Architectural Remains Research Articles

Churches EA and E at Sardis. Archaeological Exploration of Sardis Report 6. by Hans Buchwald

Reviewed by: Churches EA and E at Sardis. Archaeological Exploration of Sardis Report 6. by Hans Buchwald Carolyn S. Snively Churches EA and E at Sardis. Archaeological Exploration of Sardis Report 6. Hans Buchwald with a contribution by Anne McClanan Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2015. Pp. xxiii + 341. ISBN: 978-0-674-50440-0. This book provides a detailed architectural survey and discussion of two successive churches that were located southwest of the late antique fortified city of Sardis, in an important extramural district now known as Pactolus North. Church EA was a three-aisled basilica, simple in plan but quite large, as indicated by its 41 m length from rounded apse through narthex. Between the fifth and seventh centuries an atrium and other eastern, northern, and western annexes were added to the original structure, access routes and functions of spaces changed, and a residence across the street might have served as an episcopal palace. Early in the seventh century, the damaged complex went out of use; it stood in ruins for two centuries. A chapel built into the northwest corner of the atrium, possibly ca. 660 AD, may have sheltered services. The original building was reconstructed, perhaps in the second half of the ninth century, although that date is based more on historical events than on archaeological evidence; walls separated aisles from nave, and the north part of the narthex was eventually closed off. In the thirteenth century, inscribed-cross Church E with five domes replaced its predecessor, occupying the eastern part of the nave and encroaching on the north aisle of Church EA. One of a small group of buildings constructed during the Lascarid period, it ceased to be used for Christian worship early in the fourteenth century, when Turkish forces captured Sardis. After a period of industrial use, an earthquake destroyed Church E, probably in 1595. The author’s unexpected death in 2013 left the manuscript in the penultimate stage before publication. The finished version reflects the final editing by Katherine Kiefer and Marcus Rautman as well as the care taken by Harvard University Press to produce a volume that is easy on the eyes as well as to use; no typographical errors were observed. Although new evidence for dating might have been taken into consideration and the bibliography updated, had the author lived to do a final revision, the book nevertheless stands as a fitting and valuable monument to his expertise. The volume serves as an example of how to publish architectural remains. It provides detailed descriptions of the phases of ecclesiastical architecture and associated wall masonry, proportions, mosaic and other floors, wall decoration, and architectural fragments, followed by 130 pages of plans and sharp black-and-white photographs and a great deal of information summarized in nine tables. After each section of description, possibilities are discussed for dating, for function of spaces, and for interpretation, but they are always firmly tied to the architectural and the very sparse archaeological evidence. The volume ends with 25 pages of bibliography, in type of legible size, and a detailed index. The reader will [End Page 555] find a veritable textbook, with additional information and references in the voluminous footnotes. The Early Byzantine basilica was not completely investigated, in part because of later structures, including Church E, and modern roads. The Pactolus River destroyed the northwest part of the atrium and the rooms attached to its western wall. Burials, many but not all from the ninth century and later, had been dug through the floors of the basilica or were found in its annexes and in the Street of Pipes beside the church. An appendix, by Anne McClanan, provides a brief discussion of the graves and a catalogue. A recurrent theme is that of possible martyr burials. Scattered Roman graves were found in Pactolus North, and Buchman suggests that Church EA might have been built at the grave of a martyr; the names of two such saints are known at Sardis. None of the early burials seems to fit that role, but two secondary burials associated with the ninth-century reconstruction suggest that those skeletons were or were believed to be those of martyrs or saints. These two graves...

