Remazol Black Research Articles

Microalgae Immobilized by Nanofibrous Web for Removal of Reactive Dyes from Wastewater

In this study, we have developed microalgae immobilized by polysulfone nanofibrous web (microalgae/PSU-NFW) for the removal of reactive dyes (Remazol Black 5 (RB5) and Reactive Blue 221 (RB221). Here, an electrospinning technique was used to produce polysulfone nanofibrous web (PSU-NFW) as a free-standing material on which microalgae Chlamydomona reinhardtii was immobilized on PSU-NFW. The decolorization capacities of microalgae/PSU-NFW were significantly higher than that of pristine PSU-NFW. The decolorization rate for RB5 was calculated as 72.97 ± 0.3% for microalgae/PSU-NFW, whereas it was 12.36 ± 0.3% for the pristine PSU-NFW. In the case of RB221 solution, decolorization rates were achieved as 30.2 ± 0.23 and 5.51 ± 0.4% for microalgae/PSU-NFW and pristine PSU-NFW, respectively. Reusability tests revealed that microalgae/PSU-NFW can be used in at least three successive decolorization steps in which the decolorization rate of the RB5 was found to be 51 ± 0.69% after the third reuse step. These results are promising and therefore suggest that microalgae/PSU-NFW could be applicable for the decolorization of dyes because of their versatility and reusability.

A new method for the synthesis of monodisperse-porous titania microbeads by using polymethacrylate microbeads as template

Monodisperse-porous titania microbeads were synthesized by sol–gel templating method by using a new type of polymethacrylate microbeads as template. Monodisperse-porous poly(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate), poly(HPMA-Cl-co-EDMA) microbeads 5.4 μm in size were used as starting material for the preparation of new template. Strong cation exchanger –SO3Na groups were generated on the selected polymethacrylate template via the reaction between chloropropyl groups of template and sodium bisulfite. –SO3Na functionalized-polymethacrylate microbeads were treated with the precursor, TiCl4 in an aqueous medium and subsequently treated with ammonia to obtain titania-polymer composite microbeads. The composite microbeads were then calcined at 450 °C to have monodisperse-porous titania microbeads. Monodisperse-porous titania microbeads in the size range of 3.0–5.0 μm with crater-like or fine porous structures with specific surface areas ranging between 50 and 91 m2/g were obtained by changing the concentration, crosslinking density of the template beads and the calcination temperature. The selection of a polymethacrylate template decomposed at lower temperatures with respect to poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) type templates, commonly used for synthesis of porous titania microbeads, allowed to perform the calcination of titania-polymer composite microbeads at lower temperatures. Monodisperse-porous titania microbeads with higher specific surface area and a crystalline structure with higher percent of anatase phase could be obtained by performing calcination at lower temperatures. The photocatalytic activity of monodisperse-porous titania microbeads was investigated using an anionic azo-dye, Remazol Black 5 (RB5) in batch-fashion. Higher photodegradation rates were observed with the monodisperse-porous titania microbeads in the acidic pH region compared to TiO2 nanoparticles.

Effect of Some Metal Ions on the Photocatalytic Oxidation of Remazol Black B in Aqueous Solution under UV Irradiation

AbstractThis study investigates the advance oxidation process of common azo dye, Remazol Black B (RBB). Photocatalytic degradation of RBB was carried out using metal ion (Fe

Optimization of parameters for decolorization of a textile azo dye, Remazol Black B (RBB) by a newly isolated bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis BYJ1

Bacillus thuringiensis BYJ1, a newly isolated bacterium from textile effluent contaminated soil was exploited to decolorize a textile azo dye, Remazol Black B (RBB). Various process parameters like initial RBB concentration, temperature, pH and cultural conditions on the process of dye decolorization were studied in order to determine optimum condition. Decolorization process was largely affected under aerobic process. Despite the toxic and inhibitory effects of dye, B. thuringiensis BYJ1 was able to tolerate as high as 1200 mg L-1 of RBB. Optimum decolorization of RBB was achieved at 37°C and pH 7 under static culture condition. Decolorization process was also studied using immobilized cells of B. thuringiensis BYJ1. The decolorized dye products were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC), UV-visible scanning and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Seed germination assay was performed to analyze the effect of decolorized dye products. The plasmid isolation and its curing from B. thuringiensis BYJ1 was performed to study effect of plasmid on the process of biodegradation of RBB. Key words: Azo dye, decolorization, immobilization, plasmid curing, Bacillus thuringiensis.

