a system depending on biological treatment followed by Fenton reaction for treatment of El-Rahawy drain wastewater. The physicochemical and bacteriological parameters were estimated for El Rahawy drain wastewater and treated effluent of the drainage wastewater. The samples were collected after 24h and after the fourth day of the treatment. The bioaugmented bacterial consortium that used to enhance the biological treatment was nonpathogenic and eco-friendly, and the inoculated dose was 10 gm/m3/day. The removal efficiency of TDS reached 58.9% and 68.6 % by biological treatment after 24 h and 4 days. While the removal % of TDS reached 75.9% after 24 h of Fenton treatment, and this efficiency removal declined to 66.6% on the fourth day of the treatment. The removal efficiency of COD reached 33.3 and 56.8% after 24 h and 4 days of the biological treatment. Whereas the removal % of COD reached to 80% after 24 h, and this removal % declined to 78.8% after 4 days of Fenton treatment. The physicochemical and bacteriological parameters were declined by the treatment time increase. It was found that, the bioaugmented bacterial strains are able to grow well and produce more biodegeding enzymes after 24 h. Moreover, the biological treatment followed by the Fenton reaction is the most suitable solution for El-Rahawy drain treatment

Enhancing water efficiency and wastewater treatment using sustainable technologies: A laboratory and pilot study for adhesive and leather chemicals production

The current study was designed to obtain the maximum water efficiency using water conservation strategies and at-source effluent treatment leading it reusable in three manufacturing plants (P I, II and III) of a leather chemical industry. The best available techniques (BATs) for water conservation were applied which resulted in 28.1 % and 44.8 % reduction in water usage and effluent generation respectively. Laboratory and pilot-scale electrocoagulation (EC) as well as horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSSF CWs) were applied for the final treatment of effluent. In the electrocoagulation method, the obtained removal efficiency of COD, TDS, TSS and conductivity was 93.58 %, 43.23 %, 55.48 % and 35.42 % at the laboratory and 92.84 %, 37.97 %, 53.57 % and 33.58 % at pilot-scale respectively for P I and P II effluent. Removal efficiency using electrocoagulation was very low (all below 35 %) for P III effluent because of presence of electrolytes in excess which disrupt the experiment. Therefore, HSSF CWs were applied as an alternative treatment method for P III. Removal efficiency of COD, TDS, TSS and conductivity of HSSF CWs was 95.48 %, 34.10 %, 53.07 % and 9.83 % at laboratory and 95.43 %, 37.59 %, 51.52 % and 8.65 % at pilot-scale respectively. Finally, the treated wastewater was reused in all manufacturing plants for non-process activities. It is concluded that curtailing water consumption significantly reduces the effluent generation which after at-source treatment through sustainable technologies can be reused to produce near zero liquid discharge (ZLD) from leather chemical industry.

Applications of micro size anorganic membrane of clay, zeolite and active carbon as filters for peat water purification

Ceramic membrane is one of technology membrane which used as a filtration. Filtration process is the easy way to solve the problem for water purification. Ceramic membrane was used as filtration for peat water. Peat water is the surface water of peat soils that contain high organic matter as well as high enough iron, acidic taste with a pH of 3-5 and a low level of hardness. Therefore, one of the managements of peat water is by using ceramic membrane. The goal of this study is making ceramic membrane from clay, zeolite and activated carbon as a filter for peat water. The research was conducted by using ceramic membrane with composition ratio of 80:10:10; 70:20:10; 60:30:10; 50:40:10, respectively, with the temperature of combustion varied from 600, 700 and 800 Degree Celsius, respectively. The ceramic membrane applied as a filtration for peat water. The permeats from filtration process using ceramic membrane had been analyzed parameter which indicate the good quality of peat water. This study obtained the highest Fe2+ removal efficiency in peat water by 100 percent, the highest Mn2+ removal efficiency of 99.94 percent, followed by a TDS removal efficiency of 82.58 percent and turbidity 95.65 percent.