Religious Society Research Articles

An Accidental Genre

An Accidental Genre

Crystallization of Santri's Religious Attitudes through the Pesantren Cultural Process

Each pesantren culture has a unique variation in shaping the religious attitudes of students, this problem was initially caused by the weakness of the pesantren culture which caused the moral decadence of students, so that the process of pesantren culture had to be strengthened. This type of research uses qualitative field research with descriptive methods and data collection techniques using interviews, documentation, and observation. The results of this study explain the cultural process of the modern Al-Aqsho Islamic boarding school, Sumedang Regency, consisting of religious socialization, modernity, moderation, adaptation emphasizing modern life systems, habituation which is applied more to the habituation of the grantor system and enculturation showing modern pesantren culture. Meanwhile, the cultural process of Al-Ittifaq Islamic Boarding School in Bandung Regency consists of religious socialization, entrepreneurship, and society, adaptation emphasizing the adaptation of religious experiences, adaptation highlighting the social life system of the community, adaptation to the entrepreneurial work environment, habituation applied to the religious system, community and entrepreneurship and enculturation shown religious agribusiness pesantren culture.

Crystallization of Santri's Religious Attitudes through the Pesantren Cultural Process

Each pesantren culture has a unique variation in shaping the religious attitudes of students, this problem was initially caused by the weakness of the pesantren culture which caused the moral decadence of students, so that the process of pesantren culture had to be strengthened. This type of research uses qualitative field research with descriptive methods and data collection techniques using interviews, documentation, and observation. The results of this study explain the cultural process of the modern Al-Aqsho Islamic boarding school, Sumedang Regency, consisting of religious socialization, modernity, moderation, adaptation emphasizing modern life systems, habituation which is applied more to the habituation of the grantor system and enculturation showing modern pesantren culture. Meanwhile, the cultural process of Al-Ittifaq Islamic Boarding School in Bandung Regency consists of religious socialization, entrepreneurship, and society, adaptation emphasizing the adaptation of religious experiences, adaptation highlighting the social life system of the community, adaptation to the entrepreneurial work environment, habituation applied to the religious system, community and entrepreneurship and enculturation shown religious agribusiness pesantren culture.

Socio-Religious Visionaries in Bulgaria (1920–1950s): the Christo Oustabachieff Case

The article is a case study of the life, work and ideas of the Bulgarian political and religious figure Christo Oustabachieff (1871–1953). Beginning his career as a financial official, political activist and founder of one of the first xenophobic organizations, after the First World War he devoted himself entirely to religious activities: he founded the “Good Samaritan” Religious Society (1921), became leader and ideologist of the Orthodox Holy Society for Spiritual Renewal of the Bulgarian people (1924), of the "Greater (Peaceful) Bulgaria" Union (Political Party) (1926–1944), of the "St. John of Rila” National Defense Organization (1933) and of the Slavic-Bulgarian People's Christian Union (1945–1953). His ideas have a religious and political character and represent a prototype of the Christian Democratic tradition in Bulgaria. In the context of the post-WW1 crisis and the widespread of the New Religious Movements, he declared himself a spiritual leader and initially guided his numerous followers with oral prophecies, revelations and dreams. Developed in the 1930s in written messages, they acquired an eclectic character, uniting religious fundamentalism, messianism and prophetism. Oustabachieff 's political visions in the 1930s–1940s were strongly influenced by authoritarianism, nationalism, xenophobia, and anti-Semitism. Their core was an idea of a Slavic monarchy – based on Christian Democratic values, a future center of a Balkan federation, and a realized Medieval and Bulgaria Revival period ideal of "Great Bulgaria”. The study uses historical approach and is based on unknown archival sources, combined with data from periodicals and published works of Oustabachieff.

Crystallization of Santeri's Religious Attitudes through the Boarding Cultural Process

Each Boarding culture has a unique variation in shaping the religious attitudes of students. This problem was initially caused by the weakness of the Boarding culture, which caused the moral decadence of students so that the process of Boarding culture had to be strengthened. This type of research uses qualitative field research with descriptive methods and data collection techniques using interviews, documentation, and observation. This study explains the cultural process of the modern Al-Aqsho Islamic boarding school, Sumedang Regency, consisting of religious socialization, modernity, moderation, adaptation emphasizing modern life systems, habituation which is applied more to the habituation of the grantor system, and enculturation showing modern Boarding culture. Meanwhile, the cultural process of Al-Ittifaq Islamic Boarding School in Bandung Regency consists of religious socialization, entrepreneurship, and society, adaptation emphasizing the adaptation of spiritual experiences, adaptation highlighting the social life system of the community, adaptation to the entrepreneurial work environment, habituation applied to the religious method, community and entrepreneurship and enculturation shown religious agribusiness Boarding culture.

Exploring Kurdish Islamist Civil Society and Conflict in Turkey (2015–2018)

This article addresses the role and impact of religious civil society in situations of armed conflict through a case study of Kurdish Islamist civil society organisations and activists in Turkey. The focus is on the period following the collapse of the peace process and resurgence of violence in mid-2015 between Turkish security forces and the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (Partiya Karkêrên Kurdistanê). Based on 40 in-depth interviews conducted in the city of Diyarbakir, I identify three main challenges to the effectiveness of religious civil society in peacebuilding processes: (1) relations with the state, (2) legacy and relationship with institutional violence, and (3) advocacy and representation of community needs. This article shows how ethnicity and Islam are shifting, contingent interactions in the construction of Kurdish identity, especially in response to violence. Although the public expression of pro-Kurdish rights claims altered under a securitisation rubric during this period, the demand for a peaceful settlement to the conflict transcends ideological and social differences across many Kurds.

Saltuknâme’de Dinî Ve Mezhebî Unsurlar

Saltuknāme is an epic style work that tells about the life and wars of Sarı Saltık , who lived in the 13th century and played an important role in the Turkification and Islamization of Anatolia and the Balkans. In the work, many subjects are discussed from the conquests of Sarı Saltık to the general characteristics of societies, to religious-moral issues, from mythology to historical facts. Sarı Saltık is a wandering dervish who stands out with his personality in the environments he is in, directs events and shapes the regions he visits to the extent he believes. Sarı Saltık’s references are the orders of the Qur’an, the practices of Muhammad and the First Four Caliphs of Islam. Sarı Saltık, who meticulously observes his prayers, sees the absence of prayers as a reason for punishment. The First Four Caliphs occupied a prominent position in his world of thought. Sarı Saltık, who has a special interest in Ali and his children, takes as an example of Ali, whom he sees as the most important figure of the soldier-saint type. He describes the Imamiyyah Shi’ites as Rāfidah (those who reject the first three caliphs), criticizes their acceptance of Ali with harsh statements and believes that they should be killed. There are quite dominant religious motifs and discourses in the Saltuknāme. In addition to the traces of the basic sources of Islam, traces of Turkish culture and thought are also seen in the work. The work has been compiled in a highly active religious, political and social society. Although the elements and concepts belonging to many sects/denominations are seen in the work, the dominant paradigm is Sunni. This article focuses on the belief and worship dimension and sectarian elements rather than the life, personality and personal characteristics of Sarı Saltık.Keywords: Sarı Saltık, Islamic Sects, Sunni, Shi’a, Rāfiḍah, Alevi and Bektashi Tradition.

Peran Pemerintah Desa Dalam Strategi Pemberdayaan Kreativitas Camat Menggerakkan Pegawai Dalam Tugas Pemerintahan Dan Pembangunan Di Kantor Camat Taluditi

