Religious Perspectives Research Articles

A Historiographical Analysis of Al-Ma'mūn's Motives in the Miḥna

This article investigates historians’ perspectives on al-Maʾmūn’s motives in the Miḥna concerning the createdness of the Qurʾān (khalq al-Qur’ān). Two prevailing approaches are identified for comprehending the caliph’s motives. The first suggests that the Miḥna represents al-Maʾmūn’s attempt to maintain his political authority amid the increasing influence of the ulema (muḥaddithūn). The second posits the Miḥna as al-Ma'mūn’s initiative to impose his religious perspective on society. Using historiographical analysis, this article argues that the two approaches should not be viewed in isolation but can be integrated to comprehensively understand the caliph’s motives in the Miḥna.

Analysis of the Laws and Ethics of Contraception, Sterilization and Abortion with the Socio-Cultural and Religious Issues in Nigeria

Modern science has developed through the centuries, particularly in the 21st century. These developments have constantly met the needs of humans in different aspects of life. The health care sector has not been left out in this rapid development. There has been significant development and improvements in reproduction by aiding families in reproduction and safe delivery. This paper adopted the doctrinal method of research and examined the flipside of healthcare development towards reproduction, which is the prevention through means such as contraceptives, sterilization and particularly abortion. The paper aimed at analyzing the law and ethics of contraception, sterilization and abortion and the relation of cultural and religious issues. In pursuit of this aim, the papers set out objectives such as clarification of the terms contraceptives, sterilization, and abortion, review of the laws and ethics of contraceptives and abortion around the world and analysis of the laws and ethics of contraceptives and abortion in Nigeria. The paper, among other things found that these developments have been met with different reactions from people in different regions of the world. The paper further found that these reactions have been mostly from cultural and religious perspectives. The development in this area of biological sciences has proven to aid better development in certain regions while others have not been met with such encouragement as people have been legally prohibited from using these medicinal instruments. The findings in this paper will be useful to both medical and non-medical practitioners. It will indeed be of immense benefit to the general society. The paper made recommendations for developing countries such as Nigeria on best practices to adapt.

Halal Food and Inclusivity in Children’s Literature: A Case Study of Halal Exploration from Cultural and Religious Perspectives in Kindergartens in Indonesia

Halal Food and Inclusivity in Children’s Literature: A Case Study of Halal Exploration from Cultural and Religious Perspectives in Kindergartens in Indonesia

FENOMENA MISTIK DIBALIK RITUAL ANNYORONG LOPI DAN DAMPAK RITUAL BAGI KETANGKASAN PERAHU PINISI DALAM PERSFEKTIF AGAMA DAN KEPERCAYAAN

Annyorong Lopi is a form of gratitude from boat owners and craftsmen for the completion of the boat.This research aims to find out the rituals carried out by the Bontobahari community, with the aim of uncovering the symbolic meaning, impact of the ritual, and the religious perspective that accompanies its implementation. The research methodology used is qualitative-descriptive, using a phenomenological approach. Data collection was carried out through three methods, namely interview sessions, field observations, and ritual documentation. The data was analyzed through three stages, namely data reduction, data presentation, and verification. The research results reveal that: 1) Rituals have meaning in warding off negative influences and warding off disasters, the implementation of which includes various stages that reflect gratitude for the opportunity to carry out traditions and the various values therein. 2) Rituals have a broad impact on the construction of pinisi boats, including physical, spiritual and symbolic aspects. 3)The implementation of the ritual adheres to the religious beliefs of the surrounding community. Drawing on prayers from the Quran, the ritual is conducted in accordance with Islamic teachings while preserving the cultural identity and ancestral traditions of the Bontobahari community. This ritual exemplifies the harmony between tradition, ancestral beliefs, and religion in the lives of the Bontobahari community.

