Remote System Research Articles

On the issue of optimizing the remote interaction system of medical workers using telemedicine technologies by project management methods

On the issue of optimizing the remote interaction system of medical workers using telemedicine technologies by project management methods

Translating a value-based framework for resilient e-learning impact in post COVID-19 times: Research-based Evidence from Higher Education in Kuwait

The covid-19 pandemic has changed people's daily lives and behaviors all across the world and has impacted practically every element of human existence. The introduction of remote education systems and the move toward online learning have had some of the most significant effects. The on-site operations of educational institutions, such as schools, colleges, and universities, have had to be suspended in order to stop the virus' spread. In order to effectively disseminate instructional material and guarantee the unbroken progression of students' academic endeavors, educators have been forced to look for novel approaches. The study used the Value-Based Adoption Model (VAM) as a conceptual framework to look into the factors that affected Kuwait's e-learning outcomes in the midst of the covid-19 pandemic. 382 students at Kuwaiti universities and colleges were the source of quantitative data collection. The findings revealed that peer interaction emerged as the most influential factor in shaping outcomes within the educational context of Kuwait, while instructors and course design factors were not significant. Using the VAM, this study investigated the impact of several factors on students' e-learning results during times of crisis. The research expands the existing knowledge base in the field on this subject and suggests developing a well-organized online learning crisis approach. The main contribution of this work is summarized on (i) An integrated framework for the quality of the e-learning experience in universities in post-covid-19 times and (ii) A resilient higher education institutional learning strategy model in post-covid-19 times. The findings of this paper can be generalizable to other Gulf Corporation Council (GCC) countries such as Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Qatar, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Bahrain and Oman. This is due to the shared cultural traditions and values, along with similar educational systems among these nations.

Robotic walking module as underground mining safety device

The authors studied the acting loads on the powered walking roof support in the preparatory mine and numerical modeling of stresses and deformations in the coal seam and host rocks in the preparatory face. The patterns of intensification of roof rocks displacements and the normative load on the workings support with increasing distance from the face are revealed. For additional safety maintenance authors designed remote control system allowing to control walking module from safe place. The purpose of the article is to develop a methodological approach to substantiate the technical parameters of a powered walking roof support to create temporary support for roof rocks near the preparatory face, preventing the risk of collapse.

A Robotic Teleoperation System Enhanced by Augmented Reality for Natural Human–Robot Interaction

Telekinesis, as commonly portrayed in science fiction literature and cinema, is a super power wherein users control and manipulate objects absent in physical interaction. In real world, enhancing human–robot interaction needs the synthesis of human intuitive processes with robotic arm. This paper introduces a robotic teleoperation system achieving the essence of telekinetic operations, combining the profound capabilities of augmented reality (AR) with the robotic arm operations. Utilizing AR, the proposed methodology offers operators with a visual feedback, facilitating a level of control surpassing the capacities of natural interfaces. By using AR-driven visual recognition, this system achieves operations in a virtual environment, subsequently actualized in the real world through the robotic arm. Through multiple experiments, we found that the system has a small margin of error in telekinesis operations, meeting the needs of remote operation. Furthermore, our system can operate on objects in the real world. These experiments underscore the capability of the remote control system to assist humans in accomplishing a wider range of tasks through the integration of AR and robotic arms, providing a natural human–robot interaction approach.

IT 장비 원격 전원제어 및 실시간 모니터링 시스템 성능검증

This study aims to evaluate a remote power control system that can predict the cause of an abnormality based on the environmental data measured by monitoring emergency situations in real time. This system intends to operate several IT equipment and achieve faster normalization when maintenance personnel are deployed. We aim to design a more stable system through hardware and software experiments. In addition, confirmation of product integrity and safety verification and commercialization are aimed. As an automatic facility capable of real-time monitoring and control, it can automatically operate along with power control and initialization. Therefore, it is expected to be used throughout the industry as well as in livestock and agriculture automation.