Creativity really needs to be owned by leaders, where creativity is the ability of leaders to stimulate the thoughts or ideas of their subordinates (intellectual stimulation). Transformational leaders or intelligent leaders have ideas or analyzes that are able to enlighten their partners, in terms of leadership being able to improve the performance of their subordinates to achieve a desired organizational goal, resulting in maximum employee performance. Likewise for employees at the Taluditi Sub-district Office, Pohuwato Regency, basically potential human resources must be utilized, so that they can work optimally in the context of managing organizational goals. But in reality it can be observed, most employees have not carried out their duties and functions as public servants, are still hesitant in completing work, the tendency to find easy work, the slowness of assignments, due to the attention of the leadership (sub-district) to their subordinates. Then the camat function has not yet been implemented in terms of planning, regulation, and constructive supervision of all sub-district programs and government programs. The purpose of this study was to determine the creativity of moving employees in government and development tasks at the Taludit District Office, Pohuwato Regency. The method used in this study is qualitative as a research procedure that produces a description of the data in the form of written or spoken words from people from the observed behavior. Based on the results of the study, it can be seen that the creativity of the Taluditi Camat, Pohuwato Regency which can be realized through various ideas to mobilize employees in government and development, then these ideas are quickly responded to by the apparatus, and supported by Flexibility to determine their motivation. So that the employee can elaborate all the ideas and ideas of the Camat in realizing the goals of the Taluditi District government, Pohuwato Regency which is Healthy, Intelligent, Advanced, Prosperous and devoted to God Almighty, harmonious and religious society and realizing an advanced and competitive Region, environmentally sound, improve the quality of life of the community and good development.

Penguraian Urgensi Frasa Agama dalam Peta Jalan Pendidikan Nasional (PJPN) 2020-2035

The disappearance of religious phrases in the temporary draft of 2020-2035 National Education Roadmap (PJPN) caused various reactions including religious leaders, mass organizations, politicians, society and culturalists. It is because the draft of 2020-2035 National Education Roadmap (PJPN) contradicts with the 1945 Constitution, the National Education System Law, Government Regulations and Pancasila. This study aims to analyze the important meaning of religious phrases in the temporary draft of the 2020-2035 National Education Roadmap (PJPN). The current Educational Roadmap is designed to create religious, pious and moral students. The research method used in this study is a literature study. The results shows that religion has important position as a source of value and part of national education. Religious education plays an important role in developing students potential to have religious spirituality, noble character, and good personality. The position of religion in national education is very important in establishing human character and morals.

Religious Exclusivity, Harmony and Moderatism amid Populism: A Study of Interreligious Communication in West Sumatra

The religious moderatism is one of the constructive efforts in a diverse religious society. Plurality of beliefs as a whole part of the social landscape of Indonesian society is not yet fully understood and believed by the religious community. In the era of Populism, moreover in the dimension of religious practice, the case in West Sumatra shows horizontal disagreement or disharmony related to symbols and material aspects of religion such as the establishment of religious ritual places and supporting resource. This article confirms that communication serves vitally in addressing religious exclusivity. Resistance to religious entities is always found, as one of the markers of Populism, so that the symbolic interaction of religious leaders in undermining conflict and violence is indispensable. Religion pays particular attention to a social construct and practice with the main purpose of harmony and moderatism of religion. It serves effectively as a contribution of communicative actions, as conveyed by Jurgen Habermas, through reconciliation among religious people. The values of interaction between religious people are emphazised with the principle of agreement and respect as fellow citizens and human beings.

Strengthening Sisters: How Latter‐day Saint Missionary Service Prepares Women for Leadership

Women, especially those from highly religious societies, are underrepresented in professional and civic leadership positions. Considering how women's life experiences, especially from religious volunteer opportunities, can be reframed as training for broader leadership roles could help address this disparity. The potential for women to learn leadership skills from volunteer religious service is an overlooked, but possibly important, means of transferability to larger leadership roles. The current article describes a qualitative study of women's perceptions of leadership skills gained while serving as full‐time volunteer missionaries for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter‐day Saints during young adulthood. Respondents described perceptions of leadership skills developed throughout missions as well as perceptions about how they are currently using these skills. Findings suggest many women perceived growth in leadership skills from missionary service, especially in the areas of interpersonal interactions and relationships, although they reported currently utilizing skills more in church and family roles rather than professional or civic ones. The study is discussed in the context of literature related to gender and types of leadership approaches, as well as Relational‐Cultural Theory. Implications for facilitating respondents' post‐mission skill transfer to future leadership roles are presented. Larger scale applications for women's leadership development are also considered.