Authority as a Challenge

The early Christian world was diverse. Various groups of Christians held opposite views on crucial theological and social elements while claiming to be the true followers of Jesus Christ. In this diversity, two streams of Christianity were particularly popular: proto-orthodox Christians and Valentinian Gnostics. These groups were included in the sharp polemical discussions and battles, as they tried to gain a monopoly in the early Christian world. In the end, proto-orthodoxy won thus marginalizing Valentinian Gnostics. In that process, Church authors, such as Irenaeus and Justin Martyr reclaimed the history of Christianity by defining themselves as the guardians of orthodoxy. Furthermore, they put the label of “heresy” on Valentinians claiming that they are not real Christians, but a subversive group that had corrupted the original message of Jesus and his disciples. In this paper, I have tried to demonstrate that one of the crucial reasons for the triumph of the Great Church was related to the concepts of authority and organization. To show that, I have analysed what kind of attitude Valentinian Gnostics had toward authority and organization. As sources reflect, Valentinian Gnosticism was an anti-structural movement that emphasized an individual approach to the divine through esoteric knowledge. Furthermore, their belief in the threefold division of humanity affected their attitude toward bishops and apostolic succession. Consequently, they rejected the authority of bishops and presbyters and put the emphasis on the small philosophical circle of students that would gather around influential teachers. Eventually, such a spiritual and religious perspective made it impossible to create a network of connected communities whose sense of universal identity would transgress local and regional borders. In the end, Valentinian Gnosticism was a conglomerate of independent communities scattered across the Mediterranean. In other words, Valentinian’s theological beliefs that modelled their attitude toward authority and social structure were a crucial factor in their marginalization within the early Christian world.

ANALYSIS OF THE FORM OF GELUNG TEMPLE AT PEMAKSAN PANTI BATUR SARI TEMPLE IN WERDHI AGUNG VILLAGE BOLAANG MONGONDOW DISTRICT

This research was conducted in Werdhi Agung Village, Bolaang Mongondow Regency, North Sulawesi, which is the location of the Pemaksan Panti Batur Sari Temple. This research aims to reveal and describe the form, function and meaning contained in the Gelung Temple of Pura Panti Batur Sari from a religious and aesthetic perspective from a Hindu religious perspective. This research uses a qualitative approach to obtain actual information to answer existing problems. The data sources obtained in this research were obtained from observation, interviews with sources, and literature study. From the research results, it is known that the Gelung Temple at Pemaksan Panti Batur Sari Temple has a tall shape and a roof that tapers upwards as a symbol of a mountain. The temple is divided into three parts, namely the foot of the temple, the body of the temple, and the roof of the temple. Organic ornaments were also found, namely Flora, Fauna, Humans. Most of the ornaments in Gelung Temple are also realized in the form of Lelengisan ornaments.

Old Testament measures for quelling resource wars: Panacea for the Nigerian experience

In human history, there has always been one form of war or the other, including resource wars, leading to the wanton destruction of lives and property. Nigeria is not an exception to this ugly global phenomenon. For instance, there are two major resource wars in Nigeria – war over oil and farmers and herders wars that have taken more deadly dimensions in recent times. In fact, the much talked about insecurity in Nigeria is basically about the herder and farmer clashes and the insurgency in the North-East. While acknowledging the political measures deployed to contain the situation, this article presents solutions from the religious perspective, to complement the existing measures that have largely proven to be inadequate. Resource wars occurred during the time of Abraham. However, he averted the violent consequences by the peaceful mechanism he adopted. Therefore, this peaceful mechanism modelled from Abraham and compensation approaches can be applied to the Nigerian situation, especially among Nigerian Christians while interfaith dialogue will accelerate discussions with non-Christians. Thus, this biblical and pragmatic model outlined in the Bible can be implemented in the search for peace and reconciliation. To achieve the aim of this article, historical and hermeneutical methodology was engaged.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article moves between Old Testament and measures for quelling resource wars. It is therefore by intention interdisciplinary. There are implications for the understanding of Old Testament narrative text and how it could be deployed to address the issue of resource wars.

Fish Symbolism in Indus Valley Epigraphy and Protohistoric Accounts

The contribution of the Indus Valley civilization to the historic cultures of South Asia is a matter of debate due to a discontinuity in material culture, from the time of its decline to the reappearance of urbanization several centuries later. Progress in the epigraphy of the Indus Valley has been hindered by the absence of a bilingual inscription and the brevity of its texts. One of the most frequent signs encountered in its undeciphered writing system is the pictogram of ‘fish’. On a few seal inscriptions, this sign appears alone, suggesting that it represented a meaningful word or a name. It is noteworthy that Indian literature of later centuries recounts a protohistoric kingdom named Matsya in the vicinity of the Indus Valley sites, as matsya is the Sanskrit word for ‘fish’ and a divinity in the form of a fish is celebrated in the Indian version of the flood myth. An analysis of these narratives is presented in this paper, revealing the possibility of an association with the Indus Valley civilization of the more distant past. These observations indicate that fish symbolism may have occupied a place of prominence in Indus culture from political and religious perspectives. The Matsya territory mentioned in Vedic and epic literature is discussed in light of the chalcolithic cultures of Rajasthan, and it is suggested that this region witnessed successive waves of migration of different cultural groups due to its economic importance related to the exploitation of copper reserves.

“Speeches on Religion” by Friedrich Schleiermacher in the Vision of Kyiv Academic Fedir Ornatskyi: an Example of Apologetic Reflection

In this article, we delve into the religious readings of notable Kyiv academic professors from the late 19th to the early 20th centuries. Their works contain a wealth of empirical evidence and theoretical concepts that are crucial to understanding the development of the “science of religion” within the local intellectual tradition. We’re showcasing the work of Fedir Ornatskyi, a scholar from Kyiv Theological academy. Our analysis focuses on one of Ornatskyi’s notable pieces, which delves into the religious perspectives of Friedrich Schleiermacher, a renowned German theologian. A researcher from Kyiv is updating the accomplishments and ideas of F. Schleiermacher, aiming to find connections between the cultural, intellectual, and ideological situations of the late 18th and late 19th centuries. This includes the crisis of religiosity and the rejection of church institutions. Following this vision, F. Ornatskyi is interested in exploring the limitations of rationalist theology. He aims to understand F. Schleiermacher’s search for arguments supporting religion based on inner experience. However, the Kyiv researcher demonstrated that many of the German theologian’s ideas went beyond traditional orthodox church discourse, despite his apologetic motivation. F. Ornatskyi criticises his opponent’s controversial and odious statements, such as the absolutization of subjectivity and sensuality in religion; pantheism and impersonalism; subjectivism and relativism in religious knowledge; denial of the connection between religion and morality; speculative evaluations of specific religions, especially Christianity. At the same time, the Kyiv academician’s study of Schleiermacher’s stories about the relationship between cognitive and emotional-sensual components of religion demonstrates the elements of religious analysis, which combines historical, structural, psychological and phenomenological approaches; the seeds of the psychology of religion and religious cognitivism are found. The modern interpretation of F. Ornatskyi’s work provides a new perspective on Schleiermacher’s ideas, foreshadowing contemporary trends in religious evolution in the post-secular era.

Will plant-based pork meat substitutes receive halal certification?

The use of plant-based meat substitutes is growing globally for nutritional and environmental reasons. The production of meat-free food in some cases meets the needs of vegans. It may also help and/or simplify meeting religious requirements e.g., halal products for Muslim consumers. It is interesting to extend the understanding of this meat substitute from the Islamic religious perspective as Muslim believers are more concerned about the permissible food/meat which is labelled as halal. This article will report the analysis of how Islam is expected to address a plant substitute for pork, normally a prohibited (haram, unlawful) meat. The arguments presented by different scholars and several existing guidelines related to halal certification from selected Muslim countries such as Malaysia. If all the materials used in plant-based pork are considered permissible, concern over halal certification procedures remains a debatable issue. Another concern is the effect of halal certification on Shariah compliance companies that serve pork plantbased meat. All these concerns are suggested to be addressed by International Fatwa Bodies, as well as JAKIM as one of the key players in the halal industry.

Konsep Akhir Zaman dalam Perspektif Agama, Dan Sains Serta Bagaimana Iman Kristen Menanggapinya Berdasarkan Kitab Wahyu

