Removable Devices Research Articles

Importance of an Evaluation Phase When Increasing the Occlusal Vertical Dimension: A Systematic Review.

To assess whether an evaluation period is necessary for patient and clinical success when increasing the occlusal vertical dimension (OVD) for a full mouth rehabilitation. A systematic search was conducted in six databases: MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, CENTRAL, VHL, and EMBASE. The eligibility criteria of this systematic review used the PICO framework to address the following research question: "In dentate adults requiring an increase in occlusal vertical dimension (OVD) (P), is an evaluation period of the new OVD (I) superior to no evaluation period (C) in terms of success (O)?" Study characteristics, survival, and success rates were extracted from each article. No language restrictions were applied. Study quality was appraised using Cochrane's Risk of Bias 2 tool and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) according to the study design. The electronic search yielded 1188 titles after duplicates were removed. One RCT and 103 non-comparative articles were found relevant to the search question. Out of the 103 articles, 80 had an evaluation phase and 23 did not. The included RCT revealed that removable devices tended to cause chewing difficulties, unclear speech, and esthetic discomfort. Therefore, the use of a removable appliance to functionally or esthetically evaluate OVD was not indicated prior to the definitive treatment. Esthetics was the highest reported parameter preoperatively for the non-comparative studies, at 85% with an evaluation and 86% without. At present, there is lack of evidence that an evaluation period improves clinical and patient-reported outcomes when increasing OVD for full mouth rehabilitations. Thus, an increase in OVD can be successful with or without an evaluation phase. The evaluation phase helps the clinician manage patient expectations and assist with the treatment sequencing. This phase is most effective with fixed restoration, such as temporary crowns or adhesive restorations. However, there is limited evidence that this phase improves clinical or patient-reported outcomes.

Hyperelastic material models for simulating deformation of silicone ring pessaries

Pessaries are removable gynecological prosthetic devices that provide mechanical support for temporary or long-term symptom relief of pelvic floor disorders, such as pelvic organ prolapse and stress urinary incontinence. To date, limited mechanical tests have been performed on physical pessary designs to characterize their behaviour under load; however, custom pessary manufacturing is expensive and time consuming. As an alternative, finite element (FE) modeling can provide detailed numerical insight into the response of a pessary design under load but to date has seen limited application, with little data available for pessary silicone materials. This study aimed to identify hyperelastic material models for two silicone materials used in custom pessary cocoon moulded manufacturing towards FE analysis of ring with support (RWS) pessaries. It was hypothesized that hyperelastic material models could be identified to capture the force and deformation response of multiple RWS sizes under different boundary conditions and silicone materials (Shore 60A and 40A). To understand the material characteristics of pessary silicone, uniaxial tension and compression tests were performed then the experimental data was fit with Mooney-Rivlin (MR) material models. To ensure the material models characterize the pessary behaviour, data from mechanical tests representing the RWS pessary folding and modified 3-point bending were compared to FE recreations (FEBio) of the same tests with the MR materials applied to the pessaries. The FE model results demonstrated good agreement in the force-displacement response for the fold and 3-point bending models for different pessary sizes and silicone stiffnesses. This work demonstrates the hyperelastic material models’ efficacy and will enable future studies to improve biomechanical analysis of silicone pessary designs.

FLAW DEFECTION ANALYSE OF THE SURFACE OF ACRYLIC BASE PLASTICS

This study examines the possibility of assessing the quality of removable orthopedic devices by measuring the smoothness of their surfaces and detecting microscopic defects. The methodology involves comparing standard samples of the base material with samples that have been intentionally defective, using defectoscopy techniques for analysis. Initially, twenty samples of basic acrylic plastic were selected: half of them were perfectly machined to dental standards and the other half were intentionally scratched with sandpaper. These samples were then examined by macrophotography and analyzed using Image J software for quantitative image measurement. This analysis provided numerical data on the polished surface's quality, focusing on metrics such as the total number of defects, and the average size and perimeter of these defects. Statistical evaluation through the JUSP program compared the two sets of samples, highlighting significant differences between them. From the most prominent data points provided by Image J, conclusions were made regarding the surface quality of the acrylic plastic and how it is affected by specific mechanical imperfections. This method of using optical flaw detection offers a new way to clinically evaluate the quality of detachable orthopedic devices (like base plastic) in terms of their susceptibility to bacterial buildup, which could lead to inflammation in the prosthetic bed's mucosal lining. The use of flaw detection analysis allows for a general assessment of the quality of the material surface polishing, detection of surface defects in its structure that may occur during the production stage or during operation, thereby preventing areas of biofilm accumulation. Light-optical flaw detection in the experiment proved its effectiveness and makes us pay attention to the prospects of its improvement and wider implementation in clinical practice.

