Religious Ethics Research Articles

Healthcare practitioners as accomplices: a qualitative study of gender affirmation in a context of ambiguous regulation in Indonesia

BackgroundThe World Professional Association for Transgender Health guidelines Standards of Care 8 draw on ethical arguments based on individual autonomy, to argue that healthcare and other professionals should be advocates for trans people. Such guidelines presume the presence of medical services for trans people and a degree of consensus on medical ethics. Very little is known, however, about the ethical challenges associated with both providing and accessing trans healthcare, including gender affirmation, in the Global South. In light of the challenges associated with medical and legal gender affirmation in Indonesia, we conducted a qualitative study to understand the views of trans people, healthcare providers, and legal practitioners.MethodsIn this qualitative study, we drew on a participatory methodology to conduct 46 semi-structured interviews between October and December 2023, with trans people (10 trans feminine people and 10 trans masculine people, each interviewed twice) and key informants (three healthcare providers and three lawyers and paralegals). Trans people were a central part of the research team from inception through to analysis and writing. Participants were recruited via community-led sampling. Data analysis of interview data took place through an immersion/crystallisation technique and preliminary inductive coding which highlighted key quotes. We focused on an inductive analysis using participant narratives to identify key concepts in the ethics of gender affirmation in Indonesia.ResultsWe characterize the ethics of supportive healthcare workers, community members, and family members, as that akin to “accomplices,” a concept of ethics used in theories of racial justice which evaluate a willingness to support people to navigate laws and regulations which perpetuate injustices and violence. Overall, both trans people and key informants shared an understanding that the legal status of gender-affirming medical care was particularly ambiguous in Indonesia due to a lack of clarity in both laws and regulations. For trans participants, ethical arguments for the validity of legal and medical gender affirmation was premised on evidence that their gender identity and expression was already recognized within society, even if limited to immediate friends and family. Given that all participants expressed a desire for gender affirmation, but such services were widely unavailable, accomplices played a crucial role in supporting trans people to access healthcare.ConclusionsAn empirical study based on an “ethics from below” helps to show that arguments grounded in autonomy, or based on biomedical evidence, are unlikely to alter unjust laws or facilitate a change to pathologizing guidelines governing understanding of trans people’s healthcare and legal needs in Indonesia. We provide an analysis that is sensitive to the ethics of facilitating gender affirmation in a context where that process is inherently social, and often articulated in relation to a prevailing religious morality.

Revolusi Industri 4.0 dan Tantangan Pendidikan Islam: Meneguhkan Peran Guru sebagai Khalifah dalam Membentuk Generasi Berkarakter

The Fourth Industrial Revolution and advancements in digital technology present both significant challenges and opportunities for Islamic education. This article explores strategies for shaping a character-driven generation in the digital era through a holistic approach that integrates religious education, ethics, and technology. This approach aims to enhance the quality of learning by leveraging technologies such as online learning, interactive Qur'an applications, and social media, while addressing emerging ethical and moral challenges. The role of teachers as models of Islamic character is crucial in integrating religious values with digital practices and teaching digital ethics. Recommendations include enhancing teacher competencies, developing a holistic curriculum, monitoring digital content, as well as developing Islamic digital platforms and involving parents. By implementing these strategies, it is hoped that the younger generation will face the challenges of the digital era with strong character and solid religious values.

The Influence of Digital Transformation Based on Religious Ethics on MSME Performance in the Era of Industry 4.0

The Influence of Digital Transformation Based on Religious Ethics on MSME Performance in the Era of Industry 4.0

Women’s Representation in Banyumas Local Politics in the Perspective of David Easton’s Theory of Systems

The issue of women in politics becomes important as Indonesia begins to reform political institutions or political processes due of democracy. The purpose of this study is to find out women’s representation in Banyumas Regency, Central Java, in relation to cultural and Islamic values. Islam and Penginyongan cultural values promote traditional gender roles, which may limit women’s participation in politics. However, these values also promote social harmony, community participation, and religious morality, which may encourage women’s participation. Meanwhile, Indonesia’s political system includes a quota system for women’s political representation to increase the number of women in parliament. Data in this research comes from the number of women represented in political positions and their role in representing women’s interests, the meaning of Islamic values and Banyumas’ Penginyongan cultural values. Methods of data collection use interviews, observation, and documents. Using sociological approach, this study concludes that according to David Easton’s theory of systems, the influence of Islam and Penginyongan cultural values on women’s political representation in Banyumas is complex and shaped by a range of factors that interact with each other. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for developing strategies to promote gender equality and women’s political empowerment in the region.

The impact of nasimi's ethical-didactic and philosophical views on personality development

The article examines and determines the influence of the poet's ethical, didactic and philosophical views on the formation of personality and their role in shaping the worldview of schoolchildren. The research established that the poet, who spoke against oppression, submission and falsehood, teaches the younger generation – students to defend their honor and dignity on the path of their beliefs. Teaching Nasimi's poetry in schools of general education plays a significant role in shaping the personality of today's youth. In this article, I analyzed Nasimi's works from a scientific and pedagogical perspective and concluded that the poet's moral-didactic views, which foster various positive moral qualities in individuals, have played an important role in the spiritual upbringing of many generations and continue to do so today. Nearly all of his works stand out not only for the poet's moral and ethical qualities but also for their scientific intellect, deep thought and remarkable courage, relying on folk sayings, folklore examples and the ideas of previous great thinkers. Overall, in the teaching of literature, alongside introducing national examples, it is also necessary to familiarize pupils with works that celebrate universal values when appropriate. This is highly important for personality development and moral enrichment. The principle of moral purity in Nasimi's poetry is the foundation of his ethical and didactic views. A significant part of his work consists of the laws of wisdom, justice, peace, truth, and values. Nasimi, who provides a sound explanation of religious ethics, highlights the problems that arise from human desires and ignorance. According to the poet, all problems stem from ignorance and a person must continuously learn and guide their lifestyle correctly. In this regard, along with teaching I. Nasimi’s legacy in secondary schools, the promotion of his works is also very important. The process of explaining and teaching the arabic and persian words, religious-political issues and historical expressions of that era used in his ghazals, as well as providing commentary and explanations, finds its place in the promotion efforts. This helps create an understanding of the art of words for children who show an interest in creativity. We know that the concept of personality is one of the most important categories in modern psychology. A person is both a biological and a social being, constantly acting as a synthesis of the various characteristics of the broader social system. The structure of personality affects a person's relationships with others and their adaptation to the social environment. Through their speech, a personality draws the attention and interest of those around them and can embody special qualities based on their external appearance. Nasimi, a great artist who continued and developed the humanist ideas of Middle Eastern literature, expressed his strong belief in humanity, human dignity and human potential, portraying humans as the creators of life and the true source of life’s beauty in his poetry. I. Nasimi's rich body of work, which expresses profound humanism, presents the complete ideal personality. In his poems, the poet repeatedly emphasizes that there is only one path leading a person to spiritual perfection and that path is the path of truth and justice. His boundless love for humanity reflects his desire to see every person as an individual and he believes that the main factor in becoming a perfect and faultless personality is self-awareness and self-evaluation. The social-psychological traits considered essential for personality, such as purity, conviction, and belief, influence human behavior and constitute a person's superior qualities. In general, in the teachings of Hurufism, self-awareness holds a significant place in the system of self-improvement. Through self-awareness, a person is internally purified, becomes active, refines further, and attains wisdom. In this regard, the teaching of the poet’s works in secondary schools plays an important role in shaping the younger generation as individuals. In this article, I examined and determined the impact of the poet's philosophical, ethical-didactic, and philosophical views on personality development and their role in shaping the worldview of secondary school pupils

ჟან რასინის „ესთერის“ პოეტიკის ბიბლიური მოტივები

The article presents a literary and philosophical analysis of the biblical motifs of the play “Esther” by Jean-Baptiste Racine, a pro­minent representa­tive of European classicism, an outstanding French playwright of the 17th century. Despite the fact that in the era of classicism, the representation of antiquity was considered the standard and norm, Racine was able to convey biblical passages in his drama "Esther" with high artistic skill and introduced innovative ideas both in terms of content and form. The work discusses the poetic language and vocabulary of Jean Racine, excerpts of biblical passages from the text of the tragedy "Esther" and expressions that echo the theological thought from the Old Testament book of Esther. In this play, the author conveys biblical passages without breaking the content against the back­ground of his contemporary 17th century era of absolutism, poli­tical-social tension. The Old Testament source of Racine's tragedy "Esther" is seen as an alle­gory representing the relationship between the church and God accor­ding to some Christian biblical scholars. The nuances of the text of the book of Esther, which are taken from the Old Testa­ment, as well as all the actions of the main character of Racine's drama, Esther, are loaded with biblical symbolism, the verses are filled with the spirit of the Bible with tropical thinking. This play is recognized as the culmination of Racine's theatrical art, because the author manages to combine the ancient legacy of tragedy in poetry, with the magical melody of opera and the strictest religious morality, and all this in full compliance with Aristotle's precepts. The scientific novelty of the article is the intertextual and comparative analysis of the poetics of Racine's play "Esther" with the works of famous Georgian writers (For example: “The Knight in Tiger Skin” by the greatest Georgian world-class poet Shota Rusta­veli, “Didmouraviani” by Joseph Tfile­li (XVII century), King of Imereti Archil, Teimuraz I King of Kakheti etc.), which will be im­por­tant for a better understanding biblical aspects of the poetics of Racine's "Esther" and in this regard, for presenting the similarities between European classicism and the common problems of the Georgian classics of the same era. The article discusses and evaluates the literary-religious re-understan­ding of history based on Old Testament motifs by Jean Racine, which he perfectly presented in his drama "Esther" with the elements of ancient theo­ries of classicism and an amazing synthesis of biblical passages. He intro­duced innovative ideas in both the form and content of this work and added new life to the tragedies of the era of European classicism.

Addiction: An Examination Within the Framework of Religious Culture and Moral Knowledge Textbooks

This qualitative study, using content analysis, examines to what extent addiction, its causes, consequences, and prevention methods are covered and which types of addiction are discussed in Religious Culture and Moral Knowledge courses. The study focuses on how these topics are presented in RCMK textbooks, which primarily address substance addictions such as drugs, alcohol, and tobacco, while briefly mentioning behavioural addictions like overeating, gambling, and technology use. Addiction is portrayed as a moral issue affecting mental, physical, and spiritual health, as well as an individual's self-control and sense of responsibility. Substance addictions receive greater emphasis, reflecting their association with religious texts and state anti-addiction policies, whereas behavioural addictions are given less consideration. The study concludes that addiction should be approached in a comprehensive and progressively deepening manner as students advance through grade levels in RCMK textbooks. In its current form, the information does not appear to effectively develop skills or serve a preventive function that encourages healthier choices.

The variety of worldview profiles among Finnish upper secondary school students: a latent class analysis

ABSTRACT In recent decades, the religious landscape in Europe, including Finland, has witnessed increasing secularisation and pluralisation. In this article, we investigate the diversity of worldviews among Finnish upper secondary school students from a person-centred perspective. By conducting latent class analysis on the survey responses of 973 students, we distinguish five different worldview profiles: the Culturally Moderate are characterised by average scores on all worldview-related items. The Secularly Active distance themselves from clearly religious or spiritual items, yet they are very engaged in existential and ethical reflections. The Communally Passive show limited interest in spiritual or value-based activities, while the Existentially Indifferent tend to have minimal engagement with worldview-related issues. The Religiously Active are the smallest class in the data and the only ones to show marked involvement in distinctly religious concerns. Personal ethics and meaning are important across the classes and are also relatively important in classes otherwise uninterested in worldview-related issues. Finally, the article concludes with a discussion of the educational implications of the findings for Religious Education and Ethics instruction.

Analisis Marketing Mix Pada Toko Pertanian Dalam Perspektif Etika Bisnis Islam (Studi Kasus Pada Toko Sinar Argo Mandiri Pasuruan)

The purpose of this research is to determine the marketing mix strategy in marketing management at the Sinar Argo Mandiri Shop, Pasuruan. To find out the marketing mix strategy from the perspective of Islamic business ethics at the Sinar Argo Mandiri Pasuruan Shop. Business in the field of agricultural medicine is a business that is quite promising. Like the agricultural medicine shop which is quite large in the Penengahan District area, namely Toko Sinar Argo Mandiri Pasuruan. Toko Sinar Argo Mandiri Pasuruan is a private company operating in the field of agricultural medicine. The people of Penengahan District, most of whom work as farmers, make agricultural medicine businesses very promising and can earn quite large profits. Therefore, entrepreneurs want lots of profits, various strategies and innovations are implemented as steps to achieve the company's desired goals. In Islam it is strictly forbidden to produce or sell anything that destroys good faith and morals, shakes religious values ​​and morals, preoccupies oneself with futile things and takes them away from seriousness, brings them closer to falsehood and keeps them away from the truth, brings the world closer and keeps it away. hereafter. Researchers used a qualitative approach research method. The object of the research is the Sinar Argo Mandiri Shop in Pasuruan. Research data was collected through interviews, documentation and observation methods. The results of this research are that the marketing mix implemented by Toko Sinar Argo Mandiri Pasuruan is in accordance with Islamic business ethics, this can be seen from the absence of deviations that violate the principles of Islamic business ethics in the marketing mix implemented by Toko Sinar Argo Mandiri Pasuruan.

Interreligious Ethics in the Chinese Context: A Comparative Study of the Ten Commandments and the Five Precepts

Religious laws are an important manifestation of religious ethics, maintaining and integrating the community of believers while providing behavioral guidelines for individual believers. This article explores the differences in laws between Judaism and Buddhism through textual analysis of the Ten Commandments in the Bible and the Five Precepts in Buddhism. The article argues that the overlapping content between the two represents the expression of a shared natural law tradition in different religious cultures. However, there are also significant differences. The Ten Commandments were issued for the entire Israelite community, emphasizing the sacred relationship between humans and God and reflecting the characteristics of the Israelite nation as a community of faith. The Five Precepts of Buddhism which originally served as behavioral guidelines for the monastic order later expanded to include all Buddhist followers, focusing on the intentions and thoughts behind speech and actions. Due to the diverse cultural contexts Buddhism encounters, violations of precepts do not entail judicial punishment but are emphasized for their obstructive role in spiritual practice.

CULTIVATION OF RELIGIOUS CHARACTER EDUCATION AT THE MEPEPADA CEREMONY AT PURA AGUNG KERTAJAYA TANGGERANG

The yadnya ceremony is the basis of Hindu religious teachings, including tattva and ethics. Hindus implement religious teachings through the yadnya ceremony. There are five yadnya that are always carried out, namely Dewa Yadnya, Bhuta Yadnya, Manusa Yadnya, Pitra Yadnya and Rsi Yadnya. Interestingly, every Mupuk pedagingan ceremony is always accompanied by a mepepada ceremony, such as the Numpuk pedagingan ceremony at Pura Agung Kertajaya Tanggerang. This mepepada ceremony is interesting to study, especially in instilling character education values. The research method used is qualitative, data collection through interviews and observation. The results of the research show that there is an instillation of religious character education at the mepepada ceremony: belief in Lord Shiva in the form of Rare Anggon descending into the world to pick up the atman of the animal that is used as his yadnya, believing in the existence of the same atman for both animals and humans, believing that the good karma of the animal that is being used as his yadnya will receive purification and punarbhawa believes that the evolution of animals that are used as sacred sacrifices will be born into creatures that are better or more useful than before.

Getting to know ChatGPT: How business students feel, what they think about personal morality, and how their academic outcomes affect Oman's higher education

The present study develops an integrative framework that investigates the relationship between the acceptability of ChatGPT among business students and their attitude, intention to adopt, and performance. This is achieved by examining the moderating role of business students' moral values and religious ethics. Using data collected from 312 university business students in Oman, we show that perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEOU), and perceived convenience (PC) have a positive effect on their attitudes toward ChatGPT. Business students' attitudes toward ChatGPT have a strong positive influence on their adoption intentions. Notably, university business students’ ChatGPT adoption intentions increased their academic performance. Remarkably, business students' Personal Morality and religion-related ethics trigger them to experience regret or a sense of responsibility for their actions that violate academic integrity or ethical standards in their studies. Establishing explicit ethical standards and procedures for the usage of artificial intