Dentin Remineralization Research Articles

Hyaluronic acid-mediated collagen intrafibrillar mineralization and enhancement of dentin remineralization

Non-collagenous proteins (NCPs) in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of bone and dentin are known to play a critical regulatory role in the induction of collagen fibril mineralization and are embedded in hyaluronic acid (HA), which acts as a water-retaining glycosaminoglycan and provides necessary biochemical and biomechanical cues. Our previous study demonstrated that HA could regulate the mineralization degree and mechanical properties of collagen fibrils, yet its kinetics dynamic mechanism on mineralization is under debate. Here, we further investigated the role of HA on collagen fibril mineralization and the possible mechanism. The HA modification can significantly promote intrafibrillar collagen mineralization by reducing the electronegativity of the collagen surface to enhance calcium ions (Ca2+) binding capacity to create a local higher supersaturation. In addition, the HA also provides additional nucleation sites and shortens the induction time of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP)-mediated hydroxyapatite (HAP) crystallization, which benefits mineralization. The acceleration effect of HA on intrafibrillar collagen mineralization is also confirmed in collagen hydrogel and in vitro dentin remineralization. These findings offer a physicochemical view of the regulation effect of carbohydrate polymers in the body on biomineralization, the fine prospect for an ideal biomaterial to repair collagen-mineralized tissues.

Root Dentin Remineralization by Arginine and Sodium Fluoride

Root Dentin Remineralization by Arginine and Sodium Fluoride

Remineralization of Dentinal Lesions Using Biomimetic Agents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The objective of this article was to systematically provide an up-to-date review on the different methods of remineralizing human dentine using different biomimetic agents. The authors performed a systematic search within PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science in addition to the grey literature in Google Scholar® using MeSH terms. The PICO question was P: human teeth dentinal sections; I: application of biomimetic remineralizing agents; C: other non-biomimetic approaches; O: extent of remineralization and physical properties of remineralized dentine. The initially identified studies were screened for titles and abstracts. Non-English articles, reviews, animal studies, studies involving the resin-dentine interface, and other irrelevant articles were then excluded. The other remaining full-text articles were retrieved. Bibliographies of the remaining articles were searched for relevant studies that could be included. A total of 4741 articles were found, and finally, 39 full-text articles were incorporated in the current systematic review. From these, twenty-six research studies used non-collagenous protein (NCP) analogs to biomineralize dentine, six studies used bioactive materials derived from natural sources, six studies used zinc hydroxyapatite, and one study used amelogenin peptide to induce hydroxyapatite formation on the surface of demineralized dentine. Additive effects of triclosan and epigenin were assessed when combined with commonly available NCPs. Overall, a moderate risk of bias was observed and, hence, the findings of the included studies could be acceptable. A meta-analysis of some similar studies was performed to assess the depth of remineralization and elastic modulus. Despite having high heterogeneity (I2 > 90), all the studies showed a significant improvement in biomimetic remineralization efficacy as compared to the control. All the included studies carried out a functional remineralization assessment and found a 90-98% efficacy in the extent of remineralization while the elastic modulus reached 88.78 ± 8.35 GPa, which is close to natural dentine. It is pertinent to note the limitations of these studies that have been carried out in vitro under controlled settings, which lack the effects of a natural oral environment. To conclude, the authors suggest that the biomimetic remineralization of dentine using NCP analogs, bioactive materials, and natural products carries significant potential in treating dentinal lesions; however, more long-term studies are needed to assess their clinical applications in vivo.

Research Advances on Hydrogel-Based Materials for Tissue Regeneration and Remineralization in Tooth.