This study explains the concept of the end times from the perspective of religion, science, and how the Christian faith responds to it by focusing on the contents of the Book of Revelation in the Bible. The concept of the end times is a relevant topic in Christian theology and has been the focus of debate throughout church history. From a religious perspective, the concept of the end times reflects views regarding the end of the world, resurrection, final judgment, and eternal life. Meanwhile, in the context of science, rational and scientific approaches often try to explain natural phenomena related to the end times, such as climate change, natural disasters and technological developments.This article also explores how the Christian faith describes the concept of the end times based on the Book of Revelation. The Book of Revelation is the passage in the New Testament known for the prophet John's vision of the end times, featuring rich symbolism. Priesthood, judgment, and restoration are all found in this text, and followers of Christ often look to it as a source of guidance regarding what will happen in the future. In discussing the Christian faith's response to the concept of the end times, this article details the various views and theologies that exist in the Christian tradition, such as premillennial, amillennial, and postmillennial eschatology. In addition, it also highlights some contemporary approaches that integrate theological understanding with scientific thinking about the future of the planet. This research provides a holistic view of how the concept of the end times is understood from the perspective of religion, science and Christian faith with a focus on the Book of Revelation in the Bible, as well as how these various understandings coexist in modern Christian theology. As a result, this article can help promote a deeper understanding of the meaning and implications of the concept of the end times in the context of religion, science, and the Christian faith.
 

Exploring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on energy literacy and conservation behavior in academic buildings of Kuwait

This study investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on energy literacy and conservation behavior among occupant groups in academic buildings in Kuwait. It explores influential factors, focusing on the pandemic's effect on attitudes, intentions, and behaviors related to energy conservation. The research adopts a mixed-methods approach, incorporating quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. Participants, including students, faculty, and staff, completed surveys, participated in questionnaires, focus groups, and took part in interviews. Statistical tests are used to validate the survey data, while thematic analysis is applied to the qualitative data. The findings of the research showed that COVID-19 had a significant impact on participants' attitudes, intentions, and behavior regarding energy literacy and conservation. Specifically, the student group experienced a significant increase in the relationship between their intentions and behavior, while the faculty group exhibited a strong correlation between intention and behavior. The study also found that education, awareness, personal motivation, values, religiosity, and culture were all crucial factors in promoting energy literacy and conservation behavior. The study recommends specific educational interventions, fostering a culture of conservation, providing access to information and resources, promoting community engagement, incorporating religiosity, and improving policies and infrastructure to enhance energy literacy in academic buildings. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of tailored educational interventions that consider the specific needs and challenges of different occupant groups and suggests incorporating religious perspectives to align with the cultural and religious context of the Kuwaiti population. The study's findings offer comprehensive insights into the impact of unforeseen events, such as pandemics, on energy literacy and conservation behavior. These insights have practical implications for policymaking and implementation. Future research could explore the effectiveness of various educational interventions and examine the role of social and cultural factors in shaping energy literacy and behavior.

Dinamika Hubungan Politik dan Pendidikan Agama di Kampus: antara Keseimbangan dan Konflik

Politics and religion have a close relationship and are important subjects in social and political studies. This research presents an analysis of the dynamics of the relationship between religious education on campus and politics in the context of contemporary dynamics. This research focuses on the role of religion in the formation of public policy, political identity, and the dynamics of social conflict. This research study is a discourse or literature search, to find out the relationship between these two problems. This research pays attention to phenomena and changes in power dynamics, transformation of religious identity, and ideological conflicts involving religion as a central aspect. This article also considers the implications of the interaction between religion and politics for democracy. The research method used is a qualitative approach. The data sources used are a combination of educational and religious political perspectives. Literature is used to explain how religion is often a source of inspiration for political movements, both in practical contexts and as a basis for thought. The analysis of this research aims to encourage a broader and deeper dialogue about how society, especially educational institutions, can manage and understand the role of religion in a democratic and inclusive political space.

Religious lobbying and policy influence: Christian interest group impacts around the legalization of same‐sex marriage in England and Wales

AbstractThe influence of religious groups in democratic policy making has often been a source of political controversy. In the United Kingdom, the legalization of same‐sex marriage in England and Wales may in some ways be thought to exemplify the weakening social position and policy power of the churches. Drawing on a mixture of methods—including analysis of newspaper coverage, legislative debates, and policy documents, plus interviews—this article assesses the extent to which Christian interest groups achieved different forms of policy‐related influence, and its dynamics. It finds that, despite important failures, these groups nonetheless achieved various types of success, including over the policy debate, small policy shifts, and “counteractive” influence, reflecting both the weaknesses and persisting strengths of Christianity within British society. The findings are likely to have wider implications for understanding the policy strengths of religious actors in similar contexts of socio‐religious change elsewhere.Related ArticlesBramlett, Brittany H. 2012. “The Cross‐Pressures of Religion and Contact with Gays and Lesbians, and their Impact on Same‐Sex Marriage Opinion.” Politics & Policy 40(1): 13–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2011.00337.x.Ledet, Richard. 2017. “Sorting the Left from the Rest: The Communitarian Religious Perspective and Liberal Economic Attitudes.” Politics & Policy 45(6): 1051–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12238.Tubadji, Annie. 2023. “You'll Never Walk Alone: Loneliness, Religion, and Politico‐Economic Transformation.” Politics & Policy 51(4): 661–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12538.

