Relocation Phase Research Articles

Successful repair of an isolated osteochondral fracture of the patella presenting with locking of the knee

A 15-year-old boy presented with a locked knee after a football injury. Sudden valgus impact to the planted right leg caused a patellar osteochondral fracture diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging. The 2.5-cm fragment had avulsed off the medial facet without damage to the medial retinaculum or the medial patellofemoral ligament. The fracture was stabilised with headless compression screws. It had healed at 8 weeks, with the patient being able to bear full weight, and with a full range of active knee movement. At 4 months, he had returned to playing football for his school team.Normally, such a fracture occurs due to sheering force on the patella against the femur during the relocation phase of an acute patellar dislocation. In this case, the patella may have subluxed and then reduced spontaneously, without causing a true dislocation or damage to the medial soft tissue restraints. The energy dissipated at contact with the femur would however be sufficient to sheer the fragment off the patella. We believe this is the first report of successful repair of an osteochondral patellar fracture sustained by this mechanism.

Regeneration and mobility: the spatial dynamics of industries in wartime Shanghai

During the three-month long Sino-Japanese hostilities in the summer of 1937, Shanghai industries suffered the heaviest loss ever sustained during any previous military conflict in the city. Yet as has been shown in a previous study, local industries seem to have recovered fairly quickly. All statistics point to a return to pre-war levels of production in most sectors by the end of 1938 in some cases and during 1939 for most industrial branches. The purpose of this paper is to try to highlight the spatial dynamics at work in this recovery process. It relies not just on original sources, but on the unique capabilities GIS offers in processing large amounts of historical data and exploring connected issues in land use, demography, and urban life. The paper argues that Shanghai industries went through a thorough phase of relocation and migration within the city, but also of inbound migration from the surrounding regions. This study is based on a particular set of documents produced by the Shanghai Municipal Council, the largely independent body that administered the International Settlement. In this study, therefore, I shall argue that what happened in the territory of the International Settlement mirrored what happened next door and possibly in other parts of the Chinese-administered/Japanese-occupied areas. Beyond the issue of industrial movement, this paper also examines connected issues in land use, demography, and urban life.

Helicobacter pylori Infection among Aborigines (the Orang Asli) in the Northeastern Region of Peninsular Malaysia

Whether the exceptionally low prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection reported among Malays is also present among aborigines (the Orang Asli) living in northeastern Peninsular Malaysia is unknown. We studied asymptomatic Orang Asli from settlements situated 210 km from the city of Kota Bharu. The HP infection status was confirmed by a validated serology test. Nineteen percent of 480 Orang Asli tested positive for HP infection. The prevalence was 40.6% in the birth cohort of the 1940s and declined steadily in later cohorts to under 10% among 12-30 year olds. This may be related to the phases of relocation from the jungles into resettlement camps and ultimately into designated villages near rivers. The low prevalence pattern after the 1970s was probably partly a result of improvement in sanitation and hygiene practice in these villages but other unidentified factors may also be operating.

Robotized machining of big work pieces: localization of supporting heads

A planner for a self adaptable and reconfigurable fixture system is proposed. The system is composed of mobile support agents that support thin sheet metal parts to minimize part dimensional deformation during drilling and milling operations. Compliant sheet metal parts are widely used in various manufacturing processes including automotive and aerospace industries. The main role of the planner is to generate an admissible plan of relocation of the mobile agents. It has to find the admissible locations for the supporting heads that provide continuous support in close proximity to the tool and trajectories of the mobile bases characterized by very high speeds during the relocation phases.

Intermittent search strategies revisited: effect of the jump length and biased motion

We study the kinetics of a search of a single fixed target by a large number of searchers performing an intermittent biased random walk in a homogeneous medium. Our searchers carry out their walks in one of two states between which they switch randomly. One of these states (search phase) is a nearest-neighbor walk characterized by the probability of stepping in a given direction (i.e. the walks in this state are not necessarily isotropic). The other (relocation phase) is characterized by the length of the jumps (i.e. when in this state a walker does not perform a nearest-neighbor walk). Within such a framework, we propose a model to describe the searchers' dynamics, generalizing results of our previous work. We have obtained, and numerically evaluated, analytic results for the mean number of distinct sites visited up to a maximum evolution time. We have studied the dependence of this quantity on both the transition probability between the states and the parameters that characterize each state. In addition to our theoretical approach, we have implemented Monte Carlo simulations, finding excellent agreement between the theoretical–numerical and simulations results.

Evaluation of the Occupation and Evacuation of Peñalolen Settlement, Santiago De Chile

This paper aims to ascertain that Latin America's current urban growth through large and organized ‘land squattings’ and limited invasions is a massive, plural and common phenomenon which, to a certain extent, has been, up to now, ignored by 'the academic world and by formal urban planning. On July 5, 1999, 10,000 organized individuals occupied a 23.45 ha. plot at Peñalolén, in Santiago de Chile. The event had great impact and received much attention, and the author closely followed the events that led to the consolidation of the ‘settlement‘ (1999-2006) through phases of negotiation, evacuation and relocation of its settlers, and finally to the current (2008) transformation stage which the plot is undergoing in order to become ‘Peñalolén's Communal Park’.This paper emphasizes the main paradigms that can be drawn from the different occupation stages, with special focus on peculiarities found at ‘Peñalolén Settlement’ compared to other Latin American ‘squattings’, in an attempt to systematize and draw conclusions on ‘self-development urbanism’.

Army ant behaviour in the poneromorph hunting ant Onychomyrmex hedleyi Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae; Amblyoponinae)

Abstract Onychomyrmex belongs to the phylogenetically basal ant tribe Amblyoponini but shows prototypical army ant behaviours, i.e. group predation and nomadism. In order to investigate these behaviours, Onychomyrmex hedleyi was observed in the field and in laboratory experiments. Workers of O. hedleyi would frequently hunt centipedes but rarely social insects. Workers did not dismember the victims but recruited the colony mates to conduct group retrieval. If the prey were too large or too heavy to retrieve, the entire colony moved from the bivouac site to the prey site. Although foraging on the forest floor, a colony repeated the extension and withdrawal of a raiding column, which was up to 80 cm long (mean ± SD, 41.6 ± 18.5 cm). Colonies were nomadic and the relocation distance was up to 150 cm (mean ± SD, 74.4 ± 45.0 cm). Retinues guarded a queen who moved to a new bivouac site in the early phase of relocation. Colonies were found to stay at a site statistically longer if they had come from a more distant site, and were also observed to move to a more distant site if they had spent a longer time at a particular bivouac site. The consecutive migrations did not show significant directionality.

Lévy strategies in intermittent search processes are advantageous

Intermittent search processes switch between local Brownian search events and ballistic relocation phases. We demonstrate analytically and numerically in one dimension that when relocation times are Lévy distributed, resulting in a Lévy walk dynamics, the search process significantly outperforms the previously investigated case of exponentially distributed relocation times: The resulting Lévy walks reduce oversampling and thus further optimize the intermittent search strategy in the critical situation of rare targets. We also show that a searching agent that uses the Lévy strategy is much less sensitive to the target density, which would require considerably less adaptation by the searcher.

Free-flight odor tracking in Drosophila is consistent with an optimal intermittent scale-free search.

