Remazol Black Research Articles

Production of magnetic photocatalysts from TiO2, Fe(NO3)3 and sucrose and their application for the degradation of model organic contaminants

AbstractBACKGROUNDPhotocatalysis is an efficient method for the removal of organic contaminants in wastewater. In this study, different magnetic photocatalysts for the degradation of organic compounds were prepared.RESULTSTi/C/Fe photocatalysts were prepared by supporting TiO2 (20, 40 and 60% w/w) on a carbon/iron oxide (C/Fe) magnetic carrier. Characterization via Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray diffractometry, thermal analysis, X‐ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy/elemental mapping and magnetic property analysis by vibrating‐sample magnetometry confirmed the presence of TiO2, Fe3O4, Fe3C and char in the photocatalysts as well as their magnetic properties. The results of specific surface area analysis showed that the C/Fe support had a surface area of 183 m2 g−1 and that this area decreased with an increasing amount of supported TiO2, reaching up to 129 m2 g−1. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy characterization revealed that the bandgap values obtained for the photocatalysts (Ti/C/Fe) were lower than 3.2 eV. The prepared photocatalysts showed high efficiency in degrading the contaminants Remazol Black (RB5) (99%), paracetamol (77%) and phenol (90%). Recovery and reuse experiments using RB5 showed that after the fourth reaction, the photocatalytic efficiency was reduced by 50%, and the recovery reached up to 70%. Sedimentation kinetics showed that while only 6% of the TiO2 was deposited, up to 89% of the photocatalysts were deposited.CONCLUSIONSThese results indicate that the photocatalysts showed excellent photocatalytic efficiency for different contaminants and can be easily and quickly separated from the reaction medium by magnetic separation. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Preparation, characterization of co-Ni co-doped titania photocatalyst and its application for the photocatalytic degradation of textile and PPCPs industrial wastewater under sunlight

The undoped TiO2 (T), 1% Ni-doped TiO2 (N1T), and 1% Co–1% Ni co-doped TiO2 (C1N1T) photocatalysts were prepared by the sol–gel technique. The characterization of prepared materials was carried out by X-ray diffraction, Diffused Reflectance Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller and Thermogravimetric Analysis to analyze composition, phase, morphology, and optical properties. These results revealed that C1N1T exhibited higher surface area, better pore volume and enhanced optical properties as compared to undoped and Ni-doped TiO2. Furthermore, the photoactivity of C1N1T nanoparticles was manifested toward Acetaminophen, Phenol and reactive dyes i.e., Remazol Black B and Yellow 2 G. Moreover, C1N1T nanoparticles showed remarkable degradation efficiency of 53%, 56%, 98% and 89% for Acetaminophen, Phenol and anionic dyes, i.e. Remazol Black B and Yellow 2 G under optimized conditions (pollutant concentration = 20 ppm; time = 120 min; C1N1T loading = 20 mg; irradiation source = solar light; pH = 4 for each dye, pH = 7 for phenol and pH = 9 for acetaminophen). The significant degradation values suggested that the C1N1T photocatalyst can be effectively employed to degrade the textile dyes and PPCPs from industrial wastewater.

Continuous adsorption of Metanil Yellow and Remazol Black B dyes onto fixed-bed of 3D graphene oxide/chitosan biopolymer

Treatment of dye polluted water using sustainable and efficient approaches is essential to mitigate the detrimental effects of dyes. The present work reports on the adsorption effectiveness of a graphene-based adsorbent configured into a practical engineering structure, namely three-dimensional graphene oxide integrated with chitosan biopolymer (3D-GCB). This unique graphene configuration enabled its application in continuous fixed-bed adsorption of Metanil Yellow (MY) and Remazol Black B (RBB) dyes from polluted water for the first time. The breakthrough attributes of the fixed-bed of 3D-GCB were established in terms of bed depth (3 – 5 cm), influent concentration (100 – 200 mg/L for MY and 100 – 300 mg/L for RBB) and feed flowrate (2 – 4 mL/min). The greatest bed adsorption capacities attained were 157.06 and 247.96 mg/g for MY and RBB, respectively. The column parameters for obtaining these results were 5 cm bed depth, 2 mL/min feed flowrate, and 150 and 200 mg/L influent concentrations respectively for MY and RBB. The fixed-bed performance of the 3D-GCB was well correlated to the Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models, and the corresponding kinetic properties were determined. Furthermore, the higher affinity of the 3D-GCB for RBB as compared to MY was elucidated based on the ionic strengths of the dye molecule. The utilisation of sustainable and renewable raw materials, such as graphite and chitosan, have resulted in a 3D-GCB production cost of approximately RM 10.72 per gram. This work revealed the suitability of 3D-GCB as the state-of-the-art graphene composite for continuous adsorption of anionic dyes, specifically MY and RBB.

