Remote Sensor Network Research Articles

Space-Ground Remote Sensor Network for Monitoring Suspended Sediments in the Yellow River Basin.

The Yellow River, China's second-largest river, is renowned for its high sediment content. In response to the potential impacts of climate change on Yellow River water resources and water environmental management, an advanced monitoring and forecasting system for water and sediment throughout the entire Yellow River basin-from its source to the sea-is urgently needed. In this paper, based on the current status of water and sediment monitoring technologies, we proposed an integrated remote sensing monitoring network that combines satellite remote sensing, drone remote sensing, and ground-based wireless automatic monitoring networks, aiming to achieve the digital monitoring of water and sediment across the entire Yellow River basin, from its upper reaches to its estuary in the Bohai Sea. By utilizing ground-based in situ hyperspectral stations for sediment source areas in the upper reaches, such as the Qingshui River basin in Ningxia, and satellite remote sensing for midstream processes in the Xiaolangdi reservoir before the flood season in 2023, as well as downstream monitoring at the Yellow River estuary, this paper demonstrates the novelty and efficiency of the space-air-ground integrated remote sensing monitoring technology.

Developing Wireless Communication Technique for Usage in IoT Applications

The Internet of Things (IoT) is another registering worldview that imagines standard ordinary articles being changed into significant items. In view of its benefits over wired advancements, like simpler arrangement, less expensive structures, compact help, flexibility, and straightforwardness of association, remote innovations will be the best option for interfacing IoT gadgets. There are assortments of remote advances that can be utilized for IoT; these innovations cover a wide scope of distances, from a couple of centimeters to numerous kilometers. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) introduced the 6LowPAN convention in this article, and the ZigBee association set up the ZigBee convention over the low-power IEEE802.15.4 standard. Sensors are gathered in remote sensor networks applications to illuminate sensor centers. Commonly, battery power is utilized to drive these center points. In IoT applications, these centers should keep going for quite a long time without waiting be re-energized. IoT helps with settling on choices in view of genuine information gathered from a colossal number of ordinary gadgets that have been improved with information through the expansion of detecting, handling, and correspondence capacities. Remote correspondence is for the most part utilized by IoT gadgets to speak with different gadgets.

Micro-electricity generation from wind-induced vibration with magnetostrictive material-based energy harvester

This study aimed to experimentally investigate flow-induced vibration of modified circular cylinders for wind-receiving mast of Vibration-Based Power Generator (VBPG). Specifically, it focused on vibration characteristics of tapered and stepped circular cylinders in VBPG mechanism. Tapering and inverting cylinder model proved effective in reducing Vortex-Induced Vibration (VIV) onset and peak amplitude concerning flow stream velocity. Some tapered cylinder models showed a broadening peak response (upper branch region), showing an extensive power harvesting range for VBPG device. The result showed that the maximum power harvesting of the model with a plain bluff cylinder was 8.45 mW, reduced by tapering bluff cylinder. The power coefficient of VBPG with a normal bluff cylinder was 4 %, but inversing stepped bluff cylinder yielded 5.45 %. It is related to VIV-onset parameter, which was lower than that the plain cylinder. In addition, it was discovered that there was an interdependency between frequency response and power generation capacity for VIV-type resonance. The generated power proved sufficient to illuminate a board with 54 LED lamps in a laboratory-scale test. Meanwhile, an outdoor performance test of harvester, conducted with variable wind speed (0 – 3.2 m/s), showcased the reliability of VBPG mechanism for independent power supply to wireless, remote sensor networks, or moderate scale of power supply. The field test model worked not only in variable wind speed, but also in chaotic wind direction.

Deep Learning Strategies for 5G and LTE Spectrum Sensing Communication

The idea of 5G innovations is a prevalent instrument for the pace of transmission and gathering of data and the accessibility of permitting all over the place. Notwithstanding that the fifth era convergences will embrace a keen procedure for the data transmission process. Sending and getting signals work in high coordination in 5G networks, since this innovation arranges flexible, geostationary earthbound correspondence with other medium and little circuit correspondences with short steering in straight correspondences, and the correspondence incorporates signal processing as well as way finding. In this study the responsiveness improvement of the correspondence range will be tested by applying blended deep learning methods, in which the data cross-over will be diminished with the upgraded smart control. Utilizing blended deep learning methods, this study exhibits the huge difficulties presented by 5G transmissions in keenly detecting the LTE signal range and different data in 5G remote sensor networks. Way obstructions are recognized as the essential hindrance. The states of the correspondence framework ought to be considered while plotting the network and sensors for the fifth era.