EFFECT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY PRACTICE AND IMPLEMENTATION OF TELEREHABILITATION INCLUDING HEALTH SECTORS IN AL AHSA CITY

Introduction and Aim: COVID-19 has turned into a worldwide public health emergency involving 223 nations and regions, and it has had a significant impact on public and health service delivery systems [1]. Tele-rehabilitation has developed as a potential strategy for virtually supervising the delivery of a physical, occupational, speech, and other therapies targeted at treating motor, mental, and neuropsychiatric deficiencies caused by sensory and motor impairments [3]. The transition to telerehabilitation offers a wealth of learning opportunities. This viewpoint offers an overview of how a learning health care system (LHS) approach to telerehabilitation research might foster innovation in health care delivery and lead to new scientific findings [4]. Telerehabilitation benefits minimize the need for patients and providers to travel and in-home rehabilitation services can save travel costs and caregiver strain. Patients with mobility issues will appreciate the convenience [5]. The aim of the study was to determine the COVID-19 pandemic effect on occupational therapy practice and use of telerehabilitation in Al-Ahsa. Method: COVID-19 pandemic effect on occupational therapy practice and use of telerehabilitation in Al-Ahsa assessed by the questionnaire. The purpose of the questionnaire to measure the Effect of Covid-19 pandemic on occupational therapy practice and implementation of telerehabilitation including government hospitals, private hospitals, and clinics in ALAHSA city. We shared the link by distributing it through social media. This study was conducted in Al-Ahsa including government hospitals, private hospitals, and clinics. The data collected from SPSS. 20 questions used to assess different aspects of COVID-19 pandemic effect on occupational therapy practice and use of telerehabilitation in Al-Ahsa with five options (Strongly Agree – Agree – Neutral – Disagree – Strongly Disagree. In addition, it is cross-sectional because the study collected data at giving point across the study. Result: There are 108 participants in this study. All of the participants were from Saudi Arabia in Al-Ahsa that met the inclusion criteria in This study. The number of male participants in the research was 85 (78.70%) . Also, the ages of the participants ranged from 16 to 58 and the average age is 30,23. We found that most of the participants agreed that telerehabilitation was effective and had many benefits for patients where the percentage of answers strongly agree and agree in all questions was high. Furthermore, the ages of the participants in the research are all of them from adolescence and adulthood, as the use of electronic technology to conduct therapeutic and rehabilitative sessions is almost non-existent for people in the late adulthood stage. Conclusion: We found that telerehabilitation is effective and benefits both the therapist and the patient. Also, the percentage of use of telerehabilitation by late adult patients was very low. Telerehabilitation had some problems and defects, and we hope that they will be resolved and the remote treatment system will be fully developed.

Agricultural Application Prospect of Fully Polarimetric and Quantification S-Band SAR Subsystem in Chinese High-Resolution Aerial Remote Sensing System.

The synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a type of active radar that can obtain polarization scattering information of ground objects, which is an important supplement to optical remote sensing. This paper designs a high-precision quantitative SAR system that combines radiation and polarization calibration processing to achieve a subtle perception of the changes in soil moisture and straw coverage. In Yushu, Jilin, we conducted the first S-band agricultural remote sensing application experiment. The backscattering coefficient was measured under different water content and straw coverage conditions, and the results showed that the backscattering coefficient increased by about 2 dB and 6 dB, respectively. We estimated that the soil water content increased by about 0.01 cm3/cm3, which was consistent with the theoretical analysis. The polarization scattering characteristics also showed significant differences under different straw coverage. The results indicated that S-band quantitative SAR had an excellent response ability to water content and straw coverage, which provided a technical basis for further radar agricultural applications in the future.

Multidimensional Well-Being of Remote Workers: A Qualitative Comparison Between Full-Remote and Hybrid Workers

The implementation of full-remote and hybrid working systems continues to improve and be maintained now. In addition to the convenience, remote working affects the psychological condition of workers. Human Resource (HR) workers who perform remote working need to ensure their psychological condition because they become role models for employees in the company. This study aims to get a comprehensive overview of the well-being of HR workers who implement full-remote and hybrid systems. Qualitative research methods are used with thematic comparison analysis. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews. The characteristics of the respondents in this study are 1) HR employees; 2) Work for a minimum of 6 months; 3) Implement a remote working system (full remote or hybrid working). The research respondents consisted of four people, which are two full-remote workers and two hybrid workers. This study shows that overall remote working can simplify the work processes of employees because its flexibility. On the other hand, the differences were found between the two types of remote working, specifically full-remote work system gives employees more flexibility in managing their work, but workers tend to feel social isolation. Meanwhile, the hybrid work system makes it easier for workers to meet social needs, but workers tend to increase physical complaints. The results of this study can become practical suggestions at the individual, managerial and organizational levels in providing specific guidelines for remote working.