Preparation of Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Silk Sericin Blend Membranes with Solvent Casting Method For Effective Removal of Remazol Black B

Preparation of Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Silk Sericin Blend Membranes with Solvent Casting Method For Effective Removal of Remazol Black B

Removal of Remazol Black B dye using recirculation batch electrocoagulation

Textile industry wastewater mainly contains high concentration of organic matter including the active dye of Remazol Black B. This wastewater effluent needs to be properly treated before discharge into water bodies. Electrocoagulation is one of physico-chemical methods that can be used as an alternative of wastewater treatment in the textile industries because it has a good efficiency in removing colour. A wide range of pH measured in the textile industry wastewater (i.e., 3.9-14) may affect the effectiveness of electrocoagulation process. Other factors that affect electrocoagulation process were current intensity and wastewater flow. This study aims to determine the optimum of electrocoagulation process in the recirculation batch method using recirculation batch reactor. The applied current tested were 10 A, 15 A and 20 A, with flow rate of 2 L/min, 3 L/min, and 4 L/min. A synthetic textile wastewater was prepared with a Remazol Black B dye colour concentration of 10 ppm, 3 g/L of NaCl, and pH of 11. The parameters tested periodically in this study were pH, TDS and removal of colour and COD. Result of this study showed that by increasing the electric current strength and decreasing the flowrate, efficiency of pollutants removal was increased. Highest removal percentage of COD and colour were 100% and 88,78%% with current strength of 20 A, and flow rate of 2 L/min, the final pH was 11,4, whereas total dissolved solid fluctuated (i.e., 1785 mg/L– 1902 mg/L).

Use of hybrid polyacrylonitrile/polypyrrole/polyaniline nonwoven mats for removal of the Remazol Black B dye

We report the preparation of polyacrylonitrile/polypyrrole/polyaniline (PAN/PPy/PANI) mats, a new type of composite membrane obtained through an in situ chemical polymerization of pyrrole and aniline on an electrospun polymeric matrix of polyacrylonitrile, and their use for the capture and removal of Remazol Black B (RBB) dye molecules dissolved in an aqueous media. We characterized these membranes through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and contact angle measurements. We observed that the coating of electrospun PAN fibers was uniform, with the resulting membrane exhibiting a hydrophilic character. When exposed to RBB aqueous solutions at room temperature, the PAN/PPy/PANI mats presented the highest adsorption capacity (247.7 mg g−1) at pH 2. While the kinetics and adsorption isotherm data were best described by pseudo-second-order (PSO) and Langmuir models, respectively, the RBB adsorption was favored by an increase in the temperature. After subjecting the RBB-loaded membrane to different elution procedures, we were able to achieve full desorption in just 10 min. The thermal and environmental stability of the composite membranes allowed us to use them in at least 6 consecutive adsorption/desorption cycles without noticeable loss of their properties. These results suggest that PAN/PPy/PANI membranes are promising adsorbent materials for use in water remediation protocols.

The different impacts of g‐C3N4 nanosheets on PVDF and PSF ultrafiltration membranes for Remazol black 5 dye rejection

AbstractMembranes combined with nanoparticles are an excellent combination capable of successfully removing various contaminants, such as dyes from wastewater while using very little energy and decreasing pollution. The present study reports an efficient approach for Remazol Black 5 (RB5) dye removal using composite graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (g‐C3N4), polysulfone (PSF), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes. The membranes were prepared using the phase inversion method, with varying quantities of g‐C3N4 nanosheets ranging from 0.1%, 0.2% to 0.3%. The prepared g‐C3N4 nanosheets were characterized by FTIR, SEM analyses, and zeta potential measurements. FTIR and SEM studies, contact angle, water permeability, COD, and dye rejection measurements were used to characterize the g‐C3N4 nanosheets embedded in PSF and PVDF membranes. After the addition of 0.3 wt% g‐C3N4, the water flux of the 0.3 wt% g‐C3N4 embedded PSF membrane was the highest, whereas the water flux of the 0.3 wt% g‐C3N4 embedded PVDF membrane was the lowest. The ultrafiltration (UF) membrane's performance with g‐C3N4 embedded showed an RB5 rejection rate of more than 80% and a COD removal efficiency of more than 45%. The results of the experimental filtration showed that RB5 rejection reached maximum values of 91.3% for 0.1 wt% g‐C3N4/PSF, and 85.6% for 0.3 wt% g‐C3N4/PVDF.

Use of a Luffa cylindrica/polypyrrole composite for removing dyes from aqueous media

AbstractWe report the preparation of a Luffa cylindrica/polypyrrole (LC/PPy) composite and its use for the removal of tartrazine dye (E102) from aqueous media. By use of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopies, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), we were able to confirm that the PPy chains thoroughly coat the LC matrix, with the composite presenting both amorphous and crystalline phases such as pristine LC. We examined the effects of varying parameters, such as the times allotted for the polymerization and the dye–adsorbent interaction, the E102 initial concentration and the temperature and pH of the solution, on the removal capacity (qe) of the composite. The largest adsorption rate was exhibited by the composite resulting from a 30 min polymerization. At 298 K, the highest value of qe (374.2 mg g−1) occurred at pH 2.0, after 360 min of interaction. The adsorption process occurs spontaneously and is favored by an increase in temperature, with qe = 672.4 mg g−1 at 313 K. We determined that the composite could be used in at least five consecutive adsorption–desorption cycles without noticeable losses of properties. Preliminary experiments indicate that good results were also obtained for the removal of the dyes Remazol Black B, methylene blue and toluidine blue. Overall, these results suggest that the LC/PPy composite is a promising material for use in protocols of removal of dyes from aqueous media. © 2023 Society of Industrial Chemistry.

Titanium dioxide effect on the decolourisation of organic dyes Remazol Black B using electrocoagulation in situ-Fe2O3

ABSTRACT In this research, combination of TiO2 pillared clay with electrocoagulation in situ-Fe2O3 provides excellent performance to remove dyes water waste Remazol Black B(RBB). The best TiO2:clay ratio is 1:6, with highest degradation performance 89.8% in 30 minutes photodegradation process under UV light 254 nm. The excellent performance of pillared clay causes mesoporous pore that can be achieved by pillarisation of the clay layer using titanium dioxide sol which was made by diluting TiCl4 in ethanol solution. Besides, the excellent electrocoagulation performance was conducted by dual compartment system using 10ppm of RBB in the alkaline system containing 1 g NaCl as an electrolyte at potential apply+6 V with 98% degradation efficiency in 3 hours running compared to the 78% in single compartment system towards the formation of in situ-Fe2O3 that is directly driven by formation of intermediate species Fe(OH)3. This optimum decolourisation efficiency was gained at 0.1 A, pH 7.2 and 2 cm of inter-electrode distance. The power consumption was very low with the excellent and fast degradation performance towards organic dyes Remazol Black B, where this tandem cell can produce 100 mL clean water using 0.0052 kWh energy with cheaper cost operation.

Acidic modification of natural stone for Remazol Black B dye adsorption from aqueous solution- central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM)

This study investigated the adsorption capacity of Remazol Black B (RBB) from aqueous solutions using a pumice stone as a cheap, high-frequent, and available adsorbent. The raw pumice was modified using five acids: Acetic, Sulfuric, Phosphoric, Nitric, and Hydrochloric acid. Fourier transform infrared spectrograph (FTIR), x-ray fluorescence (XRF), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze the morphological and chemical properties of raw and modified adsorbents. The adsorption capacity equilibrium was investigated using the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin – Radushkevich isotherms. The results indicated that the data are well-fitted with Langmuir isotherm. The maximum adsorption capacity was observed when pumice modified with H2SO4 (qm = 10.00 mg/g) was used, and the RBB removal efficiency was higher than that for raw pumice (qm = 5.26 mg/g). Also, the results were best fitted with pseudo-second-order kinetic. The experiments indicated that increasing the RBB concentration reduces the efficiency of adsorbents while increasing the contact time and adsorbent doses improved the RBB removal efficiency. Accordingly, it can be concluded that pumice stone modified with various acids can be considered a cheap adsorbent with high efficiency in removing RBB from industry effluent.

Characterization of electric arc furnace dust and its application in photocatalytic reactions to degrade organic contaminants in synthetic and real samples

In this study, waste from electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) was characterized and used as a photocatalyst for discoloration of the textile dye Remazol Black (RB) and an effluent sample collected at a textile industry. The results of X-ray fluorescence and EDS showed that the main oxides were ZnO (46.2 %), MgO (41.4 %) and Fe2O3 (6.4 %). Scanning electron microscopy and mapping images showed irregular particles with agglomerates of zinc and magnesium, in addition to spherical iron particles. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis showed that the waste contained organic matter in addition to the oxides already identified. The response surface and Pareto graphs showed that variations in photocatalyst mass and the power of UV radiation have a greater effect than RB solution pH on photocatalytic efficiency. The best result was obtained with 120 mg EAFD, a 51 W Hg lamp, and a pH of 10, which resulted in 84 % RB discoloration efficiency. The results of the reaction carried out with a real sample of textile effluent showed that EAFD removed 58 and 38 % of the color and chemical oxygen demand, respectively. The results of EAFD reuse tests showed that the photocatalyst presented no significant losses in efficiency over 40 h of reaction. The high potential of EAFD for application in photocatalytic processes adds value to waste that is usually destined for landfills.

Efficient adsorption of bulky reactive dyes from water using sustainably-derived mesoporous carbons

Hazardous reactive dyes can cause serious environmental problems, as they are difficult to remove from water using conventional adsorbents due to their large molecular sizes and bulky structures. Sustainable mesoporous carbons derived from alginic acid demonstrated promising adsorbent capacity for several representative industrial bulky reactive dye molecules that account for almost 30% of the global textile dye market: Procion Yellow H-XEL (PY), Remazol Black (RB), Procion Crimson H-XEL (PC) and Procion Navy H-XEL (PN). These new adsorbents showed high mesoporosity (>90%) and large pore diameters (>20 nm) facilitating more straightforward and efficient adsorption and desorption processes when compared with predominately microporous activated carbon (AC), Norit, of similar surface chemistry, or with Silica gel (Sgel) that shows good mesoporosity but is hydrophilic. Their adsorption capacity was also significantly higher than that of both AC and Sgel, verifying suitability for bulky dye elimination from wastewater. Adsorption kinetic studies showed a best fit with the Elovich model, indicating a heterogeneous surface adsorption process. The adsorption isotherm data was best represented via the Toth model for almost all adsorbent/dye systems (R2 ≥ 0.98), validating the results of the Elovich model whereby the adsorbent is structurally heterogenous with multilayer dye coverage. From thermodynamic analysis, the derived parameters of ΔG (−11.6 ∼ −6.2 kJ/mol), ΔH and ΔS demonstrate a spontaneous, enthalpy controlled adsorption process that was exothermic for RB (−10.0 kJ/mol) and PC (−23.9 kJ/mol) and endothermic for PY (3.9 kJ/mol) and PN (13.2 kJ/mol). Overall these alginic acid based mesoporous carbons are cost-effective, sustainable and efficient alternatives to current predominantly microporous adsorbent systems.

Synthesis of Lead Oxide Using the Oxidizing Agent (NH4)2S2O8 with Variaous Amounts of NaOH for Decolorization of Remazol Black B Solution

In this study, the lead oxide has been successfully synthesized using oxidizing agents (NH4)2S2O8 and applied to decolorize the Remazole Black B (RBB) solution. Lead oxide was synthesized by the batch method through the mechanism of reduction-oxidation and characterized using SEM-EDX and XRD. Decolorizing RBB solution was performed using a modified Fenton method. This study aims to determine the optimum performance of RBB decolorization from lead oxide. The results showed that the crystal formed contains Pb and O. Pb oxide obtained was α-PBO2 with the orthorhombic crystal system. Based on characterization, the lead oxide obtained has a surface morphology of coral flowers-like. Synthesis utilizing equilibrium composition (1:2) and a drying temperature of 100°C yielded Pb oxide, which has a better potential as a modifier in RBB decolorization with a decolorization percentage of 80.07%. The process was then carried out for advanced synthesis less and excess of molar variations. The ratio of lead oxide: NaOH (1:4) showed optimum performance in decolorizing RBB with a decolorization percentage of 80.07 %.

