Religious Norms Research Articles

Job Burnout Among Female Teachers in Saudi Primary Schools

This study investigates job burnout among female primary school teachers in Saudi Arabia, a relatively under-researched area in the region. It employs a structured questionnaire focusing on three dimensions: emotional exhaustion, Human relations, and Diminished Personal Accomplishment. The findings highlight a significant prevalence of emotional exhaustion, the most acute form of burnout experienced by these teachers. This high level of emotional fatigue is attributed to the demanding nature of their profession, societal expectations of women, and ongoing changes in the education sector. While diminished personal accomplishment receives a moderate rating, indicating challenges, human relations are managed effectively, likely influenced by cultural and religious norms emphasising respectful interaction. The study also examines the impact of social status and student gender on burnout. It concludes that social status doesn’t significantly affect burnout levels, but there’s notable higher burnout among female teachers who solely teach boys. Additionally, burnout varies with teaching experience, potentially due to differences in workload. This research contributes to understanding job burnout in female primary school teachers, emphasising the need for supportive measures in education.

Women’s Perception in Late Medieval European Preaching: A Comparative Analysis

The perception of women in the late medieval European preaching is rather complex and interesting. The theological viewpoint against medieval women is constrained towards their moral and social deliverance and virtues. However, late medieval sermons of preachers have helped to understand and amplify the conception of medieval society towards the social standing of European medieval women. In retrospect, this article examines women’s representation in the sermons of three prominent preachers from the 14th and 15th centuries: Giordano da Pisa, Bernardino of Siena, and St. Vincent Ferrer. The research individually analyzes the preachers' sermons through a comparative analysis, addressing women's weaknesses in the European medieval era. The sermons focus on the societal perceptions of women and their moral constitutions, aiming to promote spiritual conversion. Although the preachers share common perceptions, they have also managed to adopt the use of vernacular language, thus condemning sins, for instance, lust and adultery. Moreover, the preaching style and context they present medieval women vary significantly. Giordano da Pisa addresses an educated audience with an academic approach, whereas Bernardino da Siena preaches the broader and intellectual society in an accessible and didactic style. St. Vincent Ferrer employs a vehement tone, centered on instilling fear of the Final Judgment. The analysis reveals the importance of the image of women in medieval preaching. Moreover, the sermons of the preachers also aim to reinforce and redefine the social and religious norms related to women of the medieval era, therefore emphasizing on their role in maintaining moral stability and developing the institution of moral enrichment and social nourishment of their offspring.

Pernikahan Sesama Jenis: Tinjauan Hak dan Kewajiban Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Perkawinan

In the context of Indonesian law, marriage is defined as a bond between a man and a woman, which explicitly closes the possibility of recognition of same-sex marriage. In the midst of international developments that increasingly recognize the rights of same-sex couples, Indonesia still maintains a conservaative view influenced by religious and social norms. This study aims to analyze Indonesia’s Law No. 16 of 2019 on Marriage in the context of the rights and obligations of married couples and whether there is potential recognition for same-sex marriage in Indonesia. The law defines marriage as a union between a man and a woman, excluding the possibility of recognizing same-sex marriages. The study employs normative legal research with legislative and conceptual approaches. The findings reveal that provisions such as the minimum age for marriage, dispensation, and marriage authorization are only applicable to heterosexual couples. The rights established in the law, including protection from violence and access to healthcare, do not cover same-sex couples due to the absence of legal recognition. The conclusion emphasizes the existing inequality in access to civil rights in Indonesia, particularly for the LGBT community. While challenges remain from conservative social and religious norms, discussions on potential future revisions to marriage law remain open, particularly within the framework of equality and non-discrimination.