PREDICTING THE STATUS OF THYROID AND CARDIOVASCULAR PATIENTS ACCORDING TO THEIR ELECTRONIC RECORDS USING TEMPORAL ELEMENTS BASED ON THE COMBINATION OF SHUFFLED FROG LEAPING ALGORITHM (SFLA) AND DEEP LEARNING

Health and treatment are two of the most important application fields of information technology, in which the problem of predicting a disease is highly important. The physician makes such predictions based on the clinical condition of the patient and the level of facilities and advances in medical knowledge for the patient—information technology benefits from multiple methods to help this field. Accordingly, the patient information storage system, drug information, treatment and surgery systems, treatment follow-up systems, remote treatment systems, etc., aim to facilitate the treatment process. The patient can receive the best services within the shortest time due to these systems and information availability. The doctor can provide services to his patient anywhere in the world. This paper provided a model to predict the condition of patients based on their electronic records using temporal elements based on combining the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA) and deep learning. Accordingly, the evolutionary shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA) and deep learning were used for preprocessing, feature selection, and classification. Two datasets of cardiovascular and thyroid diseases were utilized in the simulation section to ensure the efficiency of the proposed method. Based on this simulation, the proposed method indicated improvement compared to similar methods in the evaluated datasets. In the cardiovascular diseases dataset, this improvement was recorded as 1.4% and 3.2% compared to the author's previous and updated similar methods, respectively.

The mediator role of ethical climate perception on the relationship between cyberbullying victimization and turnover intention: A research on remote workers

Purpose- The more inclusion of information communication technologies in business life has also brought a new type of bullying which is cyberbullying. Traditional bullying has evolved into cyberbullying behavior in working life as a result of the increase in communication through information technologies with the increase in the remote working system and virtual work environments. In previous studies, the effect of cyberbullying on turnover intention was examined. Nonetheless, the mediating role of ethical climate in the relationship between these two has not been examined. This research is aimed to examine the association between cyberbullying victimization and turnover intention and to determine whether ethical climate perception performs as a moderator in that relationship. Methodology- A qualitative study was carried out and purposive sampling method and snowball technique were used to obtain a sample of 204 white-collar workers who are working remotely at least 1 day a week outside of the office and working mainly in İstanbul and Kocaeli in Turkey. The analysis of data were done by using SPSS program. Findings- The results showed that there is a positive relationship between cyberbullying and turnover intention, and ethical climate perception has a mediating role in this relationship. Conclusion- This paper showed how critical the concept of cyberbullying is for organizations in business life by showing the relationship between intention to leave and cyberbullying victimization and the mediating role that the perception of ethical climate may have in this relationship. Moreover, this study has made practical contributions about how important ethical codes in companies are to ensure that employees do not leave their jobs by trusting the organization when they are exposed to negative behavior such as cyberbullying. Keywords: Cyberbullying, cyberbullying victimization, ethical climate, turnover intention, remote workers JEL Codes: J24, J81, M14

Retracted: Remote Evaluation System of Tennis Batting Action Standard Based on Acceleration Sensor

Retracted: Remote Evaluation System of Tennis Batting Action Standard Based on Acceleration Sensor

Retracted: Design of Remote Monitoring Iot System Based on 5G and New Optical Fiber Intelligent Structure

Retracted: Design of Remote Monitoring Iot System Based on 5G and New Optical Fiber Intelligent Structure

Monitoring Emissions over Coastal Regions of Pakistan: Current Status and Applicable Techniques