The latest phase of the Bronze age settlement of Mursia in the north-western area of sector B

This paper deals with main results of investigations carried out since 2003 till 2013 in the north-western area of sector B, inside the Bronze Age settlement of Mursia (Pantelleria island), traditionally named Northern Area. The archaeological sequence belongs to the most recent phases of the settlement (XVI-XV cent.BC). The stratigraphic analysis and the evaluation of architectural remains allow to identify three main macro-phases with a lively settlement dynamics that include frequent and quick changes inside a continuous process of transformations. The abandonment of the settlement around the mid of XV cent.BC concludes the sequence. The analysis of plenty and diversified pottery production of these recent phases allowed to go in depth into the comprehension of the facies of Mursia with a proposal of recognition of representative types of the recent phases of the settlement.

The Byzantine Eastern Church of Khirbet et-Tireh

Khirbet et-Tireh was inhabited during the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and Early Islamic periods, and was later used as agricultural land throughout the Ottoman-Turkish period and down to modern times. The ancient settlement has been determined to cover a total area of approximately 30,000 square meters. However, 75 percent of its historic fortified space has been destroyed over the past few decades by the construction of roads, a school, a gas station and several residential structures on its northern part. The surviving architectural remains at the Khirbet include a system of fortifications, a Byzantine monastery, two Byzantine-era churches, a rock-cut reservoir, a cistern, water channels, a rock-cut olive press, several burial caves, a street (or a wide pathway corridor), and several dry-stone terrace walls. The unearthed part of the eastern church complex measures 28.8 m long along its east-west axis and a maximum of 25.5 m wide in its north-south dimension. It follows a basilical plan and consists of five main parts: four south side rooms, an atrium, a narthex, a main hall, and three northeast side rooms. The entire area of the church was once paved with mosaic carpets consisting of geometric and figurative designs, with the richly colored tesserae encompassing various shades of white, black, grey, yellow, orange, pink, wine red, green and blue. Furthermore, remains of two plaster layers were uncovered on the interior faces of the majority of the walls of the church complex. After the final consolidation and conservation of the mosaic pavements of the church, as a protective measure we are covering the mosaics with a permeable, plastic-mesh geotextile, topped by a layer of sieved soil 0.25 m thick.

A New Look at Shelter 131/51 in the Natufian Site of Eynan (Ain-Mallaha), Israel.

In the past 25 years since the reconstruction of Shelter 131 of Eynan was suggested by Francois Valla, its image has become almost iconic—a highly cited symbol of early sedentism constituting a significant part of our knowledge on early stone constructions and the people behind them. A new look at the architectural remains and the stratigraphy resulted in an alternative reconstruction, essentially different than the one we have come to know. We used spatial (architectural-geometrical) analysis in order to study the relationships between the different architectural elements and to test our hypothesis that the series of postholes may have not pertained to the upper floor 131 of Layer IV as suggested by Perrot and Valla, but rather to the successive occupational and architectural episode. The association of the postholes with Wall 51 of Layer III sheds new light on the architectural remains revealing their geometric design, an important characteristic of Early Natufian Architecture, the meaning and implications of which we shortly discuss.

Heritage Conservation Education for Tertiary Level in Malaysia: Coalesce in Quantity Surveying Programs

Conservation practice started as the act of appreciation of heritage. It is a way to maintain, restore and repair heritage, which has been left by our ancestors, in the form of architectural remains or artifacts. Conservation of historic or heritage buildings needs an expert to do it. It is significant for students to become familiar with the general principles of conservation and with main conservation approaches towards all existing heritage buildings. Therefore the intent of this paper is to underline the need to teach undergraduates students of quantity surveying course the heritage conservation education. This aim is accomplished through the following objectives; to identify the most important of heritage conservation education to quantity surveyor students and to identify the need of heritage conservation education in quantity surveying profession. Quantitative method was selected for this study. The respondents were from the professional quantity surveyor registered with Board of Surveyors Malaysia who has experienced in building conservation project. Result showed that heritage conservation is important to the quantity surveying program because of the outstanding universal value, the nature of conservation works and the scope of quantity surveying basic services. There is a need to deliver theoretical and practical knowledge as well as skills in heritage conservation education for quantity surveying students. A combination of theoretical teaching and practical tasks in conservation education will enhance the knowledge and skills of quantity surveying students, especially in measurement, estimating, economic and construction technology for building conservation works.