Judges’ perspectives on changes in the legal minimum age at marriage in Indonesia

ABSTRACT The new Marriage Act in Indonesia amended the minimum age for marriage for both women and men to 19 years old. Previous studies were dominated by factors that cause or result from Underage Marriage (UM). It is also important to know the perspective of the judges, who have an important role in the UM dispensation process. This study aims to explore the judges’ perspective when considering age changes in the Marriage Act and the ideal age for marriage. This study uses descriptive qualitative and deductive thematic analysis techniques. Data were collected through a purposive sampling technique and semi-structured interviews with 27 Islamic Court judges. There are five perspectives in responding to age limit changes; agreeing with 19 years old, returning to the old act, increasing the age limit to over 19 years old, giving different age limits for men and women, and considering that age does not affect readiness to marry. These perspectives also determine the ideal age for marriage based on several factors. The judges identified key factors indicating a person’s readiness to marry, including psychological maturity, physical and reproductive health, economic stability, educational attainment, and adherence to cultural and religious norms. Additionally, the persistence of underage marriage in Indonesia is attributed to poverty, lack of education, cultural practices like dowry, and societal pressure, particularly in rural areas.

'Impaired in life': Analyzing people's accounts of depression in Ethiopia - Implications for a cultural-eco social approach to global mental health.

Depression is a global crisis and a major concern in mental health interventions, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where it significantly impacts disability, quality of life, and economic stability. These chronic stressors have been used to argue for scaling up the detection and treatment of depression as a public health and development priority. This study aimed to explore illness narratives of depression among patients' and to gain insights into multifaceted suffering, its impact on persons' lives, and help seeking. This study is part the broader study which examined global mental health, biopolitics, and depression in Ethiopia, conducted in hospice setting to explore the conception of depression in Bahirdar city, Northern Ethiopia, among patients and health care providers. In this study, we focus on patients' accounts of depression. We employed an ethnography method using in-depth interviews, fieldnotes, and observation to collect the data. A thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Drawing from cross-cultural and critical psychiatry perspectives, we situate depression within its cultural-eco social framework. The study revealed that patients' experiences and conception of depression are deeply intertwined with Ethiopia's sociocultural, economic, and spiritual context. Depression was often described as a state of being 'impaired in life', reflecting the complex interplay of individual struggles and societal pressures. Integrating quotes from patients, we demonstrated in this analysis the ways in which biographically specific challenges, societal pressures, and mental well-being are understood by study participants in accordance with Ethiopian cultural and religious norms. The study suggests moving beyond narrow interpretative frameworks in GMH praxis to understand and address the complex dimensions of depression in Ethiopia and similar contexts. The study advocates for a cultural-ecosocial approach to depression, emphasizing the need for mental health interventions that consider the broader social and cultural factors contributing to mental distress.

Illocutionary Speech Acts in Sawér Poetry of the Sundanese Ethnic Traditional Marriage Ceremony

The lyrics contained in every nyawér ceremony certainly have meaning and a message. This research aims to determine the type of speech of each stanza of poetry and to understand the meaning contained inward. This research adopts descriptive qualitative methods with a cultural approach. The research data were taken from a Sundanese sawér poetry by Mr. Tahyan from Ciamis consisting of 9 stanzas. Each stanza, consisting of several lines of poetry, was analyzed using Searle's speech act theory to determine the type of speech and pragmatic manifestations. The cultural approach was used to strengthen the analysis. This was because the speech in the sawér poetry of the wedding ceremony is very closely related to the culture of a region, in this case, the Sundanese ethnic group. The results of the research show that the types of speech in Sundanese sawér poetry consist of 2 directive illocutionary speech acts meaning requests and hopes; 3 directive illocutionary acts meaning prohibitions and warnings; 2 directive illocutionary commands and suggestions; 1 assertive illocutionary meaning statement, and 1 assertive illocutionary act that means hopeful. The meaning contained in the sawér poetry is advice for the newlyweds to enter married life through religious norms and social norms so that they can live it well and achieve happiness.