Bistable Electrochromic Ionogels via Supramolecular Interactions for Energy-Efficient Displays.

Bistable electrochromic (EC) materials and systems offer significant potential for building decarbonization through their optical modulation and energy efficiency. However, challenges such as limited design strategies and bottlenecks in cost, fabrication, and color have hindered the full commercialization of energy-saving EC windows and displays, with few materials achieving true bistability. Herein, a novel strategy for designing bistable electrochromic materials is proposed by leveraging supramolecular interactions. These interactions facilitate reversible color transitions, stabilize the colored structure, and enable spatial confinement to inhibit diffusion, thereby achieving bistable electrochromism. The mechanisms and materials underlying these unconventional electrochromic systems are substantiated through detailed characterization. This strategy enables the preparation of low-cost and sustainable transparent electrochromic displays with high performance. Notably, the display information remains clearly visible for more than 2 h without consuming energy. Involving biomass materials and removable device structures also enhances the sustainability and scalability of EC technology applications and development. These results demonstrate the crucial role of supramolecular chemistry in the development of cutting-edge materials for applications such as energy-saving smart windows.

Use of Artificial Intelligence to Monitor the Reliability of Removable Load-Handling Devices

Introduction. The malfunction of removable load-handling devices (RLHD) poses significant production risks. That is why research in this field is relevant. The problem has often become a topic of scientific investigation. The authors propose using artificial intelligence more extensively to monitor the state of RLHD. This paper presents a study on how to improve the machine vision model to better identify the absence of locks on RLHD hooks. A probable occurrence of such an issue in production is noted. A storage and monitoring system for RLHD condition is proposed. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the potential for further training of neural networks to significantly enhance the efficiency of RLHD monitoring, ensuring their safe use.Materials and Methods. The work is based on the results of a survey conducted at the LLC “KZ Rostselmash” plant from 2022 to 2023, involving 144 RLHD. Mathematical statistics methods were used to process the data. A neural network model previously trained using the YOLO computer vision algorithm was studied. It was retrained taking into account the norms of the rejection of RLHD, specified in federal rules and standards. Images of RLHD with defects and missing parts were collected from these sources and used to create a training database. The database was expanded by augmentation. The Roboflow platform was used for work.Results. The array of images used for further training of the neural network was divided into three samples: training (88%), validation (8%) and test (4%). These samples were used to train and validate its results. The training was completed after 260 epochs, with a steady increase in accuracy. The neural network model of computer vision obtained in this way automatically detected a common defect in the RLHD hook — the absence of a lock. Its performance was assessed using three indicators: average accuracy (94%), prediction accuracy (88.8%) and response (89.2%). The neural network could receive images from a video camera in real-time and recognize hook defects. During the RLHD inspection at the Rostselmash plant, a grab for lifting engines was found to have all three hooks defective — without locks. To avoid such situations, at the end of work, it was recommended to place the RLHD on a special stand equipped with a microcontroller device that could monitor for a number of potential issues using radio frequency identification.Discussion and Conclusions. The main goal of this proposed solution is to detect and address signs of non-compliance with the established standards. This task can be implemented in facilities that use lifting equipment. In this case, the timely noticed RLHD defects will allow preventing production incidents. As a result, material damage can be reduced and injury statistics improved.

Offloading systems for the treatment of neuropathic foot ulcers in patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials for the development of the Italian guidelines for the treatment of diabetic foot syndrome.