Shipping operations have an environmental impact both in ports, as well as in the immediate vicinity of the coast. These impacts are due to the fuel burning exhaust from the ship’s main and auxiliary engines which contain gases like Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and machinery used for loading and unloading, in addition to particulate matter and dust from the handling of materials such as grain, coal and sand. Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) is an efficient tool being used worldwide for the monitoring of environmental problems. Response of Earth’s atmosphere or surface to electromagnetic radiation can be mapped through RS for the status of changes in the natural environment. Smart sensors developed for detection of air pollutants is an emerging technique to monitor emissions for real time monitoring and management of air pollution in distant regions. In the current study, satellite data is used to investigated concentrations of key emissions from shipping operations at ports to analyse the status of air pollutants over coastal regions of Pakistan. The pollutants investigated in this study through RS and GIS technique include CO2, SO2, NO2, CO and Particulate Matter (PM). These emission trends can be used to determine the efficacy of mitigatory measures to reduce emissions at ports and monitor the air quality of coastal areas. Furthermore, use of scientific technology and current trends in the measurement and monitoring of shipping emission have been studied for their applicability in Pakistan.

ICVTest: A Practical Black-Box Penetration Testing Framework for Evaluating Cybersecurity of Intelligent Connected Vehicles

Intelligent connected vehicles (ICVs) are equipped with extensive electronic control units which offer convenience but also pose significant cybersecurity risks. Penetration testing, recommended in ISO/SAE 21434 “Road vehicles—Cybersecurity engineering”, is an effective approach to identify cybersecurity vulnerabilities in ICVs. However, there is limited research on vehicle penetration testing from a black-box perspective due to the complex architecture of ICVs. Additionally, no penetration testing framework has been proposed to guide security testers on conducting penetration testing for the whole vehicle. The lack of framework guidance results in the inexperienced security testers being uncertain about the processes to follow for conducting penetration testing. Moreover, the inexperienced security testers are unsure about which tests to perform in order to systematically evaluate the vehicle’s cybersecurity. To enhance the penetration testing efficiency of ICVs, this paper presents a black-box penetration testing framework, ICVTest. ICVTest proposes a standardized penetration testing process to facilitate step-by-step completion of the penetration testing, thereby addressing the issue of inexperienced testers lacking guidance on how to initiate work when confronted with ICV. Also, ICVTest includes 10 sets of test cases covering hardware and software security tests. Testers can select appropriate test cases based on the specific cybersecurity threats faced by the target object, thereby reducing the complexity of penetration testing tasks. Furthermore, we have developed a vehicle cybersecurity testing platform for ICVTest that seamlessly integrates various testing tools. The platform enables even novice testers to conduct vehicle black-box penetration testing in accordance with the given guidance which addresses the current industry’s challenge of an overwhelming number of testing tasks coupled with a shortage of skilled professionals. For the first time, we propose a comprehensive black-box penetration testing framework and implement the framework in the form of a cybersecurity testing platform. We apply ICVTest to evaluate an electric vehicle manufactured in 2021 for assessing the framework’s availability. With the aid of ICVTest, even testers with limited experience in automotive penetration can effectively evaluate the security risks of ICVs. In our experiments, numerous cybersecurity vulnerabilities were identified involving in-vehicle sensors, remote vehicle control systems, and in-vehicle controller area network (CAN) bus.

Assessment of Morphometric and Hypsometric Analysis of the Ruste Basin Using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System Techniques

A basin’s characteristics and features need to be comprehended completely by conducting morphometric analysis, such as evaluating the basin’s size, form, and surface features, to estimate floods and erosion rates properly. The main objective of this investigation is to evaluate morphometric measures and hypsometric analysis of Erbil’s Ruste Basin employing remote sensing and geographical information system methods. To investigate the significant tributaries of the selected area, the hydrology tool within the Spatial Analysis Tools of ArcGIS, version 10.7, was utilized to define the basin boundaries, map the drainage networks, and obtain topographic data. The findings of the linear morphometric parameters revealed that the logarithmic relationship between stream orders and stream numbers was negative. The difference in stream order and number seen in the watershed is due to topography and bedrock influence. The results also showed a negative correlation between stream length and stream order, and a coefficient of determination of 0.972, which indicates that the basin is made of low-permeability formation and subsoil materials. Considering the areal morphometric parameters, the circularity ratio, elongation ratio, and form factor are 0.594, 0.853 and 0.572, respectively, suggested a semi-circular shape. A drainage density value of 2.259 km-1 showed that the Ruste Basin is a basin with steeply to very steeply sloping hilly terrain with varying plant covering. Furthermore, the Ruste Basin has high relief and slope with a relief ratio of 0.151 and basin relief of 2.576 km, both of which imply that it has a steep slope with high erosive force, limited infiltration, and a high runoff rate. Ruste Basin’s ruggedness number was 5.819, indicating that it has badlands topography. The average hypsometric integral was 0.467, denoting a mature basin featuring S-shaped hypsometric curves. In conclusion, the results showed that analysis of morphometric parameters and hypsometric integral and curve provides us with a notion to basin characterization and guidance to making appropriate decisions to establish effective actions to sustainable water and soil conservation and natural resources management through applying water harvesting methods, check dams, and bench terraces.