Tissue regeneration and remineralization in teeth is a long-term and complex biological process, including the regeneration of pulp and periodontal tissue, and re-mineralization of dentin, cementum and enamel. Suitable materials are needed to provide cell scaffolds, drug carriers or mineralization in this environment. These materials need to regulate the unique odontogenesis process. Hydrogel-based materials are considered good scaffolds for pulp and periodontal tissue repair in the field of tissue engineering due to their inherent biocompatibility and biodegradability, slow release of drugs, simulation of extracellular matrix, and the ability to provide a mineralized template. The excellent properties of hydrogels make them particularly attractive in the research of tissue regeneration and remineralization in teeth. This paper introduces the latest progress of hydrogel-based materials in pulp and periodontal tissue regeneration and hard tissue mineralization and puts forward prospects for their future application. Overall, this review reveals the application of hydrogel-based materials in tissue regeneration and remineralization in teeth.

Synergistic effect of collagen cross-linking and remineralization for improving resin-dentin bond durability.

In this study, the synergistic effect of glutaraldehyde-cross-linking and remineralization on the strength and durability of resin-dentin bonds was investigated. Dentin surfaces were etched with 35% phosphoric acid. The control specimens were bonded with Adper Single Bond 2 using wet bonding without pretreatment. The experimental specimens were pretreated with 5% (v/v) glutaraldehyde solution for 3min and placed in a remineralizing solution for 0, 12, and 24 h, followed by dry bonding. After performing composite build-ups on the specimens, they were longitudinally sectioned, immediately, and after aging for 3h with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), to evaluate microtensile bond strength (µTBS). The cross-linked specimens exhibited µTBS values comparable with those of the control group, but the µTBS decreased significantly after NaOCl aging. The cross-linked dentin remineralized for 24 h exhibited an increase in µTBS. After aging in NaOCl, the µTBS of the specimens remineralized for 24 h did not decrease and was significantly higher than for the other experimental groups. Cross-linking with dry bonding maintained µTBS in specimens before aging in NaOCl, but the bonding durability was compromised. Remineralization of cross-linked dentin for 24 h followed by dry bonding increased the immediate µTBS and improved bond durability. Therefore, combining cross-linking with remineralization of collagen fibrils progressively increased resistance to degradation, improving bond durability.

Using Femtosecond Laser Light-Activated Materials: The Biomimetic Dentin Remineralization Was Monitored by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy.

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to investigate and compare the effects of the antimicrobial agents Moringa oleifera and bioactive glass nanoparticles activated by femtosecond laser light on the biomimetic dentin remineralization using teeth having carious dentin ICDAS code 3. Methods and Materials: A total of 27 dentin surface samples were divided into three groups: the first group was treated with a Moringa oleifera extract, while the second group was treated with bioactive glass nanoparticles, and as for the control group, the third group received no additional agent. All groups were subjected to femtosecond laser light at three different wavelengths: 390 nm, 445 nm, and 780 nm. The photoactivation of each sample was achieved using the femtosecond laser light for 5 min with an average power rating of 300 mW, a pulse duration of 100 fs, and a pulse repetition rate of 80 Hz. The mineral content of the samples was obtained and analyzed using the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The LIBS analysis was conducted with the following laser light parameters: average power of ~215 mW, wavelength of 532 nm, pulse duration of 10 ns, and a pulse repetition rate of 10 Hz. Results: Most studied samples exhibited a relative increase in the mineral content that may enhance biomimetic remineralization. Moringa oleifera photoactivated by femtosecond laser light at 445 nm achieved a significant increase in mineral content. Conclusion: Using the femtosecond laser light to activate the relatively cheap and commercially available antimicrobial agent Moringa oleifera supports the strategy of minimal invasive approaches for the treatment and biomimetic remineralization of carious dentin ICDAS code 3.