To compare the effectiveness of commonly used offloading devices for the treatment of neuropathic foot ulcers in patients with diabetes mellitus. This meta-analysis (MA) has been performed for giving an answer to clinical questions on this topic of the Italian guideline on diabetic foot syndrome. The present MA includes randomized controlled studies (duration > 12weeks) comparing, in patients with diabetes mellitus and non-infected neuropathic foot ulcer: any offloading device vs either no offloading device or conventional footwear; removable versus non-removable offloading devices; surgical procedure vs other offloading approaches. The primary endpoint was ulcer healing. A total of 184 studies were identified, and 18 were considered eligible for the analysis. We found that: any plantar off-loading, when compared to the absence of plantar offloading device, is associated with a higher ulcer healing (MH-OR: 3.13 [1.08, 9.11], p = 0.04, I2 = 0%); total contact cast or nonremovable knee-high walker, compared to other offloading devices, had a higher ulcer healing rate (MH-OR: 2.64 [1.43, 4.89], p = 0.002, I2 = 51%); surgical offloading for active ulcers in combination with post-surgery offloading achieves higher ulcer healing rate when compared to offloading devices alone (MH-OR: 6.77 [1.64, 27.93], p = 0.008, I2 = 0%). Any plantar offloading, compared to the absence of plantar offloading device, is associated with a higher ulcer healing rate. Total contact cast or nonremovable knee-high walker, compared to other offloading devices, is preferable. Surgical offloading for active ulcers, in combination with post-surgery offloading devices, achieves a higher ulcer healing rate when compared to other offloading devices alone. Further studies with a larger cohort of patients with diabetic neuropathic foot ulcers and extended follow-up periods are necessary.

Early Treatment of Acute Stage 0/1 Diabetic Charcot Foot Can Avoid Major Amputations at One Year.

Background: If unrecognized, Charcot neuro-osteoarthropathy (CNO) can be a devastating complication of diabetes. Methods: The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the outcomes in a cohort of diabetic patients diagnosed with active CNO managed in a tertiary level diabetic foot clinic (DFC). We included consecutive patients with active CNO, stage 0-1, according to the Eichenholtz-Shibata classification, who were referred from 1 January 2019 to 27 September 2022. Diagnosis of CNO was based on clinical signs and imaging (X-rays and magnetic resonance). All patients were completely offloaded by a total-contact cast (TCC) or removable knee-high device. Each patient was closely monitored monthly until CNO remission or another outcome. At 12 months of follow-up, the following outcomes were analyzed: remission, time to remission, major amputations (any above the ankle), and surgical indication. Results: Forty-three patients were included. The mean age was 57.6 ± 10.8 years; 65% were males and 88.4% had type 2 diabetes, with a mean duration of 20.6 ± 9.9 years. At baseline, 32.6% was affected by peripheral artery disease. Complete remission was recorded in 40/43 patients (93%), with a mean time to remission of 5.6 ± 1.5 months; major amputation and surgical indication occurred, respectively in 1/43 patients (2.3%) and 3/43 patients (7%). Conclusions: Early treatment of active Stage 0/1 CNO leads to high rates of remission and limb salvage.

The effect of pump diameter and penstock pipe on the electric power of a hybrid generator

Ocean Wave Power Plants (WEC) are divided into 6 types, namely (1) Point Absorber, (2) Oscillating Water Column, (3) Pressure Differential Submerger, (4) Oscillating Wave Surge Converter, (5) Attenuator & Terminator, and ( 6) Removable Devices. The AquabuOY type is a type of Point Absorber type wave power generator. This type uses a long pump connected to a Pelton turbine and was developed by Finavera (Aquaenergy) Company of Canada. The AquabuOY system has a weakness in that the turbine rotation depends on the wave period that occurs. The slower the wave period occurs, the weaker the resulting turbine rotation, therefore it needs to be improved by adding a reservoir unit to obtain pressure. stability and puffiness of the unit so that the rotation produced in the turbine is much greater. With this addition, the generator will spin more quickly and stably. In addition, the addition of wind energy installed at the top of the unit means that the generator to be built will produce more energy, is more flexible, can be placed in shallow, medium or deep seas, does not require complicated foundations, is relatively cheap, is not affected by extreme weather. and can be used in all sea conditions just by attaching it to a ballast. This study examines the effect of pump diameter and outlet pipe diameter on the electrical power generated at a hybrid power plant. pump diameter variations of 8 inches, 10 inches, 12 inches and 14 inches. Variation of outlet pipe diameter 1 inch, 2 inch, 3 inch and 4 inch. In this paper, we will present a simulation of the calculation of electrical energy from wave power with variations in pontoon volume, pump diameter, and outlet pipe diameter to obtain the most optimal system size. while wind energy power generation is presented in a different pape. Calculation simulation results to get the most optimal pump diameter and outlet pipe diameter in the hybrid power plant system built.

