Dentin Remineralization Research Articles

Role of Chitosan in Remineralization of Enamel and Dentin: A Systematic Review.

Aim and objectiveThe purpose of this research was to analyze the role of chitosan in the remineralization of enamel and dentin.Materials and methodsAn electronic search was done for articles published from January 2009 to January 2020. A manual search was done from bibliographies of selected articles for relevant articles that were unexplored. Only in vitro studies conducted on the application of chitosan for remineralization of enamel and dentin were included in the study.ResultsOf the 162 articles that were searched, only 15 in vitro studies were selected for the study. These studies met the inclusion criteria and were published from January 2009 to January 2020.ConclusionThe review provides insight into the mechanism of remineralization of enamel and dentin. The properties of chitosan make it an ideal biomaterial that can be employed in the formulation of a novel remineralizing gel. However, more in vivo studies, clinical trials, and research are essential to transform chitosan-based remineralizing gels from research to clinical use.Clinical significanceThis review article opens a new window of opportunities for remineralizing enamel and dentin which have been long considered a challenging job.How to cite this articleNimbeni SB, Nimbeni BS, Divakar DD. Role of Chitosan in Remineralization of Enamel and Dentin: A Systematic Review. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(4):562–568.

Effect of Novel Bioactive Glass-Containing Dentin Adhesive on the Permeability of Demineralized Dentin.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a novel bioactive glass (BAG)-containing dentin adhesive on the permeability of demineralized dentin. Bioactive glass (85% SiO2, 15% CaO) was fabricated using the sol-gel process, and two experimental dentin adhesives were prepared with 3 wt% silica (silica-containing dentin adhesive; SCA) or BAG (BAG-containing dentin adhesive; BCA). Micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) test, fracture mode analysis, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) analysis of adhesive and demineralized dentin, real-time dentinal fluid flow (DFF) rate measurement, and Raman confocal microscopy were performed to compare SCA and BCA. There was no difference in μTBS between the SCA and BCA (p > 0.05). Multiple precipitates were evident on the surface of the BCA, and partial occlusion of dentinal tubules was observed in FE-SEM of BCA-approximated dentin. The DFF rate was reduced by 50.10% after BCA approximation and increased by 6.54% after SCA approximation. Raman confocal spectroscopy revealed an increased intensity of the hydroxyapatite (HA) peak on the dentin surface after BCA application. The novel BAG-containing dentin adhesive showed the potential of both reducing dentin permeability and dentin remineralization.

Hydroxyapatite in Oral Care Products-A Review.

Calcium phosphate compounds form the inorganic phases of our mineralised tissues such as bone and teeth, playing an important role in hard tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In dentistry and oral care products, hydroxyapatite (HA) is a stable and biocompatible calcium phosphate with low solubility being used for various applications such as tooth remineralisation, reduction of tooth sensitivity, oral biofilm control, and tooth whitening. Clinical data on these products is limited with varied results; additionally, the effectiveness of these apatite compounds versus fluoride, which has conventionally been used in toothpaste, has not been established. Therefore, this review critically evaluates current research on HA oral care, and discusses the role and mechanism of HA in remineralisation of both enamel and dentine and for suppressing dentine sensitivity. Furthermore, we position HA’s role in biofilm management and highlight the role of HA in dental applications by summarising the recent achievement and providing an overview of commercialised HA dental products. The review also indicates the existing limitations and provides direction for future research and commercialisation of apatite-based oral care products.

Modification of collagen with proanthocyanidins by mimicking the bridging role of glycosaminoglycans for dentine remineralization

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) form bridging cross-bands that maintain structural integrity of collagen in the organic matrix of dentine. In dentine caries, proteolytic enzymes appeared to trigger GAGs bridge degradation, followed by breakdown of the collagen network, imposing critical limitations on dentine remineralization via biomimetic mineralization of collagen. While contemporary mechanisms of collagen modification through immobilizing functional groups have been established to improve collagen mineralization, this effort remains a challenge due to lack of consideration in preserving the spatial stability of collagen. In our study, proanthocyanidins (PA) was applied to simulate the bioactivities of GAGs. Detailed analyses showed that PA reconstructed interfibrillar bridges of collapsed collagen network and reduced interfacial energy between mineral-organic phases to enhance collagen hydrophilicity, subsequently facilitating infiltration of calcium phosphate precursors and hence promoting collagen mineralization. With this strategy, mechanical behaviors of demineralized dentine were significantly improved. PA exhibited satisfactory inhibitory effects on the activity of cariogenic bacteria (comparable to that of chlorhexidine). Moreover, ex vivo study indicated that remineralization and antibacterial effects were evident in the rat oral cavity. This strategy highlights the importance of maintaining structural integrity of the collagen network in dentine remineralization and offers great clinical potential for the effective treatment of dentine caries.

Dentin remineralization in acidic solution without initial calcium phosphate ions via poly(amido amine) and calcium phosphate nanocomposites after fluid challenges.

A previous study showed that the combination of poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) and rechargeable composites with nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) induced dentin remineralization in an acidic solution with no initial calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ions, mimicking the oral condition of individuals with dry mouths. However, the frequent fluid challenge in the oral cavity may decrease the remineralization capacity. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the remineralization efficacy on dentin in an acid solution via PAMAM + NACP after fluid challenges for the first time. The NACP nanocomposite was stored in a pH 4 solution for 77days to exhaust its Ca and P ions and then recharged. Demineralized dentin samples were divided into four groups: (1) control dentin, (2) dentin coated with PAMAM, (3) dentin with recharged NACP composite, and (4) dentin with PAMAM + recharged NACP. PAMAM-coated dentin was shaken in phosphate-buffered saline for 77days to desorb PAMAM from dentin. Samples were treated in pH 4 lactic acid with no initial Ca and P ions for 42days. After 77days of fluid challenge, PAMAM failed to prevent dentin demineralization in lactic acid. The recharged NACP nanocomposite raised the pH to above 6.5 and re-released more than 6.0 and 4.0mmol/L Ca and P ions daily, respectively, which inhibited further demineralization. In contrast, the PAMAM + NACP combined method induced great dentin remineralization and restored the dentin microhardness to 0.54 ± 0.04 GPa, which approached that of sound dentin (P = 0.426, P > 0.05). The PAMAM + NACP combination achieved dentin remineralization in an acid solution with no initial Ca and P ions, even after severe fluid challenges. The novel PAMAM + NACP has a strong and sustained remineralization capability to inhibit secondary caries, even for individuals with dry mouths.

Comparative study of zirconomer versus equia fil on surface microhardness and remineralization (An in vitro study).

Aim: This research was designed to evaluate the effect of different types of glass ionomer restorations(GIC) on Surface microhardness and Remineralization of dentin. Materials and methods: Three of (GIC) (medifil, equia fil and zirconomer) were used.A total number of 32 human premolar teeth were used in this study. Standardized two class V cavities, one on the buccal and other on lingual surface of each tooth were prepared.The teeth were sectioned mesio-distally to get (64) then divided into three equal main groups (n=21) according to the restorative materials, group (M): medifil group (E): equia fil group and (Z): zirconomer group. Each group was further subdivided into three equal divisions (n=7) according to the storage times; one day (S1), one month (S2) and three months (S3). The specimens were sectioned longitudinally along to produce two blocks. One part was mounted in epoxy resin for microhardness testing, and the other for energy dispersive x -ray analysis(EDX).Specimens were stored in artificial saliva for one day, one month and three months .A microhardness tester was used to measure the Vickers hardness number (VHN).Results:It was found that the highest mean value of surface micro hardness and remineralization was recorded for medi fil group, while the lowest mean value was recorded for equia fil group. Pair-wise there is no-significant between one month and three month storage. Conclusion: all (GIC) restorations show remineralization to tooth structures also zirconomer over powered by conventional (GIC) because its high fluoride release finally equia fil show increase remineralization with time.