COMPARISON BETWEEN ATRAUMATIC RESTORATIVE TREATMENT AND NON-RESTORATIVE TREATMENT FOR CARIES DISEASE CONTROL

Non-restorative treatment, along with atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) are considered minimally invasive procedures within dentistry. Non-restorative treatment basically consists of preventing, controlling and reversing the carious lesion and atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) in the removal of carious tissue using manual instruments, promoting remineralization of both enamel and dentin. These techniques are considered as an alternative to control fear and anxiety within Pediatric Dentistry, in patients with behavioral problems, in cases of anxious, non-collaborative children or those with systemic impairments. Thus, the present work turns to a literature review with the objective of comparing Atraumatic Restorative Treatment and Non-restorative Treatment within their indications for long-term caries control, describing the materials that are used and methods used. As a result, we observed the effectiveness of fluoride in its various compositions, the ability to prevent carious lesions using Silver Fluoride Diamine, the regression of lesions through the use of casein and the benefit of ART in reducing dental anxiety and patient discomfort. It is concluded that the type of treatment to be chosen depends on the characteristic and degree of the lesion. In the case of superficial stains, the procedure adopted is non-restorative and in the case of dentinal cavities, ART offers good results.

Micro-Raman spectroscopy analysis of dentin remineralization using eggshell derived nanohydroxyapatite combined with phytosphingosine

The aim of this study was to assess the remineralization efficacy of chicken eggshell–derived nano-hydroxyapatite (CEnHAp) combined with phytosphingosine (PHS) on artificially induced dentinal lesions. PHS was commercially procured whereas CEnHAp was synthesized using microwave-irradiation method and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), high-resolution scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (HRSEM-EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A total of 75 pre-demineralized coronal dentin specimens were randomly treated with one of the following test agents (n = 15 each): artificial saliva (AS), casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), CEnHAp, PHS, and CEnHAp-PHS under pH cycling for 7, 14, and 28 days. Vickers microhardness indenter, HRSEM-EDX, and micro-Raman spectroscopy methods were used to assess the mineral changes in the treated dentin samples. Data were submitted to Kruskal–Wallis and Friedman's two-way analyses of variance (p < 0.05). HRSEM and TEM analysis depicted irregular spherical structure of the prepared CEnHAp with a particle size of 20–50 nm. The EDX analysis confirmed the presence of Ca, P, Na and Mg ions. The XRD pattern showed the characteristic crystalline peaks for hydroxyapatite and calcium carbonate that are present in the prepared CEnHAp. Dentin treated with CEnHAp-PHS revealed highest microhardness values along with complete tubular occlusion compared to other groups at all test time intervals (p < 0.05). Specimens treated with CEnHAp showed increased remineralization than those treated with CPP-ACP followed by PHS and AS groups. The intensity of mineral peaks, as observed in the EDX and micro-Raman spectra, confirmed these findings. Further, the molecular conformation of the collagen's polypeptide chains, and amide-I and CH2 peaks attained peak intensities in dentin treated with CEnHAp–PHS and PHS whereas other groups revealed poor stability of collagen bands. Microhardness, surface topography, and micro-Raman spectroscopy analyses revealed that dentin treated with CEnHAp–PHS have an improved collagen structure and stability as well as highest mineralization and crystallinity.

Poly(acrylic acid)-Assisted Intrafibrillar Mineralization of Type I Collagen: A Review.

The mineralization of type I collagen is a biological process occurring in vertebrates by which some hard tissues such as bone and dentin are constructed. Due to the extensive clinical needs for bone defect repair and remineralization of mineral-depleted dentin, biomimetic mineralization of collagen is attracting more and more interests. Synthetic analogs of noncollagenous proteins are necessary for directing the in vitro mineralization. In this paper, the function and mechanism of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) in regulating the mineralization, especially intrafibrillar mineralization (IM) of collagen are reviewed. As two mineralization patterns (extrafibrillar and intrafibrillar) co-exist in natural hard tissues, differences between them in terms of microstructure, biodegradation, cytocompatibility, osteoinduction in vitro, and performance in vivo are systematically compared. Then the roles of PAA in biomimetic collagen IM within one-analog and two-analog systems are discussed, respectively. Moreover, mineralization of some self-mineralizable collagen matrices is described. Due to the interactions between collagen and PAA play a crucial role in the processes of collagen mineralization, some reference researches are also provided involving the collagen/PAA interactions in some other fields. Finally, this review is ended with an outlook for future potential improvements based on the collection of existing bottlenecks in this field.

Effect of Bioactive Filler Addition on the Mechanical and Biological Properties of Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer.

The maintenance of affected dentin can promote the greater conservation of tooth structure. The development of materials that have properties capable of reducing the demineralizing potential and/or even helping in dental remineralization is important for conservative dentistry. This study aimed to evaluate, in vitro, the alkalizing potential, fluoride as well as calcium ion release ability, antimicrobial activity, and dentin remineralization properties of resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) incorporated with a bioactive filler (niobium phosphate (NbG) and bioglass (45S5)). The study samples were grouped into RMGIC, NbG, and 45S5. The materials' alkalizing potential, ability to release calcium as well as fluoride ions, and antimicrobial properties concerning Streptococcus mutans UA159 biofilms were analyzed. The remineralization potential was evaluated using the Knoop microhardness test, which was performed at different depths. The alkalizing and fluoride release potential was higher for the 45S5 group (p < 0.001) over time. An increase in the microhardness of demineralized dentin was observed in the 45S5 and NbG groups (p < 0.001). No differences in biofilm formation were observed between the bioactive materials, although 45S5 exhibited lower biofilm acidogenicity at different time points (p < 0.001) and greater calcium ion release in the microbial environment. A resin-modified glass ionomer cement enriched with bioactive glasses, particularly 45S5, is a promising alternative for the treatment of demineralized dentin.

Biomimetic mineralized collagen scaffolds enhancing odontogenic differentiation of hDPSCs and dentin regeneration through modulating mechanical microenvironment

Dentin regeneration is a huge challenge because of its complicated structure and the shortage of odontoblasts. Unlike in vitro remineralization of dentin through supersaturation of calcium phosphate, the materials of mineralized collagen scaffolds could recruit the human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and induce their differentiation in vivo and achieve dentin repair. Inspired by the biomineralization of dentin, herein, mineralized collagen fibrils with various mineralization degrees and mechanical properties were prepared through biomolecule hyaluronic acid (HA) modification, and first time find the mechanical properties have a positive correlation with mineralization degree. When 1.2 mg/mL HA was used to modification, the mineralized HA-modified collagen scaffolds (HA-MCS) with similar modulus and stiffness to that of natural dentin could be obtained. Furthermore, testing ALP activity and alizarin red S staining experiments confirmed the HA-MCS with a biomimetic mechanical microenvironment could enhance the proliferation and differentiation of hDPSCs. Additionally, in vivo experiments performed on the beagle model further proved this point that HA-MCS with a biomimetic mechanical microenvironment could promote dentin regeneration. These results not only elucidate that the modulation of mechanical properties of biomaterials could enhance the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells, but also provide a strategy for hard tissue regeneration.

Biomimetic Action of Zinc Hydroxyapatite on Remineralization of Enamel and Dentin: A Review

A literature search (Pubmed/MEDLINE and Scopus) of articles from 2003 to 2023 was conducted to analyze studies focused on the use of zinc-hydroxyapatite products. Duplicates were eliminated from the 5065 articles found, leaving 2076 articles. Of these, 30 articles were analyzed based on the use of products with zinc-carbonate hydroxyapatite in these studies. 30 articles were included. Most of the studies showed benefits in terms of remineralization and prevention of enamel demineralization in terms of occlusion of the dentinal tubules and reduction of dentinal hypersensitivity. Oral care products such as toothpaste and mouthwash with biomimetic zinc-carbonate hydroxyapatite were shown to provide benefits according to the aims of this review.