The use of «growing» endoprostheses in the complex treatment of children with post-resection mandibular defects

To develop and implement a comprehensive algorithm for the rehabilitation of patients after partial resection of the mandible using a titanium «growing» endoprosthesis. The study included 16 patients aged 2 to 7 years, with benign (6 cases) and malignant (10 cases) tumors of the mandible. The patients were divided into 2 groups depending on the time of fixation of the endoprosthesis. Group 1 included patients with simultaneous installation of a prosthesis (7 people). Group 2 included patients with delayed installation of an endoprosthesis (9 people). For the reconstruction of the mandible, «growing» titanium endoprostheses made of Ti6Al4V alloy of various designs were used. Removable orthodontic devices of mechanical and functional type of action, standard elastic mouthguards were used in the process of dental treatment. A comprehensive algorithm has been developed for the rehabilitation of children after partial resection of the mandible, depending on the time of fixation of the prosthesis and the volume of surgical intervention. The developed algorithm of complex rehabilitation using a «growing» endoprosthesis and dental support at the pre and postoperative stages allows to reduce the volume of secondary deformation of facial structures and dentition.

Сучасні принципи ортодонтичного лікування дистальної оклюзії при порушеній функції дихання в періоді змінного прикусу (Огляд літератури)

Introduction. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of scientific publications and interest in the correlation between orthodontic treatment and respiratory function. Most studies of the effects of orthodontic appliances on the airway in the past have been limited by the technological limitations of cephalometric imaging, meaning that reliable analysis of mediolateral airway width has not been possible. Of great interest is the study of the effect of fixed and removable functional devices in the treatment of distal occlusion and impaired respiratory function in the period of variable bite. Purpose: based on the analysis of literary sources, to determine the effect of functional orthodontic equipment on the effectiveness of treatment of distal occlusion and normalization of respiratory function in the period of variable bite. Materials and methods. Information search and analysis of scientific sources was carried out using scientometric databases Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar over the past 15 years. Conclusion. The results of numerous scientific studies presented in the review confirm the positive impact of functional orthodontic equipment on the effectiveness of treatment of distal occlusion and normalization of respiratory function during the variable bite period and the need for a multidisciplinary approach to their complex treatment. Key words: distal occlusion, functional orthodontic equipment, variable bite, breathing disorder.

Methods of treatment of patients with skeletal forms of distal occlusion using dental alveolar compensation. The role of digital technologies and the approach to treatment

Improving the effectiveness of complex treatment in patients with distal occlusion of the dentition during the period of active skeletal growth. 202 patients with skeletal distal occlusion were examined and treated. Patients are divided into three subgroups depending on the position/size of the jaw bones and the main link of pathogenesis. The parameters of TRG and CBCT sections were measured before and after treatment. Various parameters were used for the analysis: skeletal (SNA, SNB, ANB, etc.), dental (II/SN, II/ii, APog-I, APog-i, etc.), skeletal profile and soft tissue parameters. Various orthodontic techniques have been applied, including FNTA, the Damon bracket system, the Biederman apparatus and others. In the retention period, non-removable retainers in the frontal section and removable night retention devices of various structures were used. Patients were monitored for up to 15 years after the completion of the active orthodontic treatment stage. The analysis of the X-ray examination data indicates the normalization of the mutual position of the jaw bones in relation to the base of the skull, optimization of the ratios of the bone elements of the TMJ. An algorithm has been developed for the treatment of patients with dental anomalies in the sagittal plane, with narrowing of the upper jaw during the bite of permanent teeth. Comprehensive treatment of patients with distal occlusion during the period of active skeletal growth makes it possible to achieve significant improvements in dentition, position and closure of teeth, as well as skeletal parameters of X-ray examinations. The results indicate the importance of early intervention using modern orthodontic techniques. Long-term follow-up in the retention period shows the stability of the results and the effectiveness of the treatment.