HERODIAN JUDEA: GAMES, POLITICS, KINGSHIP

This article will detail the kingship of Herod the Great in Judea and his enrollment of Greco-Roman architecture and culture during his reign in the first century BCE. Herod, it seems, made a deliberate break from his Jewish kingdom for the electrifying ways of the Greco-Roman world. Herodian Judea faced many changes over its history, but none more drastic in terms of architecture and culture than during his reign amidst the Roman domination in Judea, a period that begins with Pompey the Great in 63 BCE and ends with the Muslim invasion in the 650’s CE (Herod died in 4 BCE). Herod the Great is widely regarded as both a Roman sympathizer (OGIS 414) and a promoter of Greco-Roman culture (Roller 1998; Smallwood 1981). He is believed to have underwritten the construction of monumental buildings including harbors, temples, and arches as well as theaters and amphitheaters (Josephus AJ 15.421). These architectural endeavors, which bear strong Greco-Roman cultural significances, suggest Herod may have been influenced by Greek designs which were filtered through Roman culture (Smallwood 1981; Geiger 2005). The aims of this article are twofold: 1) to offer an explanation for Herod’s adoption of Greco-Roman architecture and Greco-Roman games; and 2) to better understand the socio-political crafting of Herod’s kingship. To this end, I will look into possible relationships between Herod, the Roman aristocracy and Jewish norms as documented by ancient accounts. I will also examine the physical remains of Herod’s building program in Caesarea Maritima. Our journey will begin with Herod’s three trips to Rome in the years 40, 17-16 and 13-12 BCE in an effort to attain the crown and bring stability back to Judea as detailed by accounts of Josephus (Josephus Ant. 15.342-3). It also will discuss select architectural remains from Herod’s building program at Caesarea Maritima (Raban, Holum 1996) and the ancient accounts of the Jewish general, Josephus. Along with select architectural remains at Caesarea Maritima, Greco-Roman architectures in other cities in the Roman East (Alexandria, Priene and Vergina to name a few) will be examined in order to link Herod’s program with other Greco-Roman cities. By connecting material remains and architectures with written accounts of Judea, archaeology can tease out what effects Herod’s building program and inclusion of Greco-Roman games had on Herod’s kingship along with the socio-political ramifications they had with Rome. I will start this process with the architecture then move to the written accounts to better understand what historians regard as Herod’s “passionate obsessions” (McRay 1991). The third and final section will consist of brief histories of Greco-Roman games in an effort to draw out the distinction between Greco-Roman indulgence and Judean rejection (Schwartz 2010). The games to be studied will include the athletic festival competitions at Olympia and the origins and eventual contribution of the gladiatorial games in Rome. Based on these uses of “pagan culture”, I argue that Herod reconstituted his Jewish province in accordance with the latest Greco-Roman trends.

ON THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE TOUMBA BUILDING AT LEFKANDI

The building at Toumba, Lefkandi, stands unique in its time and place. The remains of this monument are significant in terms of size and elaboration, and also on account of the way it has been reconstructed and interpreted as the ancestor of the Greek peripteral temple. The primary concern of this article is the structural evaluation of the architectural remains. In part due to the scant nature of the archaeological evidence behind the widely accepted reconstruction, the latter can be seen to have several structural shortcomings. In reassessing the structure several factors are considered, including the state of technology at the time of construction, the characteristics of the building materials employed, and the way they respond to the strains of load and the forces of nature. The process of reconciling such factors with the documented remnants of the building directs us towards a different reconstruction. It thus emerges that the building at Toumba is an implausible ancestor of Greek peripteroi, and an alternative solution without the iconic pre-peristasis is proposed here.