Cultural Reproduction and Religious Traditions Among Banyumas Migrant Communities Within the NGAPAK Population in The Provinces of Lampung and East Kalimantan

Understanding the perpetuation of cultural and religious traditions among Banyumasan migrant communities presents a multifaceted challenge, necessitating a profound comprehension of Banyumasan cultural and religious norms, the migratory journey to regions such as Lampung and Kalimantan, and the intricate dynamics of cultural transmission. Meticulous research yields the following conclusions: Firstly, Banyumasan culture encompasses communities in Banjarnegara, Purbalingga, Banyumas, Cilacap, Kebumen, Tegal, and Brebes, characterized by the prevalent Ngapak dialect of Javanese. Rooted in language, values, traditions, and rituals, Banyumasan culture reflects egalitarianism, directness, and harmony, emblematic of the wong cilik community. Secondly, a significant number of Banyumasan individuals historically migrated to various parts of Indonesia, notably Lampung and Kalimantan, initially for colonial-era labor needs and later to alleviate population pressures and enhance economic prospects during the New Order era. Thirdly, migration fosters extensive interactions between Banyumasan migrants and host communities, involving a nuanced negotiation process wherein individuals balance preserving their cultural heritage and adapting to new surroundings. The outcome depends on effective communication strategies to convey Banyumasan cultural identity amidst diverse host cultures.

An Analysis of Indonesian Islamic Higher Education Institutions in the Era of Globalization

This study aims to explore how globalization and religious conservatism shape institutional and individual identities within Indonesian Islamic Higher Education Institutions (IHEIs). Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 30 experienced scholars, selected using purposive sampling from various IHEIs across Indonesia. The study found that globalization is perceived as a double-edged sword, offering opportunities for knowledge expansion and intercultural dialogue while also raising concerns about the erosion of cultural and religious identity. Religious conservatism manifested in a spectrum of responses, from traditionalist interpretations of Islam to advocacy for progressive and inclusive approaches. Participants’ responses varied, demonstrating IHEI agency in adapting curricula to integrate modern subjects while safeguarding Islamic principles. The study also highlighted individual agency within IHEIs, where scholars navigate personal beliefs and institutional expectations, advocating for social change within the boundaries of cultural and religious norms. However, this agency is often constrained by institutional structures and societal pressures. These findings underscored the need for context-specific policies that acknowledge diversity within IHEIs and empower both institutions and individuals to navigate the complexities of globalization and religious conservatism while preserving their unique identities.

Malulo Tradition in the Wedding Ceremony of Tolaki People in North Kolaka Perspective of Urf

Malulo, a traditional dance of the Tolaki people, is integral to various religious and social activities such as harvests, weddings, and aqiqah. This research explores the cultural significance of the Malulo dance in Kecamatan Lambai, Kabupaten Kolaka Utara, and examines its alignment with Islamic values, particularly regarding interactions between men and women. The study addresses whether the physical contact in the dance contradicts Islamic teachings and offers solutions to preserve the tradition while adhering to religious principles. Using a qualitative approach, interviews with religious leaders, cultural practitioners, and community members were conducted, alongside an analysis of Islamic legal perspectives on urf (customs). The findings show that while Malulo fosters community cohesion and has deep cultural roots, the practice of hand-holding between non-mahram men and women is seen as inconsistent with Islamic teachings. The research suggests modifications, such as separating men and women during the dance, to preserve the tradition without violating religious values. The study's originality lies in its attempt to reconcile a local cultural tradition with Islamic jurisprudence, offering a balanced solution that respects both heritage and religious principles. This approach highlights the broader importance of harmonizing cultural practices with religious norms, particularly in multi-ethnic and multi-religious societies, and could serve as a model for resolving similar conflicts elsewhere.

Intersections of Genre and Identity in Contraceptive Health Discourses

This study aims to examine online contraception texts as a way to interrogate the intersections of identity, inclusivity, and access in contraception and reproductive health discourses. At the center of this project is the understanding that, while many contraceptive technologies are designed for and marketed towards "women" for the sole use of preventing pregnancy, the actual users of contraception and their purposes for its use are diverse and involve considerations of sexuality, gender identity, socioeconomic status, ability, cultural and religious norms, and access to healthcare. By examining the genre of contraception texts through systematized coding and rhetorical analysis, this study examines how the constitutive genre features of these texts do and do not recognize the diversity of users, with a particular focus on users in the trans community.