Особенности оказания ортодонтической помощи детям с различным уровнем соматического здоровья

INTRODUCTION: Today, not all groups of the child population can receive full orthodontic care. This is typical for children with disabilities who have mental and neuromotor development disorders. To ensure optimal quality of orthodontic care in these cases, it is necessary to involve related specialists, the availability of modern equipment, and the psychological readiness of the doctor to work with children. The combination of these conditions will make it possible to fully provide orthodontic care to children with disabilities. AIM: To study features of rendering orthodontic care to children with different somatic health level MATERIALS AND METHODS: Orthodontic treatment of 50 children aged 7 to 16 years was carried out. The patients were divided into 3 groups based on the general somatic health status: children with anomalies of the position of teeth and bite, without burdening pathology; children with anomalies of the position of teeth and bite, with concomitant disorders of the respiratory, musculoskeletal and other systems; children with disabilities. Besides, the patients were classified by types of dental anomalies. Orthodontic treatment of patients from group 2 started after consultation with specialists. Patients from group 3 had a conclusion about the underlying disease and were referred to related specialists for consultation if necessary. RESULTS: The treatment of group 1 patients was without peculiarities. Removable and non-removable devices were used to correct dental anomalies. In all cases, a satisfactory result of treatment was obtained. In the treatment of group 2 patients, it was necessary to eliminate the concomitant pathology. Therapeutic measures aimed at restoring natural respiration and normalizing the function of the musculoskeletal system were recommended. As a result, anomalies of the dental system were corrected in 17 cases. In 3 cases, it was impossible to achieve correction of the distal bite due to the late start of treatment. In 1 patient, it was impossible to restore the function of the respiratory system. In 3 cases, the disorders in functioning of the musculoskeletal system were not completely corrected, which required further observation. The impossibility to restore the function of the respiratory system affected the result of treatment in 1 patient. Treatment of children from group 3 caused the greatest difficulty. A good clinical result was achieved in 3 cases, and in the rest ones the result was an improvement of the existing condition, but due to the peculiarities of the mental state of children, the treatment could not be fully completed. CONCLUSIONS: An effective algorithm for providing orthodontic care to children with disabilities has been developed. Before treatment, it is necessary to correct the concomitant pathology with participation of related specialists. It is recommended simple devices be used with good fixation in the oral cavity. The positive changes in the dental status obtained permit to further improve the overall health condition.

Orthodontic Relapse after Fixed or Removable Retention Devices: A Systematic Review

Retention constitutes a fundamental phase of orthodontic treatment, of which the patient must be made aware from the outset. Retention, which can be fixed or movable, has the task of maintaining over time and stabilising the results obtained during treatment. This study assessed the efficacy of using removable restraints versus fixed solutions for maintaining long-term outcomes. A comprehensive search across major databases—Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus—used ‘relapse’ and ‘orthodontic’ as keywords to gather articles on relapse discussions. The primary focus was relapsed cases in post-fixed orthodontic therapy. Both fixed and removable retainer systems prove effective in preserving orthodontic achievements. While fixed devices require regular wire integrity checks, mobile devices require patient compliance, proper usage, and a recommended wear time. Studies indicate that fixed retainers are generally successful, with relapse rates varying based on the retainer type. Full-time use of removable devices surpasses night-only wear. Vacuum-formed and Hawley retainers offer similar effectiveness. Fixed retainers excel in long-term alignment stability, whereas removable ones have higher failure rates yet remain beneficial.

Patients' Buying Behavior for Non-Reimbursed Off-Loading Devices Used in Diabetic Foot Ulcer Treatment-An Observational Study during COVID-19 Pandemic from a Romanian Physical Therapy Unit.

Diabetic foot ulcer non-reimbursed treatment depends on multiple factors, including the patient's buying behaviors. Factors affecting buying behaviors for the removable off-loading devices are not completely understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the patients' buying behaviors of the removable off-loading devices and their influence on the DFU treatment outcomes remotely monitored during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this prospective observational study, 45 patients affected by diabetic peripheral neuropathy, with/without peripheral arterial disease, with foot ulcers treated with removable devices were remotely monitored. Prefabricated removable cast walkers, insoles, and therapeutic footwear were the proposed off-loading methods. Patients affected by high blood pressure (p = 0.018), peripheral arterial disease (p = 0.029), past amputations (p = 0.018), and ulcer on the left foot (p = 0.007) bought removable cast walkers. Rural provenience (p = 0.011) and male (p = 0.034) did not buy a removable walker. The healing rate was 69.4%, while the median healing time was 20 weeks. High blood pressure negatively influenced healing time (p = 0.020). Patients who bought the most efficient treatment method for DFUs were females from urban provenience, with amputation in the past, with peripheral arterial disease, and with high blood pressure.