TEOS as an improved alternative for chitosan beads cross‐linking: A comparative adsorption study

ABSTRACTIn this work the use of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) for cross‐linking of chitosan hydrogel beads was studied at the level of 1 mmol TEOS per gram of chitosan. They were compared with glutaraldehyde and epichlorohydrin cross‐linked beads. The hydrogels were characterized by FTIR, SEM, water content, nitrogen content, and their point of zero charge. The performance of the anionic dye Remazol Black (RB) and the cationic Cd(II) adsorptions was assessed in order to characterize the sorbate–sorbent interaction. Adsorption experimental data were analyzed using two‐ and three‐parameter isotherm models along with the evaluation of mean adsorption energy and standard free energy. The adsorption was observed to be pH dependent. The uptake rate of RB and Cd(II) showed that the three type of beads followed a similar kinetic behavior. For both sorbates the TEOS cross‐linked beads showed the higher maximum adsorption capacity, followed by epichlorohydrin and glutaraldehyde cross‐linked beads. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41005.

Photodegradation of textile dye using magnetically recyclable heterogeneous spinel ferrites

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe extensive use of dyes in textile industries leads to discharge of dye effluents into water bodies which causes problem to human and aquatic life. In this regard, magnetic nanospinels having formula MFe2O4 (M = Cu, Zn, Ni and Co) were developed and characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powder x‐ray diffraction (XRD) and diffuse reflactance spectra (DRS). The activity of all the ferrites as heterogeneous Fenton and photo‐Fenton catalysts was evaluated by degradation of Remazol Black 5 (RB5) which is used in the textile industry to dye cotton.RESULTSThe optimum reaction conditions for the degradation reactions were 0.50 g L‐1 ferrite, pH 2.5, H2O2 8 mmol L‐1 and dye 50 mg L‐1. Among the four ferrites CuFe2O4 was found to be best (k = 0.228 min‐1) which might be attributed to coupling between Fe3+/Fe2+ and Cu+/Cu2+ redox pairs thus generating more efficient Fenton reagent. Reusability of all the catalysts after magnetic separation was also tested over four cycles.CONCLUSIONAll the spinel ferrites had good photodegradation ability and recyclability demonstrating their use to remove organic pollutants from wastewater. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry

Decolorization and mineralization of an azo reactive dye using loaded nano-photocatalysts on spacer fabric: Kinetic study and operational factors

In this study, the photocatalytic decolorization and mineralization of Remazol Black B (RBB), an azo reactive dye, in aqueous solutions was investigated using UV/H2O2/ZnO, UV/H2O2/TiO2 and UV/H2O2/ZnO:TiO2 systems. ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles were loaded on 3-dimensional polyethylene terephthalate fabrics (spacer fabrics). Morphology of the spacer fabrics and the presence of the nanoparticles were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. Furthermore, the effects of key operational parameters on the efficiency of the decolorization were investigated. These parameters included initial pH value, initial hydrogen peroxide concentration, initial dye concentration, the loaded nanoparticle ratio and the presence of anions (sulfate, chloride and bicarbonate). Zero-, first- and second-order reaction kinetics were evaluated. Complete decolorization and high efficient mineralization with 90% total organic carbon (TOC) reduction were achieved at 120min treatment in the case of ZnO:TiO2 under optimum condition. The results proved that the novel heterogeneous photocatalytic process is capable of decolorizing and mineralizing azo reactive dyes in textile wastewater.

Optimization for decolorization of azo dye Remazol Black B by a Halomonas strain using the Taguchi approach

Halophilic and halotolerant microorganisms are good candidates for decolorization of azo dyeswhich are routinely used in the dyeing process in textile industries. In this paper, theoptimization of biological decolorization of synthetic dye solutions containing Remazol Black Bby the previously isolated halophilic bacterium Halomonas sp. D2 is investigated. In a primaryinvestigation using a one-factor–at-a-time method, temperature, initial pH of the solution, andconcentrations of glucose, yeast extract, and sodium chloride were chosen for optimizing dyeremoval using the Taguchi method. Based on the statistical analysis of the results, the mostsignificant parameter by far was the yeast extract concentration which accounted for 72.67% ofthe total effect, followed by pH (11.84%) and the NaCl concentration (8.90%). The optimizedconditions for dye removal were predicted to be a temperature of 35°C, an initial pH of 10,glucose concentration of 1% (w/v), yeast extract concentration of 1% (w/v), and sodiumchloride of 10% (w/v). Under these conditions, 95% decolorization was achieved in confirmingexperiments.