Dexamethasone-doped nanoparticles improve mineralization, crystallinity and collagen structure of human dentin

ObjectivesBioactive materials have been used for functionalization of adhesives to promote dentin remineralization. This study aims to evaluate bonding ability and both mechanical and chemical behavior of demineralized dentin infiltrated with polymeric nanoparticles doped with dexamethasone (Dex-NPs). MethodsDentin conditioned surfaces were infiltrated with NPs, Dex-NPs or Dex-Zn-NPs. Bonded interfaces were also created and stored for 24 h or 21d, and then submitted to microtensile bond strength testing. Dentin remineralization was analyzed by Nanohardness, Young's modulus and Raman analysis. ResultsAt 21d of storage, dentin treated with undoped-NPs attained the lowest nanohardness and Young's modulus. Dex-NPs and Zn-Dex-NPs increased dentin nanohardness and Young's modulus after 21d Raman analysis showed high remineralization, crystallinity, crosslinking and better structure of collagen when functionalized Dex-NPs were present at the dentin interface. ConclusionsInfiltration of dentin with Dex-NPs promoted functional remineralization as proved by nanomechanical and morpho-chemical evaluation tests. Dexamethasone in dentin facilitated crystallographic maturity, crystallinity and improved maturity and secondary structure of dentin collagen. Clinical significanceUsing dexamethasone-functionalized NPs before resin infiltration is a clear option to obtain dentin remineralization, as these NPs produce the reinforcement of the dentin structure, which will lead to the improvement of the longevity of resin restorations.

Impact of silanization of different bioactive glasses in simplified adhesives on degree of conversion, dentin bonding and collagen remineralization.

To analyze simplified adhesive containing pure or silanized bioglass 45S5 (with calcium) or Sr-45S5 (strontium-substituted) fillers applied on dentin and to evaluate the microtensile bond strength (µTBS), interface nanoleakage, degree of conversion of adhesive, collagen degradation and remineralization. Ambar Universal adhesive (FGM) was doped with 10wt% bioactive glasses to form following groups: Control (no bioglass), 45S5 (conventional bioglass 45S5), Sr-45S5 (Sr-substituted bioglass 45S5), Sil-45S5 (silanized bioglass 45S5) and Sil-Sr-45S5 (silanized bioglass Sr-45S5). Adhesives were applied after dentin acid-etching using phosphoric acid at extracted human molars. Resin-dentin sticks were obtained and tested for µTBS, nanoleakage at 24h or 6 months. Degree of conversion was measured using micro-Raman spectroscopy. Dentin remineralization was assessed by FTIR after 6-month storage in PBS. Hydroxyproline (HYP) release was surveyed by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and Tukey's test (p<0.05). Regarding µTBS, Sr-45S5 and 45S5 presented higher and stable results (p>0.05). Control (p=0.018) and Sil-Sr-45S5 (p<0.001) showed µTBS reduction after 6-month aging. Sil-Sr-45S5 showed higher HYP release than that obtained in the 45S5 group. Sil-45S5 showed mineral deposition and increase in µTBS (p=0.028) after 6-months. All experimental adhesives exhibited higher degree of conversion compared to Control group, except for 45S5. All adhesives created gap-free interfaces, with very low silver impregnation, except for Sil-Sr-45S5. The incorporation of silanized 45S5 bioglass into the universal adhesive was advantageous in terms of dentin remineralization, bonding performance and adhesive polymerization. Conversely, Sil-Sr-45S5 compromised the µTBS, interface nanoleakage and had a negative impact on HYP outcomes.

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Fluoride versus Grape Seed Extract in Biomimetic Remineralization of Dentin

This study aims to compare the remineralization efficiency of grape seed extract versus fluoride in artificial carious dentin lesions in the biomimetic remineralization procedure. One hundred and twelve extracted impacted human teeth were demineralized for 10 days and divided into 4 groups. Demineralization group (DM), remineralization group (RM group), remineralization fluoride group (RM F), remineralization grape seed extract group (RM GSE). Demineralization (DM) group were stored in physiological saline after demineralization. RM F was kept in 1000 ppm fluorine solution and RM GSE was kept in 6.5% grape seed extract for 10 min. RM, RM F, RM GSE groups were stored in simulated body fluid (SBF) with biomimetic analogues and Portland cement discs for 6 weeks. The specimens were evaluated by microhardness test, elasticity modulus measurement, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. Kruskal–Wallis H test with Bonferroni correction was used for between-group comparisons. Microhardness and elasticity modulus values differed significantly among the groups, with the highest values in the RM-GSE group, followed by the RM-F group, RM group, and DM group. SEM images showed granular structure formations in the RM-GSE and RM-F groups. It is concluded that although remineralization can occur by mineral precipitation in structures with high organic matrix density such as dentin, the collagen structure must be supported to increase the degree of remineralization.