Dentin remineralization induced by nanobioactive glass in association with RGDS peptide

The aim of this study was to investigate the binding ability of a arginine-glycine-aspartate-serine (RGDS) peptide to dentin and its effect on the dentin remineralization, dentin cohesive strength and intrafibrillar mineralization induced by nanobioactive glass (nBG). The demineralized dentin discs were treated with RGDS and/or nBG and then incubated in stimulated body fluid for 2 weeks. The results of scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that RGDS could bind to dentin and promote the attachment of nBG. Compared to the nBG group, the RGDS + nBG group induced more apatite formation on the dentin surface and apatite rods inside the dentinal tubules. The results of transmission electron microscopy showed crystal lattice formation in the demineralized dentin matrix treated with nBG or RGDS + nBG, indicating the remineralization of dentin. The RGDS + nBG-treated dentin had the highest dentin cohesive strength in all groups. The self-assembled collagen fibrils exposed to RGDS + nBG exhibited intrafibrillar mineralization. In conclusion, RGDS promoted nBG-induced apatite formation and dentin collagen matrix remineralization, thus enhancing the dentin strength. The results lay a foundation for the wide application of RGDS and nBG in dentin erosion, dentin hypersensitivity, dentin bonding interface improvement, and regenerative dentistry.

Dentin Remineralization Induced by Micro-nano Bioactive Glass Spheres

Dentin Remineralization Induced by Micro-nano Bioactive Glass Spheres

Melatonin-doped polymeric nanoparticles reinforce and remineralize radicular dentin: Morpho-histological, chemical and biomechanical studies

ObjectivesTo investigate the effectiveness of novel polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) doped with melatonin (ML) in reducing dentin permeability and facilitating dentin remineralization after endodontic treatment. MethodsThe effect of undoped NPs and ML-doped NPs (ML-NPs) was tested in radicular dentin, at 24 h and 6 m. A control group without NPs was included. ML liberation was measured. Radicular dentin was assessed for fluid filtration. Dentin remineralization was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, AFM, Young’s modulus (Ei), Nano DMA-tan delta, and Raman analysis. ResultsML release ranged from 1.85 mg/mL at 24 h to 0.033 mg/mL at 28 d. Both undoped NPs and ML-NPs treated dentin exhibited the lowest microleakage, but samples treated with ML-NPs exhibited hermetically sealed dentinal tubules and extended mineral deposits onto dentin. ML-NPs promoted higher and durable Ei, and functional remineralization at root dentin, generating differences between the values of tan delta among groups and creating zones of stress concentration. Undoped-NPs produced closure of some tubules and porosities at the expense of a relative mineral amorphization. Chemical remineralization based on mineral and organic assessments was higher in samples treated with ML-NPs. When using undoped NPs, precipitation of minerals occurred; however, radicular dentin was not mechanically reinforced but weakened over time. SignificanceApplication of ML-NPs in endodontically treated teeth, previous to the canal filling step, is encouraged due to occlusion of dentinal tubules and the reinforcement of the radicular dentin structure.

Ultrasonic measurement of dentin remineralization effects of dentifrices and silver diamine fluoride

Objective This study investigated the dentin remineralization effect of the application of a functionalized tri-calcium phosphate (fTCP) dentifrice and a silver diamine fluoride (SDF) solution. Material and methods The materials used were: a fluoride-containing dentifrice with fTCP (fTCP＋), a fluoride-containing dentifrice without fTCP (fTCP−) and a 38% SDF solution. Following treatment, the dentin slabs were immersed in a 0.1-M lactic acid buffer solution and then placed in artificial saliva. This procedure was repeated three times daily for 28 days. The propagation time of longitudinal ultrasonic velocities (UV) and the Knoop hardness (KH) of the samples were measured. The samples were also observed using scanning electron microscopy. Results The SDF and fTCP＋ groups showed higher UV than the fTCP − group regardless of the application method. The F-SDF group at 28 days showed significantly higher UV (4121 ± 102 m/s) than the F-fTCP + group (3731 ± 65 m/s) (p < .05). The F-SDF group at 28 days showed significantly higher KH (47.4 ± 2.2) than the F-fTCP＋ group (43.3 ± 1.0) and the F-fTCP − group (42.9 ± 2.1) (p < .05). Closure of the dentinal tubules and crystal precipitation was detected on the surface of the fTCP＋ group to a greater extent than the fTCP − group. Conclusions The fTCP-containing dentifrice and SDF solution effectively enhanced bovine dentin remineralization.