Metallic Sensor: Architecture, Protocols, and Functions Of Wireless Network

Metals such as silver, gold, platinum, palladium, and rhodium are widely used in automotive sensors and communication devices Sensor frameworks are comprehensively conveyed in a collection of purposes going from military to environmental and helpful examination. In various applications, for instance, target following, disaster area perception and gate crasher area, metallic sensor network habitually work in unfriendly and unattended circumstances. Subsequently, there is a strong prerequisite for getting the distinguishing data and identifying readings. In remote circumstances, an enemy can see the radio traffic too as can catch or between rupt the exchanged messages. Thusly, various shows and estimations don't simply work in that frame of mind without having palatable wellbeing endeavours. Consequently, security winds up one of the critical worries while illustrating security shows in resource constrained wireless sensor networks (WsNs). The ebb and flow paper are a fair endeavour to draw in the consideration of the peruses towards the design, conventions and elements of remote sensor network on the grounds that comprehensively conveyed in a variety of purposes going from military to biological and helpful examination. The present paper is an honest attempt to attract the attention of the readers towards the architecture, protocols and functions of metallic wireless sensor network because it is broadly conveyed in an assortment of uses going from military to ecological and restorative research.

An Overview of Current Challenges and Emerging Technologies to Facilitate Increased Energy Efficiency, Safety, and Sustainability of Railway Transport

This article presents a review of cutting-edge technologies poised to shape the future of railway transportation systems, focusing on enhancing their intelligence, safety, and environmental sustainability. It illustrates key aspects of the energy-transport-information/communication system nexus as a framework for future railway systems development. Initially, we provide a review of the existing challenges within the realm of railway transportation. Subsequently, we delve into the realm of emerging propulsion technologies, which are pivotal for ensuring the sustainability of transportation. These include innovative solutions such as alternative fuel-based systems, hydrogen fuel cells, and energy storage technologies geared towards harnessing kinetic energy and facilitating power transfer. In the following section, we turn our attention to emerging information and telecommunication systems, including Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and fifth generation New Radio (5G NR) networks tailored for railway applications. Additionally, we delve into the integral role played by the Industrial Internet of Things (Industrial IoT) in this evolving landscape. Concluding our analysis, we examine the integration of information and communication technologies and remote sensor networks within the context of Industry 4.0. This leveraging of information pertaining to transportation infrastructure promises to bolster energy efficiency, safety, and resilience in the transportation ecosystem. Furthermore, we examine the significance of the smart grid in the realm of railway transport, along with the indispensable resources required to bring forth the vision of energy-smart railways.

An Innovative Clustering Hierarchical Protocol for Data Collection from Remote Wireless Sensor Networks Based Internet of Things Applications

Recently, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have emerged as a viable solution for data collection from remote Internet of Things (IoT) applications. However, the successful implementation in this regard necessitates the development of a reliable and energy-efficient routing protocol. This paper proposes a reliable and an energy-efficient UAV-assisted clustering hierarchical (EEUCH) protocol designed for remote wireless sensor networks (WSNs) based IoT applications. The proposed EEUCH routing protocol facilitates UAVs to collect data from ground sensor nodes (SNs) that are equipped with wake-up radios (WuRs) and deployed remotely from the base station (BS) in the field of interest (FoI). During each round of the EEUCH protocol, the UAVs arrive at the predefined hovering positions at the FoI, perform clear channel assignment, and broadcast wake-up calls (WuCs) to the SNs. Upon receiving the WuCs by the SNs’ wake-up receivers, the SNs perform carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance before sending joining requests to ensure reliability and cluster-memberships with the particular UAV whose WuC is received. The cluster-member SNs turn on their main radios (MRs) for data packet transmission. The UAV assigns time division multiple access (TDMA) slots to each of its cluster-member SNs whose joining request is received. Each SN must send the data packets in its assigned TDMA slot. When data packets are successfully received by the UAV, it sends acknowledgments to the SNs, after which the SNs turn off their MRs, completing a single round of the protocol. The proposed EEUCH routing protocol with WuR eliminates the issue of cluster overlapping, improves the overall performance, and increases network stability time by a factor of 8.7. It also improves energy efficiency by a factor of 12.55, resulting in a longer network lifespan compared to Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol. Moreover, EEUCH collects 5.05 times more data from the FoI than LEACH. These results are based on simulations in which the EEUCH protocol outperformed the existing six benchmark routing protocols proposed for homogeneous, two-tier, and three-tier heterogeneous WSNs.