Unveiling Salafi Puritanism Indoctrination: A Case Study of an Islamic Boarding School for Girls in Malang

Abstract 
 The objective of this research is to investigate the influence of Salafi puritanism thought within the boarding school environment in Malang by depicting an undisclosed educational institution, focusing on its various aspects such as teacher support, curriculum materials, religious practices, and the dominance of Salafi lectures. The study employed qualitative research methods, including interviews, observations, and document analysis, to gather data from teachers, students, and school materials. The findings indicate a significant influence of Salafi puritanism thought in school. Teachers expressed support for Salafi teachings, as evidenced by their instructional methods, choice of source materials, and rejection of certain religious programs. The use of Salafi scholars' books in the religious curriculum and the exclusion of practices such as reciting the Shalawat Nariyah and celebrating additional Islamic holidays provide tangible evidence of this influence. Furthermore, variations in dhikr practices were observed, following the formula of Salafi scholars and differing from mainstream Islamic practices. Salafi preachers dominated the lecture sessions, while alternative perspectives were often disregarded or opposed by Salafi teachers. These indicators reflect the prevailing Salafi puritanism ideology within the school's educational environment. In light of these findings, it is recommended that the school administration considers promoting intellectual diversity. Creating an inclusive environment that acknowledges and respects diverse thoughts and religious perspectives is crucial.

Interpersonal Communication in the Character Building of Students in Islamic Boarding Schools

Islamic boarding schools are Islamic institutions that help and develop students from a religious perspective which includes character formation. One of the success factors in forming the character of students in Islamic boarding schools is the role of a teacher. A teacher must be able to communicate well with students by prioritizing student discipline and politeness. One of the communications carried out in developing students is interpersonal communication. This research aims to find out how teachers' interpersonal communication approaches and strategies shape the character of Islamic boarding school students in Indonesia. This research uses a qualitative method with a case study type. Data sources were taken from ten informants through direct interviews using a set of interview protocols. The informants consisted of teachers at Islamic boarding schools and students. All interview data obtained was analyzed thematically using the Milles & Hubberman Interactive Analysis Model technique. Research findings found three identification approaches and two interpersonal communication strategies used by teachers in forming students' characters. The three identification approaches are the cultural approach, the sociological approach, and the psychological approach. The two strategies used by the teacher are punishment and catalyst strategies. This research has revealed teachers' interpersonal communication approaches and strategies in shaping the character of Islamic boarding school students in Indonesia. Apart from that, the results of this research can be used as a reference for anyone who wants to manage an educational institution in the form of an Islamic boarding school.

Understanding Tax Non Compliance Behavior of SMEs

This research combines a religious perspective in the tax non-compliance model. This research tries to provide a model that includes a religiosity perspective as a model for tax non-compliance. This research will examine the phenomenon of SME tax non-compliance in Batu City by integrating new variables, from social and economic approaches, namely geopolitical differences, tax service quality, public governance quality and system structure, tax system rate, penalty and religiosity. This research provides a model that includes a religiosity perspective as a model for SME tax non-compliance. This research is quantitative (positivist) research. The object of this research is SMEs in Batu City. The population in this study consists of SMEs in Batu City which are spread across the food and beverage business sector under the guidance of the Batu City Cooperatives and SMEs Service, totaling 175 businesses. The research results show several findings. The relationship between religiosity and tax non-compliance shows that the higher the level of religiosity, the lower the level of tax non-compliance compared to people with low levels of religiosity. The relationship between geopolitics and tax non-compliance provides an interpretation that tax non-compliance exists when there is a geopolitical gap. The worse the geopolitical conditions, the higher the level of taxpayer non-compliance. The relationship between the quality of tax services and tax non-compliance shows that tax non-compliance behavior decreases when the quality of tax services is higher. The relationship between the quality of public governance and tax impropriety decreases when the quality of public governance increases. Tax non-compliance behavior increases when tax rates are increased. Meanwhile, the relationship between penalties and tax non-compliance behavior shows that tax non-compliance behavior decreases when penalties increase.