Proficient Bayesian Classifier for Predicting Congestion and Active Node Sensing Classification in Wireless Cognitive Radio

This study researches into fixed range designation systems with diverse applications in remote sensing, specifically addressing the emerging issue of range deficiency, particularly concerning access points with reduced range delivery services for remote hubs. An analysis of the existing system reveals limitations in current approaches. To overcome these challenges, the study proposes leveraging remote cognitive radio, a dynamic range access approach that optimally utilizes existing resources. The central focus of cognitive radio is on acquiring sensing data, addressing the deficiencies observed in the existing system. The paper introduces dynamic cognitive radio transmission, employing Bayesian energy detection with range sensing features. Computational performance is rigorously analyzed through MATLAB simulations, with a specific emphasis on identification features and the false alarm rate. Through this comparative study with existing methods, utilizing Bayesian energy processing, the findings contribute to the field by significantly enhancing the efficiency of range access in remote communication systems, addressing the shortcomings identified in the current system analysis.

Small Scale Models of Solar Tracking Systems

Increasing the efficiency of photovoltaic panels using solar tracking systems is a current topic. The use of solar tracking systems is a solution, especially in low power applications. The paper presents two types of solar tracking systems, one based on astronomical data, and the other based on tracking the point of maximum illumination. Both systems are made on small scale for educational purposes. These systems can be used for the analysis of methods, principles and particularities in order to use them in practical applications. For the two experimental models of solar tracking made, the hardware and software structure are presented. To orient the photovoltaic panels in the two directions (East-West, respectively South-North) DC motors or stepper motors are used. One motor is used for each axis of rotation. Both structures have the control part composed of a microcontroller development system. This control method has the advantage that can significantly reduce the number of electronic components as well as the cost of designing and building of equipment. For the solar tracking system based on astronomical data, a remote monitoring and control system has been achieved. It uses a friendly graphic interface made on PC with the help of Visual Basic software. Both models were tested and the experimental results showed correct operation according to the imposed protocol. Finally, an energy efficiency analysis was done and it was found that the PV panel that uses the tracking systems produces 35% more energy compared to a fixed PV panel.

(Invited) Effect of Electrochemical Treatment and pH on the Kinetics of VII-VIII Reactions on Glassy Carbon Electrodes