The design of removable railings in tunnel crossings on highways

During the operation of the tunnel crossing, to maintain its required technical condition, preventive and repair work is carried out, with the exception of track work, by forces and means of the track distance.When servicing tunnel crossings, compliance with safety regulations for people, as well as the established mode of train traffi c, must be ensured. To ensure the necessary conditions for the operation and repair of technological equipment, technological service platforms, mezzanines, stairs with non-removable railings are arranged at intersections. When using non-removable or bulky guards during maintenance and repair work at tunnel crossings on highways, the safe movement of vehicles and people is quite problematic.In cramped tunnel conditions, instead of fences having a welded structure, it is proposed to use a removable railing structure that will not interfere with the movement of railway transport and ensure the safety of work processes. The removable railing device includes: a fastening plate, a fastening bracket into which the railing plate is installed.The main parameters of removable railings are determined. The sequence of installation of a replaceable fence is described.The use of removable railings in the enclosing structures will ensure the passage of vehicles, taking into account the requirements for the safety of working processes at tunnel crossings without disturbing the train traffic.

Elastodontic Therapy with Oral Bioactivator Devices: A Review

Scientific studies have shown that dysfunctional problems associated with dysmorphisms are the base of malocclusion. The position of the mouth and the head is a component of the general postural arrangement, so any head misalignment creates disharmonies and tensions among the neck muscles. Elastodontics is a treatment based on the use of removable elastomeric devices. These functional appliances are made of elastomeric material, acting tridimensionally on a neuromuscular system with orthopaedic and dental effects. Bioactivators have a vestibular and lingual flange with a free central area that permits them to position teeth without constraints. The flanges are linked by an occlusal plane that maintains the two skeletal bases and teeth in first-class normocclusion with propulsive and retropulsive effects on the maxilla and mandible. Elastomeric devices are generally well tolerated by patients requiring simple collaboration and management. This review aim is to describe the indications and limits of orthodontic therapy with elastomeric devices to provide an overview of elastodontics.

Impact of orthodontic treatment on speech and phonetics: a review

Orthodontic devices, including both fixed and removable devices, have the potential to impact dental anatomy, the space within the oral cavity, the displacement of the tongue, and the production of speech. The usage of fixed labial appliances may cause transient or persistent speech and phonetics changes, particularly affecting sibilant and stopped sounds. Lingual fixed appliances, while providing aesthetic advantages, can lead to difficulties in maintaining oral hygiene, pain in the tongue, and speech disturbances. Orthodontic retainers, used post-treatment, can also affect speech and phonetics by altering the oral cavity space and tongue position. Other appliances like removable appliances, palatal expanders, and prosthetic dental appliances may also disrupt speech production. Objective, semi-objective, and subjective assessments are utilized to evaluate speech disruptions induced by orthodontic devices. Patients considering orthodontic aligners should be informed about potential temporary limitations in speech production, which can be managed by removing the device when necessary. The adaptation to orthodontic treatment may vary based on individual characteristics. Orthodontists should consider these effects and communicate them to patients. This review article explores the effect of orthodontic treatment on speech and phonetics.

AUTOMATED DEVICE PARTS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN THE CONDITIONS OF MEDIUM-SERIES PRODUCTION

The article analyzes previous research and publications on the development and application of various types of automated transport carts used in serial production, from which a conclusion is drawn about the need to develop an automated transport cart that can be used in instrument manufacturing and which will increase the productivity of the transport system.
 After conducting the analysis, the main element of the automated transportation system was developed, which is an automated transport cart mounted on mecanum wheels, which ensure its all-directional movement, without changing the orientation in space or its change regardless of the direction of movement, with two on-board manipulators that have removable gripping devices, and an individual removable storage device. Changeable elements increase the flexibility of the automated cart, because this feature allows the cart to be adapted to a large number of various technological processes. With the help of the CAD system, a three-dimensional model of the schematic design of the automated transport cart was developed, which takes into account all its important elements, as well as a detailed model of the mecanum wheels, designed specifically for the design of the cart.
 Using the parameters of the developed automated transport cart, the kinematics of the cart were calculated and formulas for solving the forward and inverse kinematics problem were determined, as well as the algorithms of the cart operation were developed, which describe each cycle performed by the cart at each workplace. Based on formulas for solving kinematics problems, formulas and methods for leveling spatial errors that occur during movement from one point to another are defined, as well as functions for optimizing the process of moving an automated transport cart are defined, and how optimization affects performance is determined.

