Religious Tensions Research Articles

Victims of Working with Religious Minority Collaborators in India

India is a nation of great diversity, home to multitudes of ethnicities, languages, and religions. It is a land that has a rich cultural and religious heritage, with Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Jainism being some of the major religions practiced by the people of India. However, this diversity has also led to religious tension and conflict, especially with the rise of religious fundamentalism and extremism. In this context, victims of working with religious minority collaborators in India have faced various challenges and have had to deal with the repercussions of their collaboration. This essay aims to explore the historical context, key figures, impact, and the influential individuals who have contributed to the field of victims of working with religious minority collaborators in India, while also discussing the different perspectives and potential future developments related to this issue. Victim of those who are working in Religious Minority Institutions of India. India is home to a large number of religious minority organizations. India has a create history of violence against members, who are working in religious minorities in the past few years. Religious minority organizations exploit their employees due to misinterpretation of constitutional rights in India. In India, there is no Minority Trust Act in India, even though the taking advantage from the constitution of India, “The Minority” and under the Minority, Bullying of religious minority organizations in India. Nobody is touch this subject due to some “Special” treatment of the Minority from the Government. There for the Minority Institutes are goes out of controlled and they bullying their workers/employers.

Wesley and the People Called Papists: Recusancy, Methodism, and Religious Tension in Eighteenth-Century Britain

ABSTRACT Scholarly interest in Wesley’s views of Catholicism and his conceptions of catholicity has increased significantly. This article examines how British Catholics, especially Bishop Richard Challoner of London and Fr Arthur O’Leary of Cork, engaged with Methodism in late Georgian Britain. Despite the proscribed status of the Catholic Church during this period, Catholics participated to an impressive degree in the controversies surrounding Methodism by defining themselves against Wesley both theologically and politically. Their actions aroused considerable interest and controversy, thus demonstrating the vitality of the Catholic community in an age when the Anglican confessional state was under considerable pressure.

Rebellion and Peace: The paths for conflict resolution in Huguenot and Catholic propaganda during the French Wars of Religion

The second half of the sixteenth century saw France descend into civil war, after several decades of increasing religious tensions brought about by the Reformation. It was an outcome which traditional political thought dreaded, because internal union was one of the most prized features of a healthy political body. Civil war, the line went, was much worse than any other calamity which might befall a polity and threatened it with complete dissolution. Therefore, once France found itself in such a situation from 1562 onwards, one of the main issues in French political discourse became the restoration of internal peace: all the parties involved in the conflict paid at least lip service to it, although each envisioned their own path in order to achieve this goal. For the radical Catholics, internal peace could not be divorced from religious unity, therefore, the Protestants had to be exterminated, chased out or brought back into the Catholic fold. A more moderate group of Catholics came to argue that this was not possible without doing irreparable damage to the country and that coexistence with Protestants had to be accepted at least temporarily, looking to the king to impose such a solution. Finally, the Protestants, who envisioned at the beginning of the wars the possibility of converting the whole France to the Reformation, came to embrace the second point of view, as well, under the pressure of political realities. This paper aims to analyze the discourse of peace in the propaganda issued during the French Wars of Religion, examining its main themes and how it unfolded over this period of more than thirty years.

Sports as an Instrument of Foreign Policy Under the Military Rule in Nigeria: 1976-1996

The importance and popularity of sports among the nations of the world is huge. Sports are among the few common denominators for all the nations of the world irrespective of their respective political ideologies and religious inclinations. Through sports, enemies in political and ideological realms can compete between and among each other in an atmosphere of peace. Over the years, world leaders have used sports as an instrument of foreign policy. They do that in both positive and negative ways. Sports are deployed positively when they are used to boost friendship or to support a noble cause and they are used negatively when they are deployed as an instrument of sanctions. This paper shows how sports were used as an instrument of foreign policy in Nigeria by three military regimes of Olusegun Obasanjo, Ibrahim Babangida and Sanni Abacha. Olusegun Obasanjo's regime pulled out Nigeria's Olympic contingents from participating in the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal, Canada. Ten years later, the regime of Ibrahim Babangida led other Anglophone countries to boycott the 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, Scotland; and in 1996 General Sanni Abacha stopped the Super Eagles from defending the title they won in the previous edition of the African Cup of Nations. Details of these boycotts and their political implications are discussed in this paper.