Sex on Camera: A Postmodern Feminist Critique on Pornography

Pornography has been a topic of ongoing debate, particularly among feminist thinkers, regarding its implications for women's subjugation and oppression versus its potential as a means for women to express their sexuality, empower themselves, and exercise autonomy. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of pornography from diverse cultural, religious, and legal perspectives. Additionally, it explores the divergent feminist viewpoints on pornography, examining their respective issues and inconsistencies. On one side, anti-pornography feminists argue that pornography inherently serves as an oppressive tool that degrades and subjugates women. On the other side, pro-pornography feminists assert that pornography can empower women and facilitate the exploration and appreciation of their own sexuality. By employing these feminist perspectives, the study offers a critical analysis of pornography through a postmodern lens. Postmodernism emphasizes the importance of considering diverse perspectives based on varying experiences and conflicting narratives of women involved in pornography. In this study, the researcher distinguishes between the concept of pornography and its associated industry. As a concept, pornography is regarded as a catalyst for women's self-actualization and the free expression of their sexuality, thus representing a form of sexual liberation. However, as an industry, pornography can give rise to problems such as sex trafficking and exploitation, with women often being the victims. Consequently, the study emphasizes the need for certain boundaries or standards that prioritize women's autonomy, safety, and well-being. These limitations or standards are considered essential in enabling women to find meaning in their pursuit of self-actualization and the expression of their own sexuality.

Sosyo-Psikolojik Ve Dinî Açıdan Nefret Duygusu Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Bu araştırmada, ilgili literatür çerçevesinde, sosyo-psikolojik ve dinî açıdan nefret duygusu üzerine bir değerlendirilme yapılmıştır. Bu sayede konuyla ilgili yerli alan yazındaki teorik boşluğun giderilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Zira öfke, tiksinme, şiddet gibi duygularla nitelendirilen nefret duygusu, nesneye karşı yoğun bir hoşnutsuzluğu ihtiva etmekte ve nesneyi olumsuzlamaya veya ona zarar vermeye yönelik saldırgan nitelik taşıyan davranış kalıplarına yol açmaktadır. Yıkıcı doğası nedeniyle psikolojik, sosyal ve dinî hayatın bütünlüğüne yönelik tahrip edici bir rol üstlenmektedir. Dolayısıyla nefret duygusunu doğru okumak ve anlamak oldukça önem arz etmektedir. Buradan hareketle bu makalede psikolojik ve dinî perspektiften nefretin kavramsal yapısı incelenmiş, nefretin diğer duygularla olan ilişkisi farklılaşan ve kesişen yönleriyle ele alınmış ve nefrete yol açan durumlar üzerinde durulmuştur. Ayrıca nefretin, ruh sağlığı üzerindeki etkileri ve nefretle başa çıkma yolları hakkında bilgi verilmiştir.

Kesehatan Mental Dalam Islam

Mental health is a vital aspect of deep human life, and religious views play a crucial role in understanding it. This research aims to explore and understand the relationship between mental health and religious perspectives on individual quality of life. The research method used was a systematic review by searching for articles on Google Scholar using the keywords "Health," "Mental," "Al-Qur'an," and "Islam." Inclusion criteria include research articles in the last 10 years, Indonesian, in journal form, and publicly accessible. The research results show that mental health plays an important role in the Islamic view, which provides comprehensive guidelines for maintaining mental health. In the Islamic view, several important aspects include tawakkal (submission of oneself to Allah), dhikr and prayer to relieve stress and anxiety, maintaining balance in life, supporting healthy social relationships, providing social support, forgiveness, patience, and when needed, seeking help professionals such as psychotherapy or counseling. The Islamic view of mental health involves spiritual, psychological, and social dimensions, and by combining religious teachings with appropriate medical care and social support, individuals can achieve optimal mental health in accordance with the principles of their religion. Mental health in the Islamic view is an integral component of efforts to achieve holistic well-being in an individual's life.