Accounting, greed, and beliefs in a nineteenth century communal religious society

The availability of the accounting and other records of a religious communal society (the Harmony Society) provides for a study that adds to the literature on accounting in religious organizations, a need highlighted in Carmona and Ezzamel’s article in Accounting History that discusses: (1) the unique spiritual dimension of religious institutions and its impact on accounting, and (2) the ‘sacred/profane divide’ (p. 122). The Harmonists’ communal beliefs were derived from Biblical interpretations and were necessitated by the need for shared labor and resources. Harmonists’ accounting records were sophisticated but did not account for labor costs provided by members. The interplay of these beliefs and the greed of the leaders impacted the group’s accounting system and created a spiritual/profane divide. The study explores the interplay between the role of accounting and the community’s beliefs and goals.

‘Anti-liberal Europe’, an opposing narrative to normative power Europe in the Eastern neighbourhood? The case of Georgia

ABSTRACT In recent years Georgia saw the rise of anti-liberal, far-right powers, comprised of political parties, societal groups, and media outlets, that found solid ground in exploiting the conflict over values in a predominantly conservative and religious society. While the literature focuses on how different ‘non-democratic regional powers’ are countering against efforts of Western democracy promotion, including by empowering anti-liberal actors in neighbouring countries, less attention has been paid to the importance of transnational diffusion of ideas from Europe's promoters of ‘illiberal democracies’ beyond the European Union. This article shows how Georgia's anti-liberal domestic actors have found the ‘anti-liberal Europe’ as a powerful narrative to pit against ‘normative power Europe.’ Drawing on frame analysis and analysing how two online outlets have reported about Europe/the European Union from January 2018 to August 2020, this article sheds light on how ultranationalist online media outlets in Georgia are diffusing anti-liberal narratives about Europe, aimed at building a counter-model, an anti-liberal vision pitted against normative power Europe.

Positive Religious Coping, Cultural Anthropology of Women Rights and Well-Being of Hindu Women in Bali Indonesia: Mediation of Socio-Economic Women Rights

International human rights organizations are working hard to protect women's cultural, social, and political rights by enforcing laws and amendments to safeguard women's well-being in society. Providing women with their fundamental rights is based on positive attitudes towards them in society. Hence it is important to study the factors impacting women’s well-being. Established on the Theory of Moral Sentiments and the Normative Theory of Human rights, this study aims to determine the factors that underpin Hindu women's well-being in Bali, Indonesia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from 338 females of the Hindu religion (students, staff, and faculty members) from four public and private Indonesian higher education institutes/universities in Bali. Results revealed that positive religious coping and the cultural anthropology of women's rights, directly and indirectly, impacted women's well-being via women's socio-economic rights. This extended and more comprehensive model would help practitioners better understand how the blend of people's religious values, society, and cultural anthropology of women's rights can positively enhance their well-being.

Sub-Saharan Africa’s desire for liberal democracy: civil society to the rescue?

In the context of the global recession of democracy, this article engages with sub-Saharan Africa’s so-called ‘democratic’ deficit. Three arguments are presented. First, sub-Saharan Africa’s challenge is less a democratic deficit than it is a liberal deficit. The political elite are content to use the electoral mechanism to gain access to power but are thereafter resistant to restraints on that power. Second, organised civil society can contribute to addressing this deficit by contending for civil liberties and holding political authority accountable. Third, sub-Saharan Africa’s deeply religious society can contribute towards the development of such a civil society. The study engages with secondary data analysis using survey data from Afrobarometer to determine sub-Saharan Africa’s ‘deficit’ and whether religion can contribute to the development of civil society in the region. From the survey data it was found that citizens of sub-Saharan African countries understand democracy in its liberal form – ensuring civil liberties and personal freedoms. Furthermore, it was noted that those who are religious are more likely to be civically engaged than those who are unaffiliated, and in time, this can contribute to addressing the liberal deficit.