Migrant traders, social capital, and the politics of local wisdom: A descriptive study of Warung Madura networks in Jakarta, Indonesia

This article examines the factors driving the survival and self-reliance of Madurese migrant traders in Jakarta, Indonesia. Specifically, it aims to refine the long-standing argument that minority migrant groups are forced to adapt, become marginalized, and shed their identities. By combining perspectives on social capital and the politics of local wisdom, this mixed-method study provides an in-depth analysis of how Madurese migrant traders establish and develop networks of small grocery stalls, known as “Warung Madura,” in Jakarta. Our findings reveal that social capital – through strong Madurese ethnic and religious values, norms, networks, and trust among members – is the main driving force behind the success of these traders in Jakarta. Furthermore, strict adherence to local wisdom, specifically Madurese culture and traditional Islamic teachings, significantly contributes to their survival and self-reliance. The results suggest that the survival strategies employed by Madurese migrant traders, based on certain social capital and local wisdom, could serve as a model for the socioeconomic empowerment of urban ethnic migrant groups.

What Sexual Orientation Change Efforts Change: Evidence From a United States Sample of 72 Exposed Men.

Voluntary non-coercive therapeutic interventions for adults arecollectively known assexual orientation change efforts (SOCE).Research on SOCE has reported global or average sexual orientation change, but not in more detail. This study addresses two questions: Does change consist primarily of reduced homosexual orientation or increased heterosexual orientation?Does change consist primarily of change in behavior or change in attraction? Method:Aconvenience sample of 72 men who had completed SOCEwas examined for the decrease in homosexual attraction, increase in heterosexual attraction, and corresponding changes in sexual behavior among those experiencing a homosexual-to-heterosexual shift.All measures were self-reported. Participants reported extremely high religiosity. A third (32%, N=23) reported a shift from general homosexual attraction (score of 4-6) to general heterosexual attraction (score of 0-2) on the Kinsey scale, which ranges from "exclusively heterosexual" (0) to "exclusively homosexual" (6). Among these, effect sizes (Cohen's d) for sexual fantasy and desire for romantic intimacy were larger for homosexual reduction (fantasy: -2.3, desire: -1.5) than for heterosexual increase (fantasy: +1.8, desire: + 1.0). Effect sizes for sexual behaviors, measured by kissing and sex relations, dropped the largest possible amount for homosexual behavior (kissing: -1.0, sex: -1.5, both statistically significant at p<0.004) while there was little to no increase in heterosexual behavior (kissing: +0.36, sex +0.38, both statistically non-significant at p>0.13). Change consisted primarily of reduced homosexual orientation and change in behavior was much stronger than change in attraction.SOCE supported conformity to strong religious norms against homosexual behavior, but not attractions, for this group of extremely religious men.Implications for understanding SOCE-related sexual orientation change are discussed.

Correlates of Peace: Religious Determinants of Interreligious Peace

ABSTRACT While the study of interreligious conflict is a growing field of research, interreligious peace lacks conceptualisation and empirical investigation. We propose a concept of interreligious peace that distinguishes between positive and negative elements as well as attitudinal and behavioural aspects. The resulting four-dimensional concept is operationalised with a dataset covering 170 countries between 1990 and 2014, showing considerable global variation. We then apply our concept by testing how religious ideas and norms, religious demography and state-religion institutions determine interreligious peace. Our analysis finds that the determinants of individual elements of interreligious peace differ considerably, emphasising the need for nuanced analyses.

In family we trust: Religiosity and credit rationing in family-owned firms

This paper investigates the influence of regional religiosity on credit rationing for family-owned firms in Italy. By using data from the VIII UniCredit Survey on medium-sized enterprises, we examine how the intersection of family ownership and religious engagement is related with firms’ access to credit. The results indicate that family firms are generally more likely to face credit restrictions; however, this likelihood is significantly reduced in regions with high levels of religious participation. This suggests that religious norms, which convey trustworthiness and lower risk in family firms, enhance their chances of obtaining credit from banks.

Fenomena Sosial dalam Novel Ancika Karya Pidi Baiq

This problem is: Social phenomena, various social phenomena and various norms, factors of social phenomena, the impact of social phenomena in the novel Ancika by Pidi Baiq?. The aim of this research is: To describe social phenomena, various social phenomena, factors of social phenomena, the impact of social phenomena in the novel Ancika by Pidi Baiq. The method in this research is a descriptive analysis method. The results of the research state as follows: 1) Social phenomena in the novel Ancika by Pidi Baiq. Based on data analysis, social phenomena were found in the novel Ancika by Pidi Baiq. From the results of reading the novel, 90 data were collected containing social phenomena. Data analysis states that there are 9 social phenomena described by the author. 2) Various social phenomena in the novel Ancika by Pidi Baiq. Based on data analysis, various kinds of social phenomena were found in the novel Ancika by Pidi Baiq. There were 6 types found, namely: 1) Habitual norms, 2) Moral norms, 3) Legal norms, 4) Narcotics abuse, 5) Corruption, 6) Religious norms. 3) Factors of social phenomena in the novel Ancika by Pidi Baiq. Based on data analysis, various kinds of social phenomena were found in the novel Ancika by Pidi Baiq. There were 2 types of factors found, namely: 1) Structural factors, 2) Cultural factors. 4) The impact of social phenomena in the novel Ancika by Pidi Baiq. Based on data analysis, various kinds of social phenomena were found in the novel Ancika by Pidi Baiq. There were 2 types of impacts found on social phenomena, namely: 1) Positive impacts, 2) Negative impacts. The suggestions are as follows: 1) For readers, the author hopes that this research will increase readers' appreciation of literary works. 2) For literary researchers, this research can be the beginning of inspiration for researchers themselves to be able to make better research, especially in researching literary works. 3) For future researchers, future researchers should be able to conduct research more perfectly, both related to this research, and related to other problems in research with the object of the novel Ancika by Pidi Baiq.

Between Rights and Realities: The Struggle for Freedom of Speech in Pakistan

In Pakistan the 1973 Constitution enshrines the right to freedom of speech. However, this essential freedom has been gradually eroded by a complex interplay of sociopolitical factors and legal restrictions. Ultimately various forces ranging from political pressures and security concerns to social and religious norms have considerably curtailed this constitutional right. The study investigates how political unrest religious beliefs and state surveillance contribute to a culture of self-censorship through a qualitative analysis of academic literature, legal documents, news articles and interviews with journalists and legal experts. This study highlights the growing discrepancy between the legal and constitutional rights and the actual experiences of people in Pakistan who are attempting to exercise their right to freedom of speech.

Exploring barriers to physical activity participation among female nursing students adhering to specific social-cultural norms in Indonesia: A qualitative study.

The prevalence of insufficient physical activity is common among nursing students and impacts their academic performance. Research on obstacles to physical activity (PA) among religious women, notably Muslims, is limited. This study aimed to explore barriers to PA among Indonesian Muslim female nursing students and gather suggestions for overcoming those barriers. This study used a qualitative descriptive design. Two focus groups were conducted with 12 Muslim female nursing students in Makassar, Indonesia. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data were collected from May and July 2019. Inductive thematic analysis was used to identify core themes and sub-themes. Thematic analysis identified barriers to PA across four main themes: intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional, and social-cultural related to religious context. Each theme included two to three sub-themes, totaling nine categories of PA participation barriers. Intrapersonal barriers consisted of low motivation, emotional states, and a sedentary lifestyle. Interpersonal challenges included a lack of family or friend support and family obligations. Institutional barriers involved academic workload prioritization, school environment inaccessibility, and absence of athletic curriculum policy. Socio-cultural barriers posed by religious expectations included gender-related concerns and modest dressing. Drawing from their perspectives as Muslim female nursing students, study participants proposed six strategies to address these barriers. Proposed solutions include promoting PA through Apps, forming female team-up clubs, providing designated exercise spaces, and implementing mandatory athletic courses for nursing students at the institutional level. Additionally, offering female instructors and private exercise rooms could reduce the barriers from a socio-cultural perspective caused by religious expectations. The study found that Muslim female nursing students with dual roles face increased barriers to PA participation, driven by intrapersonal and interpersonal levels, nursing learning load, and religious norms. Schools could build environments to meet the religious expectations within Indonesian society to promote PA for Muslim female nursing students. For example, the practical strategies include offering private rooms or female instructors when they physically exercise in school.