An Insight into the Bioactive Luting Cement

A large number of luting agents (dental cements) are available and proper selection can be a daunting task and is usually based on a practitioner’s reliance, on their experience and preference. The literature continues to repeat that ‘‘No available product satisfies the requirements for an ideal luting agent and comprehensive patient care requires several materials…. the best choice is not always easy’’. Ceramic restoration in the form of indirect crowns and fixed partial dentures form the mainstay of oral rehabilitations. However, their use has made luting procedures more challenging. The aim of cementation is to integrate the restorations with the dental hard tissues, especially with the dentin, supplying retention, marginal sealing, and esthetics. Zirconia FPDs can be luted with conventional cements (zinc phosphate cement and glass ionomer) but they show high solubility and low mechanical resistance in the presence of bioactivity and fluoride release. Commonly used resin luting agents are sensitive to moisture, undergo dimensional changes (polymerization and thermal), show minimum bacterial resistance, and lack dentin remineralization potential, fail to create a natural chemical bond to dentin and lack bioactivity to prevent microleakage. It is proposed that contemporary bioactive esthetic materials have the potential to reduce bacterial microleakage and enhance marginal integrity by showing recharge and renewal of restorative material constituents. The purpose of this article is to review various luting agents, their properties &amp; associated clinical implications and to help the clinician to select an appropriate luting agent for a given clinical situation.

Evaluation of remineralizing effect of zinc-carbonate hydroxyapatite on the reduction of postrestorative sensitivity: A randomized controlled clinical trial.

The adhesive bonding ability of composite resins makes it unnecessary to remove tooth structure for retention, prevention, and convenience. However, postoperative sensitivity after placing composite restoration has been a significant problem experienced by clinicians. The present randomized controlled trial was conducted to assess the role of dentin remineralization in the reduction of postoperative sensitivity after composite placement. Eighty participants with occlusal carious teeth were randomly allocated to one of the four study groups, each having 20 participants, and are as follows: Group A with test group, Group A with control group, Group B with test group, and Group B with control group. Postoperative sensitivity was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria at different time intervals such as baseline, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA test, Mann-Whitney U-test, and Wilcoxon matched-pair test. All 80 participants were analyzed at the baseline, 1 week, 1 month, and the end of 3 months for the postoperative sensitivity using the VAS score and USPHS criteria. One restoration in Group A with control group reported mild sensitivity at the end of 1 week and one restoration in Group B with control group reported severe sensitivity at the end of 3 months, necessitating its replacement followed by root canal treatment. No relationship was reported between postoperative sensitivity and tooth type. There was no statistically significant difference in postoperative sensitivity in any of the treatment modalities. Class I restoration using self-etch or selective-etch as well as with or without zinc-carbonate hydroxyapatite is a viable and predictable solution for the reduction of postoperative sensitivity if all the aspects of restorative techniques are considered precisely.

Evaluation of Dentin Remineralization with Zinc Oxide and Calcium Fluoride Nanoparticles - An In vitro Study.