MODERN METHOD OF APPLYING THE MIXTURE ON A VERTICAL SURFACE

When applying mixtures to a vertical surface, it is not always possible to use stationary equipment. This includes scaffolding, cradles, aerial work platforms, and, for small volumes, installation climbers. The mixture is usually applied with a roller, brush or spray gun. These methods lead to excessive consumption of the mixture, increased work time, and often a lack of safety precautions. Working at height is very dangerous, especially in the current environment. Therefore, both in our country and abroad, scientists are developing new alternatives to manual, semi-manual and mechanised methods. One of these mechanisms is automation and robotics. The task of the workers is to control the work processes, monitor the supply of materials and replace equipment as necessary. Such mechanisms are operated by up to three workers. Having studied all the available information, the authors proposed to use the Portal equipment to perform a range of works at height. It will allow you to perform work on slopes, terraces, and hard-to-reach places. To do this, you need to make a small terrace, level the surface, mount the rails, and install the Portal. Then, using additional mechanisms, the equipment is attached. In the first stage, augers are used to drill a well into which the reinforcement is installed, and the concreting process is carried out using various removable devices (winches, drills, etc.) that are attached to the Portal. In the second stage, the ground is excavated, and the pile is exposed by 3.6 metres. In the third stage, a wooden formwork is placed between the piles. The frame is partially attached to the pile, and the outer side of the formwork is mounted. The concreting process is carried out sequentially. First, the lower part is concreted, and then the upper part. In the fourth stage, the mixture is applied to the surface. The article presents and analyses the results of laboratory studies of the operation of the Portal equipment with a device for intensifying the injection of a flowing mixture. The following schemes were considered when choosing the technology of mixture injection: perpendicular-straight-line, perpendicular-circular and inclined-straight-line. The optimal combinations of layer thickness and the angle of inclination of the nozzle axis to the surface and technological schemes of application are given.

Effectiveness of offloading interventions for people with diabetes-related foot ulcers: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Offloading treatment is crucial to heal diabetes-related foot ulcers (DFU). This systematic review aimed to assess the effectiveness of offloading interventions for people with DFU. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane databases, and trials registries for all studies relating to offloading interventions in people with DFU to address 14 clinical question comparisons. Outcomes included ulcers healed, plantar pressure, weight-bearing activity, adherence, new lesions, falls, infections, amputations, quality of life, costs, cost-effectiveness, balance, and sustained healing. Included controlled studies were independently assessed for risk of bias and had key data extracted. Meta-analyses were performed when outcome data from studies could be pooled. Evidence statements were developed using the GRADE approach when outcome data existed. From 19,923 studies screened, 194 eligible studies were identified (47 controlled, 147 non-controlled), 35 meta-analyses performed, and 128 evidence statements developed. We found non-removable offloading devices likely increase ulcers healed compared to removable offloading devices (risk ratio [RR] 1.24, 95% CI 1.09-1.41; N=14, n=1083), and may increase adherence, cost-effectiveness and decrease infections, but may increase new lesions. Removable knee-high offloading devices may make little difference to ulcers healed compared to removable ankle-high offloading devices (RR 1.00, 0.86-1.16; N=6, n=439), but may decrease plantar pressure and adherence. Any offloading device may increase ulcers healed (RR 1.39, 0.89-2.18; N=5, n=235) and cost-effectiveness compared to therapeutic footwear and may decrease plantar pressure and infections. Digital flexor tenotomies with offloading devices likely increase ulcers healed (RR 2.43, 1.05-5.59; N=1, n=16) and sustained healing compared to devices alone, and may decrease plantar pressure and infections, but may increase new transfer lesions. Achilles tendon lengthening with offloading devices likely increase ulcers healed (RR 1.10, 0.97-1.27; N=1, n=64) and sustained healing compared to devices alone, but likely increase new heel ulcers. Non-removable offloading devices are likely superior to all other offloading interventions to heal most plantar DFU. Digital flexor tenotomies and Achilles tendon lengthening in combination with offloading devices are likely superior for some specific plantar DFU locations. Otherwise, any offloading device is probably superior to therapeutic footwear and other non-surgical offloading interventions to heal most plantar DFU. However, all these interventions have low-to-moderate certainty of evidence supporting their outcomes and more high-quality trials are needed to improve our certainty for the effectiveness of most offloading interventions.