Longing for home: Analyzing the trauma in Atiq Rahimi's Earth and Ashes and The Patience Stone

The current research paper deals with reference to the novels Earth and Ashes and The Patience Stone by Atiq Rahimi, which examines the trauma and suffering experienced by Afghans during and after the war. Despite being fiction, the characters in both novels experience both physical and mental suffering, which accurately captures life in a war zone. Every character wants to leave the conflicting situation because war makes the characters numb. All the major and supporting characters struggle with finding their identities. This paper aims to shed some light on the causes of war and its effects on people. There is a strong feeling of psychological distress evident in the novel as the characters struggle to cope with the loss of their loved ones after their deaths. The burden of oppression by marital, social, and religious norms is very well portrayed. The characters are in search for the true home both inside and outside as they lost their lives in their homeland. Their external search is for a better place to live a typical human life on Earth that is free of war and conflict, while their internal search is for their true selves and identities. The selected novels illustrate how war actually causes trauma for people who are forced to flee their homes and become refugees.

Pengabdian Masyarakat dengan “Pendampingan Posyandu Remaja sebagai Upaya Preventif Kenakalan Remaja di Posyandu Remaja Kelurahan Banyurip Kota Pekalongan”

Adolescence is a transition period which is a period of transition in a child's development between childhood and adulthood which generally begins at the age of 12 or 13 years and ends at the age of 21 years. Adolescence is a vulnerable period because of the inability of teenagers to solve their own problems. Many teenagers ultimately find that many of the solutions do not match their expectations. advances in science and technology always result in social change, with increasingly sophisticated communications technology, transportation and information systems, changes in society are accelerating more rapidly. In facing such situations, teenagers often have a more sensitive soul, which in the end, quite a few teenagers fall into things that are contrary to moral values, religious norms, social norms and norms of life in society. The aim of this service is to provide assistance to youth posyandu as an effort to prevent juvenile delinquency. The method used in this community service activity begins with an opening and introduction of the resource persons, then continues with the delivery of health education material, a question and answer session to the participants and finally closing. With this activity, the posyandu felt helped because it was provided with assistance and information in preventive efforts to prevent juvenile delinquency.

Antecedents, Characteristics, and Dynamics of IPV in the Israeli Jewish Ultra-Orthodox Community: A Cultural Exploration

Abstract Purpose This qualitative study explored Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in the Israeli Jewish Ultra-Orthodox (JUO) community to better understand the cultural and religious risk factors and features underlying IPV in this under-researched sector. Method Semi-structured interviews implementing the Clinical Ethnographic Narrative Interviews approach were conducted with 15 JUO women currently living with or separated/divorced from their abusive partners who were victims of IPV. The interviews were analyzed using the Interpretive Phenomenological approach. Results Two key themes emerged from the analysis. The first theme involves the normalization and exacerbation of violence due to specific religious and societal norms that perpetuate silence and stigma. Factors such as early marriage, religious beliefs about the sanctity of marriage, disadvantaged childhood experiences, and distorted religious justifications contributed to the victims’ vulnerability and hindered their ability to seek help. The second theme is related to the specific features of the abuse. It covers a range of tactics employed by husbands, including financial oppression, social isolation, physical violence, and manipulation during pregnancy, all based on and justified by distorted religious concepts. Conclusions Though aspects of intergenerational abuse and control tactics to aggravate violence are common universal strategies in IPV, the findings here underscore the interplay between religious practices and societal expectations within the JUO community that contribute to the perpetration and perpetuation of IPV. These findings contribute to a better understanding of IPV in religious and traditional contexts and highlight the importance of tailoring interventions to address the needs of specific collectivistic and religious-based societies.