Biodecolorization of Remazol Black B using Biochar produced from Coconut Shell: Batch, Desorption, Isotherm and Kinetic Studies

<p>The coconut shell-derived biochar was employed in this study to remediate Remazol Black B from aqueous solutions. For efficient dye remediation, preliminary batch investigations focused on adjusting temperature, biochar dosage, initial dye concentration, and pH. The results shown that dosage of biochar had a considerable effect on the potential of dye absorption, with 1 g/L performing well. In addition, the data revealed that a pH of 2.0 was employed to attain equilibrium. Different temperature ranges from 30°C to 45°C were used to explore the influence of temperature, with 35°C being found to be the optimal value. The characteristics of biochar were investigated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and a Scanning Electron Microscope. In addition, the potential of biochar desorption was investigated by varying the solid to liquid ratio for different elutants. Adsorption and kinetic study revealed that the adsorption was favoured by physical adsorption. According to the findings, it was found coconut shell-derived biochar can treat dye-bearing aqueous solutions with a removal efficiency of 69.67%.</p>

Screening and identification of fungi isolated from batik wastewaters for decolorization of Remazol Black B dye and batik effluent

Azo dyes are the most commonly used dyes in the textile industry and is classified as reactive dyes, including remazol dyes. Remazol dye creates additional reactions with fibrous substrates to produce ester bonds that give the fabric a bright colour. Remazol Black B (RBB) is a reactive dye from the Azo group. Remazol, also called a reactive vinyl sulfone dye which is widely used in the batik industry with black B, is its kind of colour. One of the biological treatments uses bioremediation techniques using fungi as a bioremediation agent. Therefore, this study aimed to screen and identify potential fungi that could degrade RBB using tannic acid as a qualitative screening and quantitative screening using a liquid medium containing various concentrations of RBB dye (250 ppm, 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 1500 ppm). The results showed among ninety-eight fungal isolates, and six isolates were positive for laccase assay using tannic acid. Two of the six fungal isolates were identified as <em>Aspergillus </em>sp.1<em> </em>(74BRT) and <em>Aspergillus </em>sp.2<em> </em>(105PDL), which were selected for further study based on their high efficiency in decolourising RBB dye (96.89% and 91.21%). BLAST analysis of sequence data showed the identity of isolate 74BRT as <em>Aspergillus tamarii, </em>and isolate 105PDL<em> </em>as <em>Aspergillus sclerotiorum</em>. The efficiency of <em>A. tamarii</em> and <em>A. sclerotiorum</em> to decolourise the batik effluent was up to 37.47% and 42.09%, respectively. The laccase assay of these two isolates showed that <em>A. tamarii</em> had the highest enzyme activity at 120 h, reaching 12.23 IU mL<sup>-1,</sup> while <em>A. sclerotiorum</em> reached 9.34 IU mL<sup>-1</sup>.

Mathematical Isothermal Modeling of Remazol Black B Biosorption by Aspergillus flavus

Azo dyes, like Remazol Black B, form covalent bonds with textile fibers like cotton, setting them apart from traditional dyes. Due to their advantageous qualities of vivid color, water resistance, straightforward application processes, and low energy consumption, they are widely used in the textile industry. Major environmental effects of their discharge into receiving streams include reduced photosynthesis in aquatic life as a result of decreased light penetration. Seven isotherm models—Henry, Langmuir, Freundlich, BET, Toth, Fritz-Schlunder IV, and Fritz-Schlunder V—were used to analyze the biosorption isotherm data of Remazol Black B dye biosorption by Aspergillus flavus and were fitted using non-linear regression. Based on statistical analysis, the Fritz-Schlunder IV was determined to be the best model using root-mean-square error (RMSE), adjusted coefficient of determination (adjR2), bias factor (BF), accuracy factor (AF), corrected AICc (Akaike Information Criterion), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), and Hannan-Quinn information criterion (HQC). The calculated Fritz-Schlunder IV parameter, bFS value was found to be 3.812 mg/g (95% confidence interval of 0.312 to 7.311) and qmFS value of 0.0224 (95% confidence interval of -21725.002 to 21725.047).