Partially demineralized dentin is remineralizable when mineral ions are made available in the near vicinity. Nanoparticles (NPs) have wide applications in remineralization process. Zinc promotes remineralization and has a synergistic effect when combined with fluoride. Hence, zinc oxide and calcium fluoride NPs were considered for dentin remineralization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the remineralizing ability of zinc oxide and calcium fluoride NPs on demineralized dentin individually and in combined form. This was an in vitro study. Forty-eight dentin disks were prepared from the crowns of 12 extracted human molars and were allocated into four groups of 12 each, i.e., Group I - nano zinc oxide (nZnO), Group II - nano calcium fluoride (nCaF2), Group III - combined group (nZnO + nCaF2), and Group IV - artificial saliva (AS, control group). The specimens were demineralized with 37% phosphoric acid and placed in the respective remineralizing solutions for 24 h and 1 month. Calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) uptake was measured using energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, and structural changes were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). One-way analysis of variance, Student's t-test, and post hoc Tukey's test were used for statistical analysis. At 1-month interval, all the groups showed an increase in Ca/P ratio, with highest being the combined group (4.24), followed by nCaF2 (3.30), nZnO (1.71), and AS (1.31) groups, and these differences were statistically significant (P = 0.000). On SEM analysis of dentinal samples at 1 month, depositions were evident in intertubular regions, wherein the highest deposits were observed in the nZnO group, followed by nZnO + nCaF2 and nCaF2 groups. Dentin samples subjected to remineralization with aqueous solutions of nZnO and nCaF2 showed an increase in calcium and phosphorous uptake and also dense granular depositions were evident in intertubular regions of dentin.

Glass-ionomer and calcium silicate-based cements interactions with human dentine in health and disease: Two-photon fluorescence microscopy and Raman spectroscopy analysis.

To investigate the potential mineralising effects of calcium silicate-based dentine replacement material (Biodentine™) in comparison with glass-ionomer cement (GIC) (Fuji IX™) on different human dentine substrates using a multimodal non-invasive optical assessment. Cements were applied on artificially demineralised or naturally carious dentine and stored for 4 weeks in phosphate-rich media +/- tetracycline used for mineralisation labelling. Interfacial dentine was examined from the same sample and location before and after aging using two-photon fluorescence microscopy, fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) and second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging. Additionally, Raman spectroscopy was used to detect changes in the mineral content of dentine. Significant changes in the fluorescence intensity and lifetime were detected in partially demineralised dentine and caries-affected dentine underneath both tested cements, after storage (p<0.001). This was associated with a significant increase in the mineral content as indicated by the increased intensity of the phosphate Raman peak located at 959cm-1 (p<0.0001). Caries-infected dentine showed significant fluorescence changes under Biodentine™ after storage (p<0.001), but not under GIC (p=0.44). Tetracycline binding induced a reduction in the fluorescence lifetime with comparable increase in the fluorescence intensity in both cements' groups within the affected dentine (p<0.001). Significance Two-photon fluorescence microscopy can be used efficiently for non-destructive in-vitro dentine caries characterisation providing a technique for studying the same dentine-cement interface over time and detect changes. Biodentine™ demonstrated comparable remineralising potential to GIC, in addition to inducing remineralisation of caries-infected dentine. This may suggest using Biodentine™ as part of minimally invasive operative dentistry (MID) in caries management.

Effect of S-PRG particles on demineralization and remineralization of dentin: a clinical case report

It is known that the production of acid by oral bacteria dissolves mineral phases on the enamel surface, facilitating the formation of dental caries, with lactic acid being the main cause of caries, followed by acetic and propionic acids. Fluoride-containing materials play an important role in preventing demineralization and remineralization and these are widely used in dentistry. Although the benefits of fluoride in terms of reducing the incidence of dental caries are well established, fluoride cannot prevent caries in all patients; thus, the development of new anti-caries agents with remineralization properties is necessary. Thus, new products are emerging with this purpose and in this article, a material with Surface Pre Reacted Glass ionomer (S-PRG) particles will be addressed, these are produced by the acid-base reaction of fluoroboroaluminosilicate glass and polyacrylic acid and are known to have a potential to release 06 ions, such as Al, B, Na, Si, Sr and F, where these released ions played an important role in pH neutralization, leading to inhibition of enamel demineralization early point, where strontium (Sr) is becoming as a strong inducer of dentin matrix remineralization. Thus, this work aimed to demonstrate with a clinical case using S-PRG materials that can become an ally in the remineralization of the dental element. In conclusion, among the innovations that promote the concept of preventive and minimally invasive management, the bioactivity containing S-PRG can avoid invasive and definitive procedures such as tooth extraction.