Remineralization of dentin induced by a compound of polyamide-amine and chlorhexidine in a resin dentin bonding microenvironment.

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a complex of polyamide-amine dendrimer (PAMAM) and chlorhexidine gluconate (CG) on remineralization of dentin in an artificial simulated resin dentin bonding microenvironment.MethodsThe structure of this complex was characterized by FT-IR. Twelve standard dentin samples were randomly divided into four treatment fluid groups namely a PAMAM group, CG group, PAMAM + CG group, and deionized water group. A microenvironmental mineralization model was established in vitro with 50 µm gap width between resin and dentin. The dentin surface was observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the chemical structure of the surface was analyzed by X-ray energy spectrum (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and laser Raman spectroscopy.ResultsSEM showed the density of dentinal tubules exposed in the PAMAM group decreased after a 14-day immersion, with corn rod-shaped crystal structures gathered around the tubules. In addition, visible mineralization occurred in partial areas of the CG group, rod-shaped crystals and in comparison, dentinal tubules in the PAMAM + CG group were almost completely covered by flaky crystal structures. Raman spectrum analysis showed that crystals formed by PAMAM, CG, and PAMAM + CG solution all had strong phosphate characteristic peaks, indicating the presence of hydroxyapatite (HA), that of the PAMAM + CG group was the strongest. The EDS results showed that the Ca and P levels of the PAMAM group and the CG group were slightly higher than those of the deionized water group, while PAMAM + CG group significantly higher than the others, Ca/P value approaching 1.67. The results of XRD showed the characteristic peaks of hydroxyapatite detected by the PAMAM + CG group at 2θ=26.0 (002), 2θ=32.0 (211), and 2θ=33.0 (112) were high and sharp, with a few diffraction line burrs indicating it had high crystallinity and purity. The Scherrer equation results showed that the appearance and size of the grains formed by the PAMAM + CG group were basically consistent with those of healthy dentin.ConclusionsAltogether, the compound of polyamide-amine dendrimer and chlorhexidine could induce the remineralization of human dentin in a resin dentin bonding microenvironment with a gap of 50 µm to form a crystal structure similar to dentin hydroxyapatite.

In Vitro Evaluation of Desensitizing Agents Containing Bioactive Scaffolds of Nanofibers on Dentin Remineralization.

This study evaluated the effect of the incorporation of bioactive nanofibers in desensitizing agents on dentin permeability. Sixty disks of dentin were randomly distributed in four groups (n = 15). Distribution was based on the desensitizing agents, fluoride varnish and self-etching adhesive, and the presence of nanofibers: C (self-etching adhesive Clearfil SE Bond), CN (Clearfil SE Bond with 1% nanofiber), D (Duraphat varnish), and DN (Duraphat varnish with 1% nanofiber). Dentin permeability was determined using hydraulic conductivity. For a qualitative analysis, confocal laser microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were performed. The C group showed the lowest hydraulic conductance (Lp%) (89.33), while the DN group showed the highest Lp% (116.06). No statistical significance was observed in the Lp% values in all groups after the treatment and 6% citric acid challenge (p > 0.239). In the images, the CN group presented a higher superficial and intratubular deposition. In addition, this group presented a more homogeneous dentin surface and wide occlusion of dentinal tubules than the other treatments. Despite there being no statistical differences among the treatments employed, the images showed that the CN group presented a higher surface and intratubular deposition compared to the other treatments, even after the acid challenge.

Effect of bioactive glass addition on the physical properties of mineral trioxide aggregate

BackgroundThe addition of bioactive glass (BG), a highly bioactive material with remineralization potential, might improve the drawback of weakening property of mineral trioxide aggregates (MTA) when it encounters with body fluid. This study aims to evaluate the effect of BG addition on physical properties of MTA.MethodsProRoot (MTA), and MTA with various concentrations of BG (1, 2, 5 and 10% BG/MTA) were prepared. Simulated body fluid (SBF) was used to investigate the effect of the storage solution on dentin remineralization. Prepared specimens were examined as following; the push-out bond strength to dentin, compressive strength, setting time solubility and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis.ResultsThe 2% BG/MTA showed higher push-out bond strengths than control group after 7 days of SBF storage. The 2% BG/MTA exhibited the highest compressive strength. Setting times were reduced in the 1 and 2% BG/MTA groups, and solubility of all experimental groups were clinically acceptable. In all groups, precipitates were observed in dentinal tubules via SEM. XRD showed the increased hydroxyapatite peaks in the 2, 5 and 10% BG/MTA groups.ConclusionIt was verified that the BG-added MTA increased dentin push-out bond strength and compressive strength under SBF storage. The addition of BG did not negatively affect the MTA maturation reaction; it increased the amount of hydroxyapatite during SBF maturation.