During their trajectories in still air, fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) explore their landscape using a series of straight flight paths punctuated by rapid 90° body-saccades [1]. Some saccades are triggered by visual expansion associated with collision avoidance. Yet many saccades are not triggered by visual cues, but rather appear spontaneously. Our analysis reveals that the control of these visually independent saccades and the flight intervals between them constitute an optimal scale-free active searching strategy. Two characteristics of mathematical optimality that are apparent during free-flight in Drosophila are inter-saccade interval lengths distributed according to an inverse square law, which does not vary across landscape scale, and 90° saccade angles, which increase the likelihood that territory will be revisited and thereby reduce the likelihood that near-by targets will be missed. We also show that searching is intermittent, such that active searching phases randomly alternate with relocation phases. Behaviorally, this intermittency is reflected in frequently occurring short, slow speed inter-saccade intervals randomly alternating with rarer, longer, faster inter-saccade intervals. Searching patterns that scale similarly across orders of magnitude of length (i.e., scale-free) have been revealed in animals as diverse as microzooplankton, bumblebees, albatrosses, and spider monkeys, but these do not appear to be optimised with respect to turning angle, whereas Drosophila free-flight search does. Also, intermittent searching patterns, such as those reported here for Drosophila, have been observed in foragers such as planktivorous fish and ground foraging birds. Our results with freely flying Drosophila may constitute the first reported example of searching behaviour that is both scale-free and intermittent.

Le modèle des banques européennes entre le local et le global

European banks : between a local and a global model European banking groups are today reasonably diversified with an economic model based on a spread of local businesses and expanding global businesses. Restructuring in the banking sector has significantly increased competition in retail banking by creating stronger players. This puts pressure on unit costs in banking operations. The gradual disposal of non-core activities has picked up speed with the outsourcing of IT and certain mass processing operations. That should continue with the next relocation phase. Banks that worked within a group or country framework are beginning to relocate further and further away. Indications from Citigroup and the buyers of ABN suggest relocation could affect 10% of staff involved in local functions. It is a sizeable amount but only represents a theoretical 3-4% improvement in ROE, i. e. somewhat less than the potential benefit of industrial restructuring. In global banking, on the other hand, relocation naturally follows emerging wealth from new economies and the parallel development of financial systems. These diverging trends should intensify friction between local and global businesses. JEL classification : G21, G34, L23, N24

Message Scheduling for Irregular Data Redistribution in Parallelizing Compilers

In parallelizing compilers on distributed memory systems, distributions of irregular sized array blocks are provided for load balancing and irregular problems. The irregular data redistribution is different from the regular block-cyclic redistribution. This paper is devoted to scheduling message for irregular data redistribution that attempt to obtain suboptimal solutions while satisfying the minimal communication costs condition and the minimal step condition. Based on the list scheduling, an efficient algorithm is developed and its experimental results are compared with previous algorithms. The improved list algorithm provides more chance for conflict messages in its relocation phase, since it allocates conflict messages through methods used in a divide-and-conquer algorithm and a relocation algorithm proposed previously. The method of selecting the smallest relocation cost guarantees that the improved list algorithm is more efficient than the other two in average.

Relocation to a long-term care facility: working with patients and families before, during, and after.

Permanent relocation of a dependent older adult to a long-term care facility can occur for a number of reasons, including the need for postacute care or a higher level of care than can be provided in a less-restrictive environment, and/or the inability of family members or others to care for the individual in a noninstitutional setting. Outcomes of institutional placement may be either negative, such as the older adult experiencing relocation stress syndrome, or positive, such as improved management of chronic illnesses and reversal of functional decline. This article offers a review of the factors that predict when and where older adults will relocate for institutional long-term care, an overview of individual transitions to institutional care, and suggestions for seamless transitions during the preinstitutionalization, transitional, and postinstitutionalization phases of relocation, which are guided by a transactionist approach to stress and coping.

Relocation stress syndrome: the case of palliative care patients.

Transfer of patients from palliative care services to nursing homes is necessary at present when a patient is relatively stable, but does not have adequate support systems at home. With the ageing of the population and the increasing incidence of cancer, the need for inpatient palliative care beds is growing with corresponding pressure for patients to be transferred to nursing homes. Transfer to a nursing home in the general population has been described extensively in the gerontology literature where a critical early phase of relocation has been identified by a high incidence of morbidity and mortality. The vulnerability of terminally ill patients means that they are at increased risk of suffering from stress associated with a transfer. The prognosis of a patient may be shorter than the time required for adjustment to the patient's new home. The issues surrounding transfer of palliative care patients to nursing homes and possible strategies designed to reduce distress associated with transfers are explored.