Development of Adsorbent Material from Tamarind-Seed Testa for Reactive Dye Adsorption

In this research, the adsorbent material was developed from the agricultural waste, tamarind-seed testa. The adsorption of 6 different reactive dyes viz. Procion Red H-E7B, Procion Yellow H-E4R, Procion Navy H-ER, Remazol Brilliant Red F3B gran, Remazol Yellow 3BS-A 150% and Remazol Black B 133%, on the adsorbent prepared from tamarind-seed testa was investigated. The chemical composition analysis showed that the major components in the tamarind-seed testa were lignin and carbohydrates (cellulose and hemicellulose). When the bleached tamarind-seed testa was used as an adsorbent, it was found to efficiently adsorb the reactive dyes at pH 2 without any assisting mechanical agitation. The reactive dye exhibiting ultimate adsorption on the adsorbent was Procion Navy H-ER (66.3 mg/g). A high rate of dye adsorbed capacity was noticed in the first hour and the equilibrium adsorption was reached within 3 hours.

Exploitation of Two Consortiums in Microbial Degradation and Decolorization of Remazol Black and Acid Orange

Different soil samples were collected from effluent treatment plants were used as a source for the isolation of 16 morphologically distinct bacteria capable of decolourising textile dye, Acid orange. Decolourisation assay was performed using two textile dyes - Acid oragne and emazol black to screen for high dye decolourising bacterial isolates. 5 Bacterial isolates showed high decolourisation of Acid orange and a consortium of these 5 colonies called A was developed. 3 Bacterial isolates showed high decolourisation of Remazol black and a consortium of these 3 isolates, B, was developed. The screened bacterial isolates were identified as Pseudomonas sp., Alcaligens sp., Rhodococcus sp., Stenotrophomonas sp., Proteobacterium sp., and Bacillus sp. by 16S rDNA analysis. A exhibited high decolourisation percentage of 200 mg/l of Acid orange in the presence of anhydrous sodium acetate under static condition at pH 7 and temperature of 40°C within 48 hours. B showed high decolourisation of 200 mg/l of Remazol black in the presence of galactose and a combination of straw and beef extract under static condition at pH 7 and temperature of 30°C within 48 hours. LC-MS analysis of the degraded product of Acid orange by A showed the presence of 1-{3-amino 5- [(aminoxy) sulphonyl] phenyl} ethanol and 7, 8-amino-3-[(aminoxy) sulphonyl] napthalen- 1-ol. LC-MS analysis of the degraded product of Remazol black by B showed the presence of 1.1’-diazene-1,2- diyldinapthlen-2-ol and sodium-4-amino-naphthalene-1-sulphonate.

Biodegradation of azo dye Remazol Black 5 by Mono Culture Bacteria with Tempe Industrial Wastewater as Co-substrate

Biodegradation of azo dye Remazol Black 5 by Mono Culture Bacteria with Tempe Industrial Wastewater as Co-substrate

Cr(VI) and azo dye removal using a hollow-fibre membrane system functionalized with a biogenic Pd-magnetite catalyst

This study investigates the application of a hybrid system combining hollow-fibre membrane technology with the reductive abilities of magnetic nanoparticles for the remediation of toxic Cr(VI) and the azo dye, Remazol Black B. Nano-scale biogenic magnetite (Fe3O4), formed by microbial reduction of the mineral ferrihydrite, has a high reductive capacity due to the presence of Fe(II) in the mineral structure. The magnetic nanoparticles (∼ 20 nm) can be arrayed with Pd0 nanoparticles (∼ 5 nm) making a catalytically active nanomaterial. Membrane units, with and without nanoparticles, were challenged with either Cr(VI) or azo dye and some were supplemented with sodium formate, as an electron donor for contaminant reduction promoted by the Pd. The combination of Pd-magnetite with formate resulted in the most effective remediation strategy for both contaminants and the lifetime of the membrane unit was also increased, with 55% (19 days) and 70% (23 days) removal of the azo dye and Cr(VI), respectively. Low flow rates of 0.1 ml/min resulted in improved efficiencies due to increased contact time with the membrane/nanoparticle unit, with 70–75% removal of each contaminant. Chemical analyses of the nanoparticles post-exposure to Cr(VI) in the membrane modules indicated Pd to be more oxidized when Cr removal was maximized, and that the Cr was partially reduced to Cr(III) at the surface of the magnetite. These results have demonstrated that hollow-fibre membrane units can be enhanced for the removal of soluble, redox sensitive contaminants by incorporation of a layer of palladized biogenic nanoparticulate magnetite.