Health Risks Among the Elite: An Ecological-Political Approach to Life in Ancient Pompeii

This investigation challenges the assumption that reduced health is attributed to lower class individuals only. Skeletal indicators of illness and disease found on the osteological remains at ancient Pompeii are associated with an elite diet. The chronic conditions include dental caries, brucellosis, dental abrasion, dental abscesses, fluorosis, Forestier’s Disease (DISH), Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna (HFI), spina bifida occulta, and tuberculosis. The volcanic eruption in 79 CE provided exceptional preservation of the remains of flora, fauna, artwork, and architecture, which are used to recreate the diet and lifestyle of members of Pompeian society. Past analyses of the osteological remains include the disarticulated skeletal elements in the bath complexes and the burial of a large family within a dwelling at Pompeii. These remains are representative of a sample of the living population and contain paleopathological markers that are attributed to the consumption of food items specific to an elite diet. This case study demonstrates another avenue of research within the ecological-political model in archaeological context and illustrates many health risks associated with the lifestyle of members of higher socioeconomic status.

THE ACCURACY REQUIREMENTS AND SOURCES FOR 3D RECONSTRUCTIONS OF THE PREHISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES: THE CASE OF AGIOS ANTONIOS CHOMATAS (CRETE)

Abstract. The use of 3D sophisticated visualizations and reconstructions of any preserved architectural remains is becoming more frequent in the modern archaeology. However, it is still not common during the process of reconstruction or recreation of the appearance of any preserved architecture of prehistoric (Bronze Age) Crete. The bad condition of prehistoric sites (the bad preservation of the masonry) or structure is probably the main reason for this state. But let’s look at this problem from the other point of view: what is really necessary for the creation of an ideal 3D reconstruction of such sites, which complies with the up-to-date state of the archaeological and architectural knowledge and uses the modern software? In accordance with our experience and findings we think that for the creation of really good and up-to-date 3D reconstruction only the plan of the site (at least the schematic one), enough of general and detailed photos of the site (but not necessary the photogrammetric model) and architectural features, some photos of the site’s surroundings incl. the Google Earth image and some photos of similar sites and/or structures/architectural features (type of masonry, entrances etc.) are necessary. In case of accepting our findings and principles by the wider academic audience (especially by the archaeologists and architects) the creation of 3D reconstruction could be – as we hope – more commonly used or even become a standard of archaeological publications.

Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum site in Xi’an

AbstractIn recent years, systematic detections have been conducted to the remains of the roads, gates and gate towers and walls within the Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum precinct and larger scope, by which the comprehensive layout of the mausoleum precinct is more deeply understood; the discoveries of the outer storage pits, attendant burials, sacrificial architectures and other remains are significantly meaningful for the understanding to the imperial burial system; especially, the discovery of the large amount of architectural remains are very important for the research on the evolution of the mausoleum precinct system. The excavations of the pit K9901, the architectural remains within the inner mausoleum yard, the attendant burials within the inner mausoleum yard and the Terracotta Army Pit No. 1 provided new materials for recovering the process of the funeral ceremony of Emperor Qin Shihuang and understanding the structural system of the mausoleum architectures.

The archaeological investigation and coring exploration of the Weiling Mausoleum of Emperor Yuan of the Western Han Dynasty

AbstractWeiling Mausoleum located to the southwest of Xinzhuang Village of Zhouling Town, Weicheng District, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province is the mausoleum yard of Liu Shi, the Emperor Yuan of the Western Han Dynasty. From November 2008 to June 2009, Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology and Xianyang Municipal Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology jointly conducted comprehensive investigation and exploration to the Weiling Mausoleum precinct, which covered an area of about 5sq km. The investigation and exploration confirmed the types of the burials of Emperor Yuan, Empress Wang and Zhaoyi (“lady of bright deportment”) Fu, discovered the scope of the precinct and the road network in it as well as the large amounts of architectural remains and storage pits, and basically grasped its shape, planning and structure, all of which are academically important for the researches on the types of the imperial mausoleums of the Western Han Dynasty and the relevant systems and regulations.