Religious Practices of the Teuku Raja Ubiet Community Group in Gunong Kong Nagan Raya Aceh

This study aims to identify the development of religious practices and understanding of Sufism of the Teuku Raja Ubiet community group in Gunong Kong Village as an effort to reveal the veil of truth behind the claims of previous researchers. This qualitative type of research uses descriptive analysis, it is hoped that it can be known in depth the dynamics of the community in Gunong Kong Village in Sufism and faith. This research uses three data collection techniques: interview, observation, and document study. Data analysis uses data collection techniques, data reduction, presentation and conclusion drawing. The results of this research show that the beliefs of the Gunong Kong community are strongly influenced by the core teachings of Hakikat (Sufism) which have been passed down from generation to generation and used as the basis for religious tendencies. These teachings do not contradict the Shari'a because they are always guarded by charismatic authorities in Gunong Kong and Nagan Raya in general. The stereotype that the Gunong Kong community performs worship that contradicts the teachings of sharia cannot be proven.

Germany and the Confessional Divide: Religious Tensions and Political Culture, 1871–1989, ed. Mark Edward Ruff and Thomas Groβbölting

<i>Germany and the Confessional Divide: Religious Tensions and Political Culture, 1871–1989</i>, ed. Mark Edward Ruff and Thomas Groβbölting

Analisis Aplikasi Moderasi Beragama Pada Pembelajaran Agama Islam

The rise of fanatics and terrorist attacks carried out in the name of Islam is soaring rapidly around the world, especially in Indonesia, which poses a threat to religious freedom. Islam is still a target of criticism in the country, and jihadist dogma has been perverted into a pretext to exert pressure on Muslims under the guise of religion. The purpose of this study was to analyze the application of religious moderation in Islamic religious education at SMA Negeri 1 Batusangkar. The research method used is a qualitative method with a field study approach. The results of the study found that SMAN 1 Batusangkar can instill moderation in the student community, even students who have a religious disposition, very significantly. Some religious attitudes in students are firm, caring and fair.

The Kashmir Question

Kashmir has been a site of communal and international violence for the past decades ever since the decolonization of the Indian sub-continent in the late 1940s. Due to British colonial rule and subsequent religious tensions, the region has faced a complex situation, which has resulted in apolitical crisis. As a result of competition between three great nuclear powers —China, India, and Pakistan— Kashmiri voices for peace and sovereignty have been silenced and crushed with violent force by the Indian state. By exploring first the history of Kashmir from the British colonial era, and then the region’s alignments to surrounding powers, this essay explores the ways in which great power politics silences Kashmiri voices.

Creating a Religious Culture Program to Enhance the Islamic Values of Middle School Students in Private Education

The objective of this study is to assess the viability and effectiveness of religious culture programs in elucidating the religious inclinations of students in private schools. The study adopts a 4-D model: definition, design, development, and implementation. The study's population comprised all ninth-grade students, with one class (IX-1) as the control group and another class (IX-2) as the experimental group, totaling 30 participants. Student responses were analyzed in small groups of 10 students and a limited field group of 30. The research outcomes indicate: First, the religious culture program's feasibility was confirmed through validation by three experts. The program's feasibility was assessed based on three components: content, language, and design. The validation results from the three experts revealed the following average scores: 81.82 for the content component, 77.88 for the language component, and 69.79 for the presentation component. These scores fall within the excellent category, signifying that the religious and cultural programs can be employed with minor revisions. Second, the effectiveness of the religious culture program in enhancing students' religious attitudes was assessed by comparing the control class and the experimental class. The average score for the control class was 64.00, whereas the average score for the experimental class was 72.22. The data analysis results indicate that an effective religious culture program can positively impact the Islamic character development of ninth-grade students at Madani Middle School, particularly in Islamic religious education.