Vanadium flow batteries (VFBs) are known for their long cycle life, high efficiency, and scalability, which make them suitable for various energy storage applications, including grid-scale energy storage, renewable energy integration, and remote power systems. There are several areas of active research on VFBs. These include electrolyte chemistry, electrode materials, cell design, system integration, modeling and simulation, performance optimization, scale-up and commercialization1.Carbon felts are often used as electrodes in VFBs due to their high electrical conductivity, chemical stability, and availability2. However, the surface properties of carbon materials can be influenced by the surrounding environment, leading to changes in their surface chemistry and reactivity. These changes in the environment can alter the kinetics of the vanadium reactions at the carbon surfaces, which in turn can impact the performance and efficiency of the battery system. Various electrochemical, chemical, and thermal treatments have been reported to have a significant impact on the carbon electrode kinetics3. It is thus important to investigate electrode kinetics to improve the performance of VFBs.Previously our group has reported that electrochemical treatments of carbon electrodes at different potentials significantly affect the electrode kinetics of VIV-VV and VII-VIII redox reactions4,5. The cathodic treatment of carbon electrode enhances the kinetics of VIV-VV redox reaction but inhibits the kinetics of VII-VIII redox reaction, while anodic treatment inhibits the kinetics of the VIV-VV redox reaction but enhances the kinetics of the VII-VIII redox reaction6-9. We have further investigated the effect of electrochemical treatment on the VIV-VV kinetics at glassy carbon electrodes following treatment in electrolytes of various pH. For all pHs investigated (pH 0 – pH 6), VIV-VV kinetics are enhanced by cathodic treatment of the electrode and inhibited by anodic treatment. The activating effect of cathodization increased markedly with increasing pH, whereas the deactivating effect of anodization appears approximately the same for all pHs. The observed effects are attributed to changes to electrode surface states by electrochemical polarization reactions, the rates of which appear to be pH dependent10.We have extended our investigation into the VII-VIII reaction kinetics. We will present results on the effect of electrochemical treatment and pH on the kinetics of VII-VIII reactions on glassy carbon electrodes. The kinetic rates for the VII-VIII couple on these electrodes are measured and compared using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Acknowledgements Varsha Sasikumar S P would like to thank the Irish Research Council (IRC) for a postgraduate scholarship to perform this research and acknowledge facilitation of this research by University of Limerick (UL), Ireland and South East Technological University (SETU), Ireland. References Aluko and A. Knight, IEEE Access, 11, 13773-13793 (2023).Kim et al., Scientific Reports, 4, 6906 (2014).K. Sankaralingam et al., Journal of Energy Storage, 41, 102857 (2021).N. Buckley et al., ECS Transactions, 98(9), 223-239 (2020).N. Buckley et al., Electrodes for Vanadium Flow Batteries (VFBs) In Flow Batteries: From Fundamentals to Applications, Chapter 24, Edited by. C. Roth et al., Wiley-VCH, ISBN 978-3-527-34922-7 (2023).Bourke et al., Journal of Electrochemical Society, 163, A5097 (2016).Bourke et al., Journal of Electrochemical Society, 162, A1547 (2015).A. Miller. et al., Journal of Electrochemical Society, 163, A2095-A2102, (2016).Bourke et al., Journal of Electrochemical Society, 170, 030504 (2023).Sasikumar et al., ECS Transactions, 109, 107 (2022).

Cloud-Based Realtime Decision System for Severity Classification of COVID-19 Self-Isolation Patients using Machine Learning Algorithm

The global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has been profound, affecting economies and societal structures worldwide. Indonesia, with a high caseload, has encountered significant challenges across various sectors. Virus transmission primarily occurs through physical contact, and the surge in active cases has strained hospital capacities, leading to the hospitalization of only severe cases. The remaining patients receive home telecare, but some experience sudden health deterioration with fatal consequences. To address this issue, this study proposes a remote outpatient care system utilizing Internet of Things (IoT) technology and medical electronics. This integrated system aims to provide an effective response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The research includes a comparative analysis of three machine-learning algorithms: decision tree, gradient tree boosting, and random forest for the classification of COVID-19 patients. The results reveal that the random forest algorithm outperforms the others with an accuracy rate of 70%, as compared to 67% for the decision tree and 62% for the gradient tree boosting algorithm. This integrated system not only addresses immediate healthcare delivery challenges but also offers data-driven insights for patient classification, thereby enhancing the effectiveness and reach of medical interventions

SurfShare

Shared Mixed Reality experiences allow two co-located users to collaborate on both physical and digital tasks with familiar social protocols. However, extending the same to remote collaboration is limited by cumbersome setups for aligning distinct physical environments and the lack of access to remote physical artifacts. We present SurfShare, a general-purpose symmetric remote collaboration system with mixed-reality head-mounted displays (HMDs). Our system shares a spatially consistent physical-virtual workspace between two remote users, anchored on a physical plane in each environment (e.g., a desk or wall). The video feed of each user's physical surface is overlaid virtually on the other side, creating a shared view of the physical space. We integrate the physical and virtual workspace through virtual replication. Users can transmute physical objects to the virtual space as virtual replicas. Our system is lightweight, implemented using only the capabilities of the headset, without requiring any modifications to the environment (e.g. cameras or motion tracking hardware). We discuss the design, implementation, and interaction capabilities of our prototype, and demonstrate the utility of SurfShare through four example applications. In a user experiment with a comprehensive prototyping task, we found that SurfShare provides a physical-virtual workspace that supports low-fi prototyping with flexible proxemics and fluid collaboration dynamics.