Similar Designs and Symbols in Indo-Achamenid Art

History of Iran and India show a great relationship of cultural and arts between these two civilizations. Among the all dynasties and throughout the history, the golden Era of Achamenid Period in Iran and Mauryan age of India show the high cultural and architectural similarity. Mauryan palaces in pataliputra and architectural remains of this era show strong similarity with Achamenid's palaces in Persepolis and other sites of Iran in this period. This similarities covered pillars, pillared halls, decoration of monuments and also using of same patterns and designs of symbols which discovered in archaeological excavations. This common art indicated to same cultural origin of both civilizations. Lotus which known as national floral symbol of India, has found in many monuments of Indian civilization in all of Indian history. By studying of Iranian arts in pre Islamic period especially in Achamenid and Sassanid period we can find the same usage and importance of lotus, which used widely in Persepolis. Swastika pattern is the other symbols which play an important role in Indian culture and religion. We can observe this pattern in Hindu temples, Buddhist sites and jaina temples. although, Swastika pattern is very popular in India, but this pattern is one of the oldest design pattern which used by man in ancient time and in many civilization such as Celt, Egypt, minor Asia and Iran we have widely usage of this pattern. The earliest evidence of swastika pattern found in Tall-i Bakun (6th millennium BC to circa 4th millennium BC) in south Iran near Persepolis. By the study of Persian art and architecture we can find this pattern in numerous sites on monuments decorations, pottery and other objects like carpet.* Buddha wheel or Dharmacakra is other symbol which used in both civilizations. Today In India Buddha wheel used in national flag, but the origin of this pattern is Mauryan dynasty and Saranatha pillar which this symbol engraved on the base of this pillar's abacus. In Iran during Achamenid period we have same pattern which used widely in Persepolis which known as sun carrousel. But this is very important to note, the earliest evidence of this pattern discovered in an archaeological excavation in BABA JAAN mound in Iran which belongs to 8th and 9th C.B.C. this pattern later used by Achamenid artists in 5th C.B.C and then by Ashoka in 3rd C.B.C.Griffin is other important symbol which used in both Iran and India during Achamenid and Mauryan period. At first, Griffin used in pillar capitals of Persepolis and in Achamenid Rhyton s † later we have same design of Griffin in Sanchi stupa, India.

A cultural unity in Northwestern Syria during the Neolithic. Tell Ain Dara III, a PPNB site in the Afrin Valley

Research on the Neolithic of Syria has been based on the results obtained from salvage excavations in the Middle Euphrates region. However, archaeological investigations over the past decade in other areas such as Northwestern Syria have increased our knowledge on the Neolithisation process on a broader scale, showing regional diversity in Syria during the Neolithic. This article presents results from the sounding at Tell Ain Dara III in the Afrin Valley, Northwestern Syria, and considers this site’s cultural affinity with neighbouring sites during this time period. The excavation, undertaken in 1991 by the Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums, revealed a Late Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB, late 8th millennium BC) settlement with architectural remains associated with a rich variety of stone artefacts made from various raw materials. The site’s material culture, especially the lithic industry, closely resembles those from other Neolithic sites in Northwestern Syria. New evidence from this research at Tell Ain Dara III reinforces the previously suggested theory that sites in Northwestern Syria could have formed a cultural unity during the Late PPNB to the Early Pottery Neolithic periods (late 8th – early 7th millennia BC).

REPORT ON THE EXCAVATIONS AT TELL SITAK: THE 2010 SEASON

Recent excavations at Tell Sitak in Iraqi Kurdistan contribute new information on the Neo-Assyrian and Sasanian occupation of this region. The site was most likely occupied between the eighth and sixth centuries b.c., in other words during the Neo-Assyrian period and perhaps for some time after. Architectural remains suggest that during this phase its primary function may have been as a fortress; smaller finds include ceramics and one Neo-Assyrian cuneiform tablet. The site was occupied again in the later Sasanian period, perhaps between the fourth and seventh centuries a.d. Remains from this period include ceramics carrying a variety of stamp seal impressions and substantial evidence for ironworking at the site.