Japanese Buddhism in Austria

Abstract Drawing on archival research and interview data, this paper discusses the historical development as well as the present configuration of the Japanese Buddhist panorama in Austria, which includes Zen, Pure Land, and Nichiren Buddhism. It traces the early beginnings, highlights the key stages and activities in the expansion process, and sheds light on both denominational complexity and international entanglement. Fifteen years before any other European country (Portugal in 1998; Italy in 2000), Austria formally acknowledged Buddhism as a legally recognised religious society in 1983. Hence, the paper also explores the larger organisational context of the Österreichische Buddhistische Religionsgesellschaft (Austrian Buddhist Religious Society) with a focus on its Japanese Buddhist actors. Additionally, it briefly outlines the non-Buddhist Japanese religious landscape in Austria.

Transgender viewed from the perspective of positive law, health, and cultures in Indonesia

Transgender people are seen as an abnormal minority group that bends the accepted sexual orientation against the cultures in Indonesia. This trend is also believed to be more prone to diseases. From the perspective of ius constitutum, transgender people are under different protection as set forth in Article 1 paragraph (3) of Law Number 39 of 1999 and Article 28 J of the 1945 Indonesian Constitution. However, the human rights governed are restricted to moral and religious, security, and public order rights. In the view of the positive law, in terms of health, every individual has the right to decide how they should live their life, but health is generally linked to diseases. When it comes to this matter, it can also be deemed inappropriate or deviant. Transgender people may be deprived of society, and they may have narrower room for their day-to-day activities such as mingling in religious activities and society, and even going to the restroom). This sexual tendency could also cause a serious disease like HIV/AIDS and irritate others due to their existence around them. In a different view, transgender people are recognized by the State that attempts to save them from conflicting thoughts of their existence. To conclude, being transgender is an inner disease existing in an individual. Although it is seen as normal by transgender people, this reality is still seen as discomfort by others.

Writing Home: A Quaker Immigrant on the Ohio Frontier; The Letters of Emma Botham Alderson

Writing Home: A Quaker Immigrant on the Ohio Frontier; The Letters of Emma Botham Alderson

Aspects of the Christian Missionary in Nationalist China: Mrs. Jiang Jieshi and the Missions

The present essay, beginning with Catholic press and various authors known in the sector of Missiology, underlines a connection between Song Meiling and Mission in general, particularly the Catholic ones. This work aims at adding a further piece to complete the already well-known Song Meiling’s career, after her marriage to Chiang Kai-shek. Further on, it will be clearly underlined the way she managed to established relationships with representatives of Missions, both Catholic and Protestant, thanks to the reform movement “New Life”, which brought Chinese people closer to Christian values. All this was possible by starting from the family dimension, thus enhancing the link between civil and religious society. Song Meiling’s strong point was the way she promoted social inclusion of the religious confessions, especially of the Catholic Missions, through solidarity initiatives, considering the religious community on the same level as the social community. This was a factor of potential development for the Church in China.

Ahmad Ibrahim dan Sumbangannya dalam Perkembangan Islam di Malaysia

Ahmad Ibrahim was one of the key individuals who was responsible in developing the administrative legal system in Malaysia through judicial reform of the Sharia Court. Since colonial period, the Civil Court has been dominating the country’s legal system thus inhibiting the progress and contribution of Islamic law as well as limiting the jurisdiction of the Sharia Court. This article discusses the history of the Islamic law in Malaysia in the judicial administration context as well as analyses the achievement and development of the Sharia Court seen today as a result of the contributions and ideas conceived by Ahmad Ibrahim. This study uses the qualitative method by way of document analysis from books, journal articles, conference papers, newspaper excerpts and statutes such as the Federal Constitution, Acts, Enactments and related cases. The finding suggests that the modern and dynamic landscape of Malaysia Sharia Courts today is the result of Ahmad Ibrahim’s ideas and works through administrative, legal and educational approach which is organic and non-confrontational. This approach is indeed suitable and harmonious in the context of Malaysian multiracial and religious society.