The incorporation of phosphorylated chitosan/amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomplex into an experimental composite resin.

This study evaluated the effect of incorporating phosphorylated chitosan/amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomplex (Pchi/ACP) into an experimental light-cure composite resin on mechanical-chemical properties and human dentin remineralization. The results showed that the mechanical strength and contact angles of the resins decreased with the increase incorporation of Pchi/ACP. Release concentrations of calcium in saline solution were measured at different time points, showing the incorporation of Pchi/ACP significantly increased calcium release within 14 days, and kept steady thereafter. Finally, the demineralized dentin slabs treated with our resins for four weeks were characterized by SEM-EDS. Various amounts of apatite were formed on the dentin slabs which were treated with the resins containing Pchi/ACP, whereas no apatite was formed without Pchi/ACP. In conclusion, the Pchi/ACP-incorporating composite resin can be a promising dental material due to its favorable mechanical and remineralization properties.

Antibacterial silver-containing mesoporous bioglass as a dentin remineralization agent in a microorganism-challenged environment

ObjectivesTo provide a suitable material capable of treating dentin hypersensitivity with simultaneous active antibacterial activity. MethodsWe developed silver-containing mesoporous bioglass (MBG-Ag) using the sol-gel technique, which loaded silver nanoparticles as promising bacteriostatic agents. The MBG-Ag with a powder-to-liquid ratio of 0.5 g: 0.01 mL were uniformly mixed with 20 %, 30 %, and 40 % phosphoric acid for 5, 10 and 20 min, respectively. Furthermore, we evaluated the occlusion efficiency, depth of penetration, and antibacterial activity of dentin specimens by simulating a Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) infection on dentin. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the powders and assess tubule occlusion. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the MBG-Ag against S. mutans were determined via time-killing curves and colony formation assays. ResultsThe MIC ranged from 2.5 to 5 mg/mL, and the MBC ranged from 5 to 10 mg/mL. The highest dentinal tubule occlusion efficiency was over 90 %. The colony formation assay confirmed that 5 mg/mL MBG-Ag mixed with phosphoric acid reached the bactericidal concentration. ConclusionThe MBG-Ag 40PA achieved a good occlusion efficiency and deep apatite precipitation in a short time, implying its superiority in clinical applications. Clinical relevanceThe MBG-Ag formed in this study is a promising candidate for the treatment of demineralized dentin and confers antibacterial effects on the remineralized dentin surface against S. mutans.

Study on Dentin Remineralization and Its Clinical Strategies

Study on Dentin Remineralization and Its Clinical Strategies

Evaluation of Remineralization Seen in Dentin Related to Ceramic Restorations.

Background:Recently, the caries management had shifted from extension for prevention to early detection and remineralization of remaining tooth structure using noninvasive techniques.Aim:The present trial was carried out to assess the effect of adding mono-n-Dodecyl phosphate as a surfactant to ceramic on remineralization of dentin.Materials and Methods:The 32 teeth were divided into the following four groups randomly (n = 8 each group) – Group I: cavities not restored, Group II: Restored with ceramic, Group III: restored with ceramic and 2% mono-n-Dodecyl phosphate, and Group IV: restored with ceramic and 5% mono-n-Dodecyl phosphate. Knoop indenter microhardness tests were done at 10, 20, and 40 days. The surface was evaluated under scanning electron microscope. The collected data were subjected to statistical evaluation, and the results were formulated.Results:In ceramic restored (Group II), an increase in Knoop microhardness (KHN) values was seen at 10-, 20-, and 40-day assessment with the respective values of 102.2 ± 20.3, 118.7 ± 19.4, and 127 ± 15.1. Similarly, a constant increase at different assessments was observed for Groups III and IV with 2% and 5% of mono-n-Dodecyl phosphate with ceramic with a 40-day KHN value of 128.2 ± 21.4 for Group III and 113.5 ± 17.3 for Group IV. A statistically significant difference was seen between ceramic and 5% mono-n-Dodecyl phosphate (Group IV) with hardness values of 30.31%, 29.8%, and 21.78% for Groups II, III, and IV, respectively, at 20 days.Conclusion:The present study concludes that ceramic restorations are effective in promoting dentin remineralization. However, the addition of only 2% mono-n-Dodecyl phosphate was beneficial, whereas 5% mono-n-Dodecyl phosphate reduced the efficacy of ceramic on dentin remineralization.