Optimization of Environmental Parameters on Decolorization of Remazol Black Busing Mixed Culture

In the present study, an attempt was made to examine the potential of mixed culture (contains <i>Pseudomonas putida</i>, <i>Psueomonas stutzeri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas mendocina) </i>for decolorization of Remazol Black B dye in batch reactors. The effect of pH, temperature, inoculum, initial concentration of dye and initial concentration of glucose was studied with an aim to determine the optimal conditions required for maximum decolorization and degradation. The culture exhibited maximum decolorization ability at pH between 7-8 and at 30°C. A 10% (v/v) inoculum and 1% (w/v) glucose concentration were found to be the optimum for decolorization. A maximum of 98% decolorization was observed at 25 ppm initial concentration of dye after 18 hours of incubation period. At higher dye concentration of 300 ppm, the removal in colour was found to be 75% in 48 hours of incubation period. The results show that the enriched mixed culture from activated sludge has an excellent potential in removal of Remazol Black B dye from wastewater under aerobic conditions.

Application of soybean stalk for the removal of hazardous dyes from aqueous solutions

Soybean stalk (SS), as a low-cost absorbent, has been used in this study to remove Remazol Black B (RBB) and Acid Orange 7 (AO7) dyes from aqueous solutions. The effects of operational parameters on the efficiency of dye removal, including solution pH, contact time, and initial dye concentration, have been investigated. All sets of experiments were carried out in batch mode. The results indicated that adsorption was strongly pH- and dye dose-dependent but slightly contact time-dependent. The equilibrium state for both dyes was reached after 60 min of the absorption experiment with more than 26% removal of dyes. The Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption models were used for the mathematical description of adsorption equilibrium and isotherm constants at 25°C. Both models were applicable for the description of dye adsorption isotherm in the concentration range studied. However, the Langmuir model showed higher correlation coefficient than Freundlich model. According to the Langmuir model, the highest adsorption capacity was found to be 17.5 and 9.9 mg/g for AO7 and RBB, respectively. Pseudo first and second-order models were used to determine the adsorption kinetics, and it was observed that pseudo second-order model was the best suited model for both dyes. The results revealed that SS could be employed as an effective and low-cost biosorbent for the removal of AO7 and RBB from contaminated effluents. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:239–245, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers

Biodegradation of azo dye Remazol Black 5 by Mono Culture Bacteria with Tempe Industrial Wastewater as Co‐substrate

Azo dye is one of the synthetic organic dye groups most widely used in the textile industry. The release of this component into the environment can be harmful to the living organisms and the ecosystems. Therefore, it is necessary to treat wastewater containing dye before it is discharged into the water bodies. The decolorization using monoor mixed culture has been developed for decades because of its environmental friendly and evidence of completely mineralization. Sixteen species of pure culture bacteria derived from aerobic-anoxic membrane bioreactor were used for biodegradation of azo dye Remazol Black 5 using tempe industrial wastewater as cosubstrate. The optimum co-substrate concentration for biomass growth under shaking condition was 40% v/v or 2,560-2,720 mg COD/L, while dye decolorization under this condition was not significant. The azo dye biodegradation in anaerobic condition was best shown by the Isolate A1A, Exiguobacterium sp. A2, and Bacillus sp. A4 with removal efficiency of 43.82%, 29.94% and 35.91% respectively. The highest color degrading bacteria were also the highest organics removing bacteria. It was confirmed that dye docolorization process required a carbon source addition.

Removal of Remazol Black B Textile Dye from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption: Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Studies

The use of low-cost, easy obtained, high-efficiency, and eco-friendly adsorbents has been investigated as an ideal alternative to the current expensive methods of removing dyes from aqueous solution. This study investigates the potential use of activated carbon prepared from orange peel for the removal of Remazol Black B (RB) dye from aqueous solution. It was seen that the removal of RB increased with increasing solution pH (4–10), solution temperature (25–55°C) and adsorbent dose (0.1–1 g/20 mL). The maximum dye removal was reached at 90 minutes. Adsorption isotherms were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich models at different temperatures of 25°C, 35°C, 45°C, and 55°C, and the results were discussed in detail. Moreover, the thermodynamics of adsorption were also studied. It was found that the values of standard free energy (ΔG°) were negative for activated carbon. The values of standard enthalpy (ΔH°) and entropy (ΔS°) were found to be positive, and the obtained results were interpreted in detail. Activated carbon developed from orange peel can be attractive options for dye removal from diluted industrial effluents since test reaction made on simulated dyeing aqueous solution show better removal percentage of RB.