Purpose, Permanence, and Perception of 14,000-Year-Old Architecture

Remains of early architecture at the Epipaleolithic-Neolithic transition of the Near East are commonly evaluated by means of two criteria: structure size and permanent interior features or decorations. Less attention has been given to associated refuse, which could be the key for discerning the role of architectural space in the lives and minds of the last hunter-gatherers. We consider this dimension by modeling the deposition of animal remains in an Early Natufian (ca. 14,000 cal BP) architectural complex at the el-Wad Terrace (Mount Carmel, Israel). Contextual taphonomy shows that a sequence of structures was used for everyday living activities, including food preparation and consumption—probably at the household level—as well as bone working. Despite the relatively permanent habitation, reflected by repeatedly renovated stone architecture, a broad-spectrum economy, and the infliction of heavy habitation damage to in situ refuse, the inhabitants did not systematically engage in the clearing away of orga...

Swiss Architectural Origins, Le Corbusier, and the Pātaka of Lake Horowhenua (1845)

In April, 1845, the Rev. Richard Taylor passed through the area of the North Island now marked by the town of Levin. At this time, he described Lake Horowhenua as being of singular appearance for the small storehouses built over the water on poles. As was his predilection, Taylor made a drawing of the lake huts, a version of which was belatedly included in the second edition of his most important literary contribution, Te Ika-a-Māui (1870). This image would have remained as little more than a questionable curiosity was it not for Messrs Black Bros who, in the course of exploring the lake bed for Māori artefacts in 1932, legitimised Taylor's observation with their discovery of the submerged architectural remains of an aquatic hut. Nonetheless, almost a century after Taylor's original diary entry, GL Adkin, writing for The Journal of the Polynesian Society, lamented the neglect shown toward these remarkable structures, and which he cited as just one example of the "tantalising gaps" in the recorded history of Māori custom and culture. Sadly, it is well beyond the scope of this research to properly redress the historical neglect shown toward lake pātaka. What I do wish to do is to link these structures to an event on the shores of the Lake of Zurich, Switzerland, when Dr Ferdinand Keller noticed some half-submerged piles in 1854. Upon these remains Keller made a great, if erroneous, case for primitive "pile-work habitations" in the Swiss lakes. The impact of this argument cannot be understated. It became the privileged model for architectural origins in the German and French parts of Switzerland, and by the 1890s it was a part of standard teaching texts in Swiss schools, where it was firmly inculcated into the curriculum at the time that Charles Edouard Jeanneret was a child. This in turn has led Vogt to suggest that, in Keller's "dwellings on the water," Le Corbusier found a Primitive Hut typology that underpinned all his architectural thinking, and which is made most explicit in his principled use of piloti. What makes this all the more involved is that Keller, in searching for examples to visualise the construction of the Swiss lake dwellings, turned to the Pacific (which he categorised as at a developmental stage of architectural evolution akin to early Europe). In this paper I identify the exact etching by Louis Auguste de Sainson that Keller took for direct influence. The problem, however, is that de Sainson depicted a conventional whare built on land, and Keller transposed it to the water. So we have on the one side of this paper an authentic lake whare that is all but forgotten, and a famed European lake-hut that is all but Māori, and between the two is the figure of Le Corbusier who may or may not have unknowingly based one on his major innovations on influences found in the pātaka of Lake Horowhenua.

Lidar data and the Izapa polity: new results and methodological issues from tropical Mesoamerica

Light detection and ranging (lidar) and pedestrian survey are employed to document regional settlement patterns associated with the well-known center of Izapa in Chiapas, Mexico. Within an area of 47.5 km2, we located 413 previously undocumented mounds with associated time diagnostic artifacts. These mounds are the remains of both monumental architecture defining regional centers as well as domestic house mounds. This paper presents new data of overall occupation levels from the low hills zone that complements previously published patterns from the piedmont surrounding Izapa as well as eight newly documented Middle and Late Formative period (850 cal. bc–ad 100) monumental centers of various sizes that are coeval with Izapa. In addition to these substantive archaeological findings, the efficacy of lidar data acquired from two environmental zones (low hills and piedmont) are compared to evaluate how well Prehispanic mounds were detected under different vegetation covers. We conclude that the lower density of lidar collection from the low hills zone was as effective at detecting archaeological mounds as the higher density collection campaign used in the piedmont zone. The implication of these findings is that higher-density collection strategies may not always improve the documentation of archaeological features.

High-Resolution Imagery and the Recovery of Surface Architectural Patterns

AbstractIn large arid floodplains, like that of southern Iraq, the rise of the water table associated with irrigation can result in surface salt concentrations over the remains of subsurface architecture. These traces are visible only from the air but are sometimes captured by commercially available submeter pixel imagery. This article describes the methods used and some of the results of a project using QuickBird, WorldView-1, and WorldView-2 imagery to investigate settlement systems in southern Mesopotamia dating between the fourth and first millennia B.C. Following a discussion of methods used to better predict which images of which sites will produce the desired results, a brief exploration of key anthropological questions that these data allow us now to ask will be presented.

Bodies That Remember

In January 2005, a large-scale raid organized by Kanagawa Prefectural Police and the municipal government eradicated sex trade businesses in Koganecho, a marginalized district in the port city of Yokohama. The array of small brothels in the district was completely uprooted, and transnational migrant women who were working there disappeared. Although the migrant sex workers are no longer present in the district and the city landscape is shifting rapidly, their ghostly ‘traces’ persist in the city in the forms of rumors, people's memories and affective experiences, various cultural texts and the architectural remains of former brothels, which continue to constitute the materiality of Koganecho today. While Koganecho has traditionally been regarded simply as a place to engage in illicit and ‘abnormal’ activities – namely, prostitution – the ghostly traces of Koganecho suggest that it was a cultural space where migrant sex workers participated in the production of everyday culture, shared experiences, affects and identities. In this article, I present an alternative way of remembering Koganecho's brothel district by using the notion of ‘scene’. Based on my ethnographic research in Yokohama, I reconstruct a scene of Koganecho brothel district through these ghostly traces, primarily by presenting emotional moments of the scene remembered by local people and photographic images of the district that I produced during my fieldwork. The things people remembered were not the ‘primary’ activities of the scene (i.e. prostitution), but activities that took place outside the regular work hours when sex workers engaged in mundane social activities, including eating, singing karaoke, shopping and hanging out with friends. In these moments, the Koganecho scene transformed into a diasporic space where migrant women remembered and maintained relationships with family back home while building new relationships with the local Japanese.

ÇİLEDİR HÖYÜK ERKEN TUNÇ ÇAĞI II BULGULARI

Rescue excavations were initiated in 2009 by Kutahya Museum Directorate in Kutahya Province, Central District, Aslanli Village (Agizoren Village border), Ciledir locality, Aslanli stream region which remains within the borders of TKI Seyitomer Lignite Company's reserve zone after some architectural remains and small findings were encoun­tered. The finds at Ciledir Hoyuk were mainly dated to Early Eastern Roman Period, Roman Imperial Period, and Early Bronze Age II. The EBAII findings include; pottery, baked clay loom weights, baked clay spindle whorls, baked clay brushes, baked clay beads, grinding stones, whetstones, stone axes and mace heads, sling stones, stone moulds and nozzles, bone tools, stone and baked clay seals, and human and animal shaped figurines. This study aims to int­roduce the archaeological indings and architectural elements discovered at Ciledir Hoyuk EBA II, and to compare them to the other Early Bronze Age findings from Western.