Recent advances in enamel and dentin remineralization

Dental caries is a complex, multifactorial, and transmittable infectious disease that is caused during the demineralization–remineralization process in the presence of fermentable dietary carbohydrates, saliva, and cariogenic oral flora. The chemical basis of the demineralization–remineralization process is similar for enamel, dentin. In this review, we have enlisted numerous types of remineralizing agents; remineralizing techniques have been researched, and many of them are being used clinically, with significantly predictable positive results.

The Synergetic Effect of Silver Diamine Fluoride with Potassium Iodide and Grape Seed Extract on Dentin Remineralization

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the synergetic effect of using silver diamine fluoride containing potassium iodide and grape seed extract on dentin microhardness. Materials and Methods: Sixty freshly extracted human deciduous second molars were enrolled in this study. Sixty dentin discs were cut from the crown and were randomly divided into four groups according to the applied treatment after dentin demineralization, (15 samples each). In the first group, samples were received no treatment, only stored in artificial saliva (positive control), in the second group, samples were treated with silver diamine fluoride containing potassium iodide only, in the second group, samples were treated with grape seed extract only (GSE), in the third group, samples were treated with silver diamine fluoride containing potassium iodide (SDF), whereas in the fourth group, samples were treated with combined therapy of grape seed extract followed with silver diamine fluoride containing potassium iodide (GSE+SDF). Microhardness measurements were taken for each dentin disc at baseline, after demineralization, and after treatment. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in dentin microhardness after each treatment as compared to the demineralized dentin microhardness. The mean percent change of dentin microhardness was statistically significant increased in GSE, SDF, and GSE+SDF groups when compared to the control group. Conclusions: Considering the limitations of this study, monotherapy of GSE, SDF solution, and their combination can be recommended to enhance the micro-hardness of demineralized dentin. SDF applications after GSE improved the micro-hardness of demineralized dentin when compared to the monotherapy of each treatment.

Effect of nano-hydroxyapatite with biomimetic analogues on the characteristics of partially demineralised dentin: An in-vitro study.

Research on dentin remineralisation protocols in particular 'biomimetic remineralisation' has gained huge momentum. Aim of this study was to evaluate if biomimetic analogs, incorporated in n-HAp, as an experimental formulation could aid in remineralization of artificial caries-like dentin and have anti-microbial effect on cariogenic bacteria, S mutans. An experimental paste was formulated using nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp) with Non-Collagenous Protein analogs- polyacrylic acid (PAA), sodium tri-poly phosphate (STPP) with Simulated Body Fluid. Partially demineralised dentin specimens were divided into three groups (n=10) based on the remineralisation treatment as, Group A- n-HAp paste, Group B- n-HAp and NCP analogues and Group C (Control) - no treatment. At the end of the experimental period, the specimens were assessed using SEM-EDS analysis and Vickers microhardness testing. Further, the antimicrobial efficacy of the paste was assessed. The results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA with post-hoc Bonferroni test. Dentin specimens treated with the experimental paste revealed greater tubular occlusion, with intra tubular deposits and increased mineral content. Specimens treated with n-HAp alone had higher microhardness values and inhibitory effect on the cariogenic bacteria. Non-Collagenous Protein analogs incorporated in n-HAp could remineralize the demineralised dentin and had antibacterial efficacy against S mutans.