Building Bridges of Multifaith Awareness

In the face of religious tensions within the Indonesian context, the East Java Christian Church grapples with the imperative question: "How can the church effectively engage with a multifaith world amidst religious and social tensions?" In response to the question, I contend that the church can build its multifaith awareness by adopting a model derived from Javanese tradition, namely jagongan and patuwen, Jagongan embodies communal characteristics, while patuwen signifies personal and private qualities. These Javanese traditions mirror the twofold movement of Jesus—exitus a Deo and exitus a se—reflecting both exit from Father and of Himself leading to a return and entry to the Divine. The church can engage jagongan as an invitation for people to enter and gather in public space and employ patuwen to reach out and exit from the church space to embrace people's private space. I will demonstrate the practical implementation of jagongan and patuwen as spaces for multifaith learning and social justice awareness within the church, presented under the banner of the Festival of Faith. In conclusion, jagongan and patuwen emerge as powerful models for bridging and enriching the church's multifaith awareness, fostering greater understanding, inclusivity, and social justice in the diverse landscape of faith.

Energy consumption and innovation-environmental degradation nexus in BRICS countries: new evidence from NARDL approach using carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions.

The BRICS nations-Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa-have grown significantly in importance over the past few decades, playing a vital role in the development and growth of the global economy. This expansion has not been without cost, either, since these countries' concern over environmental deterioration has risen sharply. Both researchers and decision-makers have focused a lot of attention on the connection between economic growth and ecological sustainability. By using nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) approach, the complex relationships were analyzed between important economic indicators-such as gross domestic product (GDP), ecological innovations (EI), energy consumption (ENC), institutional performance (IP), and trade openness (TOP)-and their effect on carbon emissions and nitrous oxide emissions in the BRICS countries from 1990 to 2021, this study seeks to contribute to this important dialog. Principal component analysis is formed for technological innovations and institutional performance using six (ICT service exports as a percentage of service exports, computer communications as a percentage of commercial service exports, fixed telephone subscriptions per 100 people, internet users as a percentage of the population, number of patent applications, and R&D expenditures as a percentage of GDP) and twelve (government stability, investment profile, socioeconomic conditions, internal conflict, external conflict, military in politics, control of corruption, religious tensions, ethnic tensions, law and order, bureaucracy quality, and democratic accountability) distinct indicators, respectively. The results of nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag estimation show that increase in economic growth would increase carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions. The positive and negative shocks in trade openness have positive and significant impact on carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions in BRICS countries. Furthermore, the positive shock energy consumptions have positive and significant effect on Brazil and India when carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions are used. However, EKC exists in BRICS countries when carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions are used. According to long-term estimation, energy consumption and technological innovations in the BRICS countries show a strong and adverse link with nitrous oxide and a favorable relationship with carbon dioxide emissions. In the long run, environmental indicators are seen to have a major and unfavorable impact in BRICS nations. Finally, it is proposed that BRICS nations can assure environmental sustainability if they support creative activities, enhance their institutions, and support free trade policies.

Interfaith Dialogue in the Context of Globalization: The Role of Religion in International Diplomacy

This article examines the significant role of interfaith dialogue in facilitating cooperation between countries, promoting peace, and influencing foreign policy. This research uses qualitative methods with data collected through primary and secondary data. Primary data was obtained through in-depth interviews with diplomats, religious leaders, and community figures involved in the interfaith dialogue process in the context of international diplomacy. Secondary data is collected from sources such as diplomatic reports, international agreements, and relevant academic publications. Through concrete examples such as peace agreements in various conflicts, interfaith dialogue has proven effective in reducing religious tensions and supporting reconciliation between communities. However, challenges such as religious conflict, the politicization of religion, and the influence of globalization are also present in efforts to facilitate this dialogue. Therefore, this article underlines the importance of carrying out interfaith dialogue carefully, based on the principles of neutrality, respect for beliefs, and mutual understanding, to achieve the goals of international diplomacy and global peace in this era of globalization.