Thermal Interaction of Core Melt Debris with Three Mile Island Unit 2 Vessel Components

Inspection of the Three Mile Island Unit 2 (TMI-2) reactor vessel has yielded a wealth of information on core melt debris thermal interactions with vessel internal structures. The observed damage state of such structures is summarized and an analysis is presented to further the understanding of governing physical processes. Specifically, thermal damage is assessed for the baffle plates surrounding the core periphery, the core former plates, the bottom head instrument penetrations, and the lower head. Analysis indicates that differences in damage characteristics to such structures are due largely to differences in contact time with molten corium, the heat capacity of the various structures, and exposure to coolant. Vessel and debris examinations corroborate the present understanding of melt debris/structural interactions during the melt relocation phase of the TMI-2 accident.

Electromyography in voluntary posterior instability of the shoulder

Electromyographic (EMG) activity of selected shoulder girdle muscles was analyzed during voluntary posterior subluxation of the glenohumeral joint in four subjects. Although there was a great deal of variation in the muscle activation patterns during subluxation, subjects either pushed the humeral head backwards with the anterior muscles (deltoid, biceps) or pulled the humeral head backwards with the infraspinatus and/or posterior deltoid. In all cases, inhibition of the scapular rotators and winging of the scapula accompanied this maneuver. The method used in this study is presented as an objective technique for quantifying EMG activity during subluxation and relocation phases of shoulder instability.

Nature and distribution of loess in Canterbury, New Zealand

Abstract Loess of variable thickness occurs over 26% of the land surface of Canterbury. Areas where loess is currently accumulating, areas where loess ceased to accumulate at the close of the last glaciation and areas where loess has been transported and redeposited by water are shown on maps. It is suggested that the extensive thick deposits of loess on the Canterbury down-lands and foothills were derived from pre-existing loess deposits on the fan surfaces of the Canterbury Plains. The phase of relocation of the loess was of brief duration, probably 2000 years, and was followed by a period of deposition of younger loess on to the now deflated fan surfaces of the Plains. It is proposed to call the thick loess layers which were deposited during brief periods in the late Pleistocene “post-stadial loess”. Loess which accumulated at a slower rate on the fan surfaces adjacent to the major rivers crossing the Plains is designated “interstadial loess”. Recent or Post-glacial loess is an example of inter-stadial loess. In relation to loess deposits overseas, interstadial loess is is from a fluvio-glacial source and post-stadial loess is, in the broadest sense, from a continental source.

Problems and Opportunities of Relocation

As city-rebuilding movement enters its second decade of operation and growth, one often hears relocation described as the of urban renewal. The words carry a warning that is clear enough: If relocation phase is not managed successfully, urban renewal can do enough damage to families and businesses to create a wave of reaction-a reaction that might be sufficient to stop momentum of urban renewal process itself. There is ample justification for this view. Relocation is a difficult business at best-full of heartbreak and laced with human problems that go to very nature of urban life. Already, serious voices are asking: Is it worth it?1 On June 27, I960, after a debate devoted in large part to relocation question, House of Representatives voted 348 to 35 to pass Rabaut bill,2 which would stop all urban renewal in District of Columbia until construction is completed in fifty per cent of District's huge Southwest Redevelopment Area.3 The size of this vote, encompassing congressmen from all parts of country, and from urban as well as rural constituencies, underlines seriousness of issue. But this is only one side of coin. In Achilles heel view, relocation is regarded primarily as a responsibility-a sometimes unpleasant duty that must be discharged before we can get on with more exciting business of rebuilding a city. This ignores very real benefits that many families and businesses can reap from process of relocation: social problems that are brought to light for first time and given expert, specialized attention; lifting of aspirations of families who did not know they could live in a better environment; business opportunities uncovered by firms that are forced to give up their customary