Photocatalytic treatment of textile dyehouse effluents with simulated and natural solar light

In the present study, the photocatalytic treatment of two synthetic textile dyehouse effluents was investigated. The first synthetic effluent (SE1) is a Remazol Black B aqueous solution, while the second one (SE2) is an aqueous mixture of sixteen dyes and auxiliary chemicals that are usually employed in the textile industry. Various illumination sources were studied, while emphasis was given on the use of simulated and natural solar light. Results indicated that the use of solar irradiation can constitute an advantageous treatment strategy, due to its energy efficient and environmentally friendly operation, for textile dyehouse effluents. Specifically, it was observed that total decolorization and mineralization of SE1 occurred after about 120 min and 300 min, respectively, in the presence of at least 2 g L-1 TiO2, under natural sunlight. On the other hand, total decolorization of SE2 was achieved only after 300 min of photocatalytic treatment, while COD removal practically remained unchanged, at about 20%, regardless the applied operating parameters, due to the presence of other organic and inorganic substances. Furthermore, it was found that process efficiency was significantly affected by the catalyst loading.

Poly (diallyldimethylammoniumchloride)/sodium‐montmorillonite composite; structure, and adsorption properties

AbstractA cationic polyelectrolyte, poly (diallyldimethylammoniumchloride) (PDADMAC) and a smectite‐type layered silicate (sodium activated montmorillonite clay (Sodium‐Montmorillonite, NaMt)), intercalated composites (PDADMAC/NaMt) were prepared. Basal spacings (d001) of NaMt in composites were measured by X‐Ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Ultrasonic addition of low molecular weight PDADMAC into the NaMt structure (at very low concentration and very low PDADMAC(g)/NaMt(g) ratios) resulted in good adsorbing properties both for positively and negatively charged dyes. The adsorption kinetics of the prepared composites both for negatively charged [remazol black (RB)] and positively charged [methylene blue (MB)] reactive dyes were investigated. The RB adsorption efficiency of the positively charged composite is approximately three times that of the pure NaMt while its MB adsorption efficiency is as good as that of pure NaMt. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013

Potential of Canola Stalk as Biosorbent for the Removal of Remazol Black B Reactive Dye from Aqueous Solutions

In this study, the possible use of canola stalks, which are agricultural residues available in large quantities, for the removal of Remazol Black B (RBB) was investigated. Batch adsorption studies were carried out to examine the influence of various parameters. The results indicated that adsorption was strongly pH-dependent but slightly sorbent dose- and contact time-dependent. The Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption models were used for the mathematical description of adsorption equilibrium and isotherm constants at 25°C. Both models were applicable for the description of dye adsorption isotherm in the concentration range studied. However, the Langmuir model showed a higher correlation coefficient than the Freundlich model. According to the Langmuir model, the highest adsorption capacity was found to be 32.8 mg/g. Kinetic models, pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order were employed to describe the adsorption mechanism. The adsorption data followed the pseudo-second order kinetic model with regression coefficient (R2 ) higher than 0.999. In conclusion, the results showed that canola stalks could be used as a promising and cost-effective biosorbent for treatment of wastewater containing dye.

Kinetics of Remazol Black B adsorption onto carbon prepared from sugar beet pulp

Dried sugar beet pulp, an agricultural solid waste, was used for the production of carbon. Carbonised beet pulp was tested in the adsorption of Remazol Black B dye, and adsorption studies with real textile wastewater were also performed. Batch kinetic studies showed that an equilibrium time of 180 min was needed for the adsorption. The maximum dye adsorption capacity was obtained as 80.0 mg g(-1) at the temperature of 25 °C at pH = 1.0. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were used for the mathematical description of the adsorption equilibrium, and it was reported that experimental data fitted very well to the Langmuir model. Mass transfer and kinetic models were applied to the experimental data to examine the mechanisms of adsorption and potential rate-controlling steps. It was found that both external mass transfer and intraparticle diffusion played an important role in the adsorption mechanisms of dye, and adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order type kinetic model. The thermodynamic analysis indicated that the sorption process was exothermic and spontaneous in nature.