Germany and the Confessional Divide:Religious Tensions and Political Culture, 1871–1989 ed. by Mark Edward Ruff and Thomas Großbölting (review)

Germany and the Confessional Divide:Religious Tensions and Political Culture, 1871–1989 ed. by Mark Edward Ruff and Thomas Großbölting (review)

Book Review: Germany and the Confessional Divide: Religious Tensions and Political Culture, 1871–1989 by Mark Edward Ruff and Thomas Großbölting, eds

Book Review: <i>Germany and the Confessional Divide: Religious Tensions and Political Culture, 1871–1989</i> by Mark Edward Ruff and Thomas Großbölting, eds

Socioeconomic and Religious Tension Mitigate Exchange Rate: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan

The study investigated the socioeconomic and religious tension effect on the exchange rate of Pakistan. As well as ethnic tension, law and order, political and government stability. For this purpose, use time series data and time period 1996-2017. The econometric approach ARDL and NARDl approaches are used. The study findings, Socioeconomic conditions, government, political stability, and law and order are positive and statistically significant. Thus, the religious and ethnic factors are also negative and statistically significant. In the case of NARDL, the projected variables are positive and negative, with a significant impact on the exchange rate of Pakistan. The study suggests the government and political stability of the state. As well as reduce ethnic and religious issues in appropriate ways, such as by increasing religious education and declining ethnic hatred.

(Re)contextualizing the field. A Bourdieuian analysis of small rural school principal leadership in a post-conflict society

ABSTRACT As neo-liberal, economic and political fields increasingly contaminate the field of education, so a (re) contextualised understanding of the manifold and shifting social space small rural primary school principals occupy is of central importance to understanding practice. An understanding especially germane to a post-conflict divided and segregated society such as Northern Ireland. The paper draws on data from a mixed-method investigation including a survey of small rural school principals and case study research in five small rural primary schools. The findings are theoretically and conceptually informed by Bourdieu (1984) and his work on field, habitus and capital as a means to understand practice. The insight into principal practice that emerges is one that is, complex, fluid and uncertain; school leaders needing to negotiate diverse logics of practice as a response to the dominant fields in play at any given time. We contend that at one level, neo-liberal economistic imperatives and politicisation of education have led to a professional narrowing in principal leadership practice. While on another level, in a post-conflict Northern Ireland, we have arguably seen a professional widening, with principals afforded a leadership role potentially empowered to help balance cross-community religious tensions and facilitate peace and reconciliation.

An Investigation into the Relationship between Diaspora and Identity with Reference to the Iranian Diaspora

Abstract The purpose of this article is to examine the relationship between diaspora and identity with reference to the Iranian diaspora as a case study. Although there has been a recent growth in the study of ideational factors and their effects on sociopolitical issues, identity remains understudied within the mainstream literature on diaspora studies, international relations (IR) and foreign policy analysis (FPA). The aim is to challenge the purely realist and power-based explanations that have dominated the discourse by introducing the notion of identity and exploring it in relation to the Iranian diaspora. The paper’s novel approach lies in its categorisation of Iranian diaspora identity into three main components: nationalist (ancient Iran) tendencies, religious (Islamic-Shiite) tendencies and secular (Western) tendencies. The identity components of Iranians abroad and their interaction with the homeland are relatively comparable to those of their compatriots at home, showing intersecting areas of commonality and difference.

Fiscal deficit in sub-saharan Africa: A new intuition from the institution and political drivers.