STUDI KOMPARASI ADSORPSI TIGA JENIS ZAT WARNA REMAZOL PADA PERMUKAAN KARBON AKTIF

Remazol is a reactive dye that is widely used in the textile industry with functional groups that can be well covalently bonded to textile fibres, but difficult to decompose, carcinogenic, and harmful to the health and ecosystems. This study specifically aims to analyse the adsorption power of activated carbon on three types of Remazol dyes using batch experiment method as an effective way to reduce the concentration of these dyes in textile industry wastewater. Using activated carbon with the same treatment, Remazol Red dye had the best interaction and was adsorbed in the highest amount on the activated carbon surface (125.16 mg/g), followed by Remazol Blue (16.23 mg/g) and finally Remazol Black dye (11.07 mg/g). The three adsorption processes that occur are in accordance with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model, with color removal percentage of 74.4 % (Remazol Red), 49.5 % (Remazol Blue), and 48.1 % (Remazol Black). These results are in accordance with the structural studies conducted on the three types of Remazol synthetic dyes, in which Remazol Black with the bulkiest structure has the weakest physical interaction with carbon atoms on the activated carbon surface thus absorbed in the least amount on the adsorbent surface.

Optimization of a plastic optical fiber based sensor for dye sensing coupled with an adapted neuro-fuzzy inference system

In this study, estimation capacities and optimization of a dye concentration sensing model by an adapted neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) as well as central composite design coupled with response surface methodology using a plastic optical fiber (POF) based sensor were investigated. Various diameters d of POF were used for sensing different concentrations of Remazol Black B (RBB), which acts as a sensing medium of the process. The efficiency of sensing was studied as a function of three independent variables: diameter of POF, concentration of RBB dye, and initial temperature of the solution. First, the independent parameters were fed as inputs to an ANFIS, and the output of the system was the output intensity of dye ratio to output the intensity of distilled water. ANFIS showed that this established model is reliable for a dye concentration sensing process and is mainly influenced by its diameter.

Transport Behavior of RB5 Dye in Alluvial Soil in the Northeast of Brazil

The textile industry generates a large volume of chemically diversified effluents containing, among other compounds, dyes. Untreated wastes are contaminants to surface water, soil, and groundwater. In this aspect, various studies have explored the issue of contamination of alluvial soils in the Alto Capibaribe region, northeast of Brazil, due to local textile activity. This region, inserted into the Brazilian semiarid region, suffers from water scarcity, and there is a need for rural communities to use alluvial formations for water supply. The simulation of solute transport is a fundamental tool for understanding the environmental performance and risks associated with contamination by textile dyes. Transport parameters that directly influence pollutant dynamics in sedimentary environments are characterized. This study evaluated the retention and mobility of the dye Remazol Black 5 (RB5) in two superficial layers of alluvial soil from Alto Capibaribe to obtain transport parameters. In the laboratory, tests of mobility in soil columns with RB5 dye (concentration of the 25 mg L−1) and KBr tracer (concentration of the 35.7 g L−1) solutions were conducted. The CDE and two-region models were used to model the KBr experimental transport data, and the two-site model was used to model the RB5 experimental transport data. Physical non-equilibrium was found in the soils for KBr transport, and the two-region model adequately modeled the experimental breakthrough curves (BTCs). For the transport of RB5, the results showed a chemical non-equilibrium, and the two-site model was adequate to model the experimental BTCs. The results indicate that the surface layer is most responsible for the retention of RB5, where the RB5 solution was less mobile than in the lower layer. Both layers showed low retention and high mobility for RB5, indicating that the RB5 dye in the region may contaminate groundwater.

Decolorization of dye solution containing Remazol Black B by Aspergillus niger isolated from hypersaline environment

Decolorization of dye solution containing Remazol Black B by Aspergillus niger isolated from hypersaline environment