Smart Irrigation System

Abstract: IoT and Remote Detecting Innovation are generally utilized wherever in the current logical world. As the innovation is developing and evolving quickly, Remote detecting Organization (WSN) serves to update the innovation. In the examination field of remote sensor networks, the power effective time is a significant issue. The answer to this issue can be tackled by utilizing the LoRaWAN innovation with IoT. The fundamental thought of this is to grasp how information goes through a remote medium transmission utilizing remote sensor organization and checking framework. This paper plans a water system framework that is robotized by utilizing controllable boundary soil dampness on the grounds that they are the significant elements to be controlled in Dad (Accuracy Horticulture).

An Extensive Analysis of Wireless Sensor Network Clustering Routing Methods Based on LEACH

The creation and use of sensor networks has piqued a lot of interest. Remote sensor network is an assortment of countless little hubs which goes about as switches too. The limited power supply that these nodes carry is non-replaceable and non-rechargeable, making energy consumption a significant issue. In order to extend the network's lifespan, energy conservation is a crucial issue. The choice of routing method is crucial to regulating energy consumption because the sensor nodes also function as routers. Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks is the subject of this paper's analysis and research, which also includes a description of the wireless sensor network framework.

Soldier health and position monitoring system using GPS and IOT technology

The fighter Wellbeing and Position Global Positioning Framework allows the military to track the current GPS position of officers and also monitors their health status, including internal temperature and heartbeat. This system also includes an additional feature that enables a soldier to request physical assistance or send a distress signal to the military if needed. The GPS modem transmits the latitude and longitude positions in a connected pattern, aiding the military in tracking the officer's current location. The system is highly beneficial for obtaining real-time health status information and providing immediate assistance to soldiers. In today's world, all nations prioritize their security, and soldiers, as the backbone of any armed forces, often lose their lives due to lack of medical aid during emergencies. Furthermore, soldiers engaged in missions or special operations might become disoriented on war fields, losing contact with authorities. To address these concerns, we developed this project. By utilizing a Wireless Body Area Sensor Network (WBANS) consisting of temperature and heartbeat sensors, we can monitor the soldiers' health status whenever necessary. Additionally, through GPS, we can track the precise location of the soldiers as needed. The use of an oxygen level sensor enables us to monitor the environmental conditions so that necessary aid can be provided by medical professionals. Communication between the soldiers and medical personnel is established via the Internet of Things (IoT). Any anomalies detected by the Remote Body Area Sensor Network (WBASNs) act as triggers for the IoT device to establish a connection between the soldier and the base unit, transmitting current location and health status to the receiver. To effectively convey this data, we have employed this equipment to create a cost-effective, lightweight, portable, and accurate defense system for soldiers.

Information Security for Health Care System

A great deal of work has been finished to get remote clinical sensor networks. We propose a useful way to deal with forestall within assault by utilizing various information servers to store patient information. The fundamental commitment of this task is safely conveying the patient information in various information servers and utilizing the cryptosystems to perform measurement examination on the patient information without compromising the patient's protection. The current arrangements can safeguard the patient information during transmission, yet can't stop within assault where the overseer of the patient data set uncovers the touchy patient information. In this paper, we propose a pragmatic way to deal with forestall within assault by utilizing numerous information servers to store patient information. The fundamental commitment of this paper is safely appropriating the patient information in numerous information servers and utilizing the Block chain and Block affix cryptosystems to perform measurement examination on the patient information without compromising the patient's protection. Pantomime is a security danger to the patient information realness. In a home consideration application, an aggressor might imitate a remote depend point while patient information is sending to the distant area.

WSN recruitments for encrypted medical image transmission securely

In both the open community and the military, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) demonstrate incredible promises for a variety of complex applications. Due to system assaults on the detection of energy and remote correspondence innovations, individual data without specific insurance is not reasonable for approval. Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks (WANET) additionally presents a number of security and risk concerns related to remote communication. This article explores issues and difficulties related to security in WANET-based remote sensor organizations. Survey-arranged security instruments for remote sensor networks are differentiated between security and risk in the article. Even though encryption and decoding calculations are moderately complex, information moves high (Mobility of Node) within the system. Second, a “review” idea is presented here to improve productivity in handling the security issue in WANET through consideration of remote sensor arrangements and confirmation of the server. Biometric data can be used to create a digest. To increase the reliability and availability of biometric frameworks, we demonstrate how this concept can be employed.

Design, Prototyping and Stratospheric Launch of CubeSats for University Competition

This work presents the design and prototyping of two 1U standard CubeSats for the First Brazilian MCTI Satellite Olympiad, launching one in a stratospheric helium-filled balloon. The nanosatellites were designed for two missions: Internet of Things connectivity in remote areas based on CubeSat (IoSat) and low-orbit harmful gamma radiation mapping (LOHGRM). The IoSat mission aimed to provide server connectivity for a remote sensor network. The LOHGRM CubeSat was designed for sensing and mapping gamma radiation power levels in the satellite’s orbit to construct a heat map to study the gamma radiation effect on the equipment. The prototype’s performance was evaluated based on physical, mechanical, magnetic, thermal, and transmission characterization, with satisfactory results under test conditions. The LOHGRM mission test was carried out on the ground as proof of concept without flying while a stratospheric balloon launched the IoSat prototype. Due to restrictions imposed by the competition, the IoSat nanosatellite only captured and registered altitude, pressure, and temperature data without testing the communication payload. Instead, this data was sent to the ground station through the competition communication system and stored in a memory card to assess its operation during the flying. The satellite’s maximum altitude was 22.6 km, operating under –23.5 °C.

A Delay-Tolerant Network for Antarctica

Antarctica is the land of science. Every year, many studies are carried out in diverse disciplines. Some of these studies collect relevant data for their research with sensors. However, Antarctica's lack of telecommunication technologies hardens the possibility of automatizing this data collection. In most cases, the collection is done manually, limiting research projects' time and space scopes. Over the last years, some alternatives have been studied to deploy remote wireless sensor networks in Antarctica. Near-Vertical Incidence Skywave (NVIS) communications are an example of these alternatives. However, NVIS presents problems that cannot guarantee persistent end-to-end connectivity. For this reason, this article assesses adapting a delay-tolerant network protocol, the Bundle Protocol, to deliver sensor data reliably through an NVIS network. The scenario is developed and tested in the Riverbed Modeler simulator, and performance is evaluated through a trustworthiness model. A practical testbed is also presented.

Multiparameter optimization system with DCNN in precision agriculture for advanced irrigation planning and scheduling based on soil moisture estimation.

Agriculture is a distinct sector of a country's economy. In recent years, new patterns have evolved in the agricultural industry. In conjunction with sensor scaling down and precision agriculture, the field of remote sensor networks, such as the wireless sensor network (WSN), was developed. Its major purpose is to make horticultural operations simpler to identify, assess, and manage. This paper uses the proposed DCNN to predict soil moisture and plan irrigation for precision agriculture farmers to reduce water consumption used for cultivation and increase production yield by comparing water content during various stages of plant growth and integrating IoT applications into agriculture. It also optimizes the water level for future irrigation decisions to maintain crop growth and water stability. The data must be served and stored in the form of a grid view, according to Apriori and GRU (gated recurrentunit). Using numerous sensor and parameter modelling methodologies, this system assists in the prediction of irrigation planning based on irrigation needs. The predicted parameters include soil moisture, temperature, and humidity. This observed experimental data supports smart irrigation in crop production with a high yield and little water use. DCNN has a 98.5% experimental result accuracy rate and the MSE value is predicted in DCNN 99.25% of the time.

Transmission schedule for jointly optimizing remote state estimation and wireless sensor network lifetime

This paper studies scheduling multiple sensors for jointly optimizing remote state estimation and wireless sensor network lifetime. Each sensor in the network sends its packet to the remote center for further estimation over wireless communication channels. Sensors in the network will inevitably run out of battery power due to transmission consumption and then reach the end of sensor network lifetime. This article focuses on the problem how to schedule multiple sensors minimizing the total remote estimation errors and simultaneously prolonging the sensor network lifetime. The problem is formulated as a special class of Markov decision process (MDP), stochastic shortest path (SSP) problem. Under this framework, we first derive a set of conditions to guarantee the optimality of structural policies in SSP. Subsequently, threshold structure of the optimal scheduling scheme is obtained by verifying the conditions. Moreover, two Value-of-Information-based multi-sensor scheduling algorithms and a linear-architecture-based learning algorithm are designed to tackle the curse of dimensionality and unknown channel statistics in large-scale sensor networks. Numerical simulations are given to validate effectiveness of our results.

Designing of Fiber Bragg Gratings for Long-Distance Optical Fiber Sensing Networks

Most optical sensors on the market are optical fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors with low reflectivity (typically 7-40%) and low side-lobe suppression (SLS) ratio (typically SLS <15 dB), which prevents these sensors from being effectively used for long-distance remote monitoring and sensor network solutions. This research is based on designing the optimal grating structure of FBG sensors and estimating their optimal apodization parameters necessary for sensor networks and long-distance monitoring solutions. Gaussian, sine, and raised sine apodizations are studied to achieve the main requirements, which are maximally high reflectivity (at least 90%) and side-lobe suppression (at least 20 dB), as well as maximally narrow bandwidth (FWHM<0.2 nm) and FBGs with uniform (without apodization). Results gathered in this research propose high-efficiency FBG grating apodizations, which can be further physically realized for optical sensor networks and long-distance (at least 40 km) monitoring solutions.

Attacks and Evasion in Wireless Security Network

Wireless Sensor Network is a vast topic with a lot of aspects. As Users of WSN are increasing Day by Day the threats of WSN are also increasing. The Architectural structure of WSN is very Unstable and therefore its Transmission is very Vulnerable. In this Study it is Evaluated the threats and Evasion from various type of Attacks. Due to the limitations in resource of sensor nodes, existing network security methods are not well suitable for wireless sensor networks. As a pivotal issue security in remote sensor networks has drawn in a great deal of consideration in the new year. In this paper we tended to the most common attacks and proposed a novel detection algorithm of progressively situations with a proposition of expansion of future work to avoid Attacks and how to Evade in WSN.

A stealthy artificial noise strategy against eavesdropping for remote estimation sensor networks

In this paper, the secure transmission issue of a remote estimation sensor network against eavesdropping is studied. A powerful eavesdropper overhears the measurement data sent through the communication channels between the sensors and the remote estimator, and estimates system state illegally, which threatens the system information security. Different from the existing anti-eavesdropping design approaches, a stealthy artificial noise (AN) strategy is proposed to prevent eavesdroppers from deciphering encryption policy by hiding the encryption process from eavesdroppers. It has the same dynamical process with each sensor’s measurement to guarantee that the estimation error of the eavesdropper is unbounded while its observation residual variance keeps in certain bound and converges to 0, and further ensure system security without alerting the eavesdropper. It is proved that the strategy is feasible whenever the eavesdropper starts to wiretap. The selection of sensors that needs to be encrypted is further given by solving an optimization problem. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified by two simulation examples.

Intrusion detection system using voting based neural network

Remote sensor networks are increasingly being used in a variety of applications, including security and surveillance, control and support of complex frameworks, and fine-grained monitoring of indoor and outdoor variables. Remote sensor networks are rendered completely defenceless in the event of an attack. Because the portable hubs are distributed indiscriminately and there are no actual obstacles for the enemy, they can be easily captured, and assaults can come from any direction and target any hub. As a result, remote sensor network (WSN) security is the most difficult for this sort of industry. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) can help detect and prevent security breaches.For data and correspondence innovation, an interruption discovery component is regarded as a major source of security. Due to particular constraints, such as asset-required devices, hubs with limited memory and battery capacity, and explicit convention stacks, traditional interruption location solutions should be altered and improved for usage in the Internet of Things. We present a lightweight attack detection technique based on a controlled AI-based IDS for identifying an adversary attempting to inject superfluous data into a network organisation in this study.