Motivated by the growing fiscal deficits in sub-Saharan Africa, this study examines fiscal deficit's economic, political, and institutional drivers using a panel of twenty-three sub-Saharan African countries. Panel spatial consistent correlation, dynamic fixed effects autoregressive distributed lag, and feasible generalised ordinary least squares were used as the estimation techniques. Our findings reveal that while per capita income, trade openness, population, and religious tension increase the size of fiscal deficit, bureaucracy quality, government stability, Law and order, and military in politics reduce the extent of fiscal deficit. However, corruption control, democratic accountability, and internal conflict have weaker statistical evidence. Furthermore, the study established evidence of long-run co-integration relationships among institutional factors, economic factors, and fiscal deficits in SSA. Per capita income has a significant positive influence in the short run but a negative effect in the long run. Population and religious tension positively impact fiscal deficit in both periods. However, democratic accountability, government stability, and the military in politics significantly negatively impact fiscal deficit in the long run. This study concludes that beyond economic factors, institutional and political factors are significant drivers of fiscal deficit in sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, strengthening the institutional quality and creating a stable political environment would lessen the accumulation of fiscal deficit.

THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT AND AFRICA: AN END TO ATROCITIES?

Intentional killings, destruction and extermination of entire groups; widespread or systematic attack directed against civilians pursuant to state policy or that of other organisations; disregard for human rights; war crimes and acts of aggression, have ravaged the world in general and the continent of Africa in particular. The atrocities in Rwanda prompted UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan to conclude that “man’s capacity for evil knows no limits”. On 2 September 1998, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) in The Prosecutor v Jean-Paul Akayesu (Case No CTR-9-4-T) found the accused guilty of genocide. The tribunal concluded that genocide was indeed committed in Rwanda in 1994 against the Tutsi as a group, and that the genocide appears to have been meticulously organised. Ethnic and religious tension continues to plague other parts of Africa, such as the Hutu/Tutsi conflict in Burundi and Christian/Muslim friction in Nigeria. Chad, Sudan, Uganda, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and the Central African Republic (CAR) have all been wracked with protracted civil wars.It is reported that the Congolese rebel leader Jeanne-Pierre Bemba is likely to be the first to be investigated for prosecution before the International Criminal Court.The situations in Angola and Liberia testify to atrocities which in international law can be classified as war crimes and crimes against humanity. According to a Business Day report Zimbabwean NGOs have threatened ICC action against the Zanu-PF elite.&#x0D; The commission of grave atrocities on the continent has, however, not been limited to conflict situations. The terror under the rule of Amin and Obote of Uganda, Bokassa of the CAR, Habre of Chad, Mengistu of Ethiopia, Nguema of Equatorial Guinea, and Mobutu of the DRC illustrate that gross human rights violations in Africa have not necessarily only occurred during times of war.Also significant is the fact that the International Criminal Court (ICC) Statute includes apartheid (defined in a 7(2)(h) “as inhumane acts committed in the context of an institutionalised regime of systematic oppression and domination by one racial group over any other racial group or groups and committed with the intention of maintaining that regime”) as a category of crimes against humanity. In no other continent has the effect of apartheid been felt like in Africa. Until a little over a decade ago apartheid was institutionalised in South Africa.

“Joye without ending”: Paul Bush’s The Extripacion of Ignorancy—An Early Case for Caesaropapism

Paul Bush’s poem, The Extripacion of Ignorancy (1526), is a little known or regarded work that mixes Chaucer’s poetic tradition, orthodox theology, and obedience polemic into an advisory piece with Christian social ethics at the heart of a caesaropapism argument at least three years prior to Tyndale’s much more famous Obedience of a Christian Man. In rhyme royal, Bush explored sacred history, Scripture, and literary references to counter the harm of the Amicable Grant tax revolts and explore the value of a Crown-dominated system based on 1 Peter 2:17. By so doing, he sought to disseminate the ways and means of solving contemporary socio-political and religious tensions. The suggestion here is that Bush anticipated the arguments of the Tudor obedience polemicists of the 1530s. This article is an evaluation of the poem as a work of poetry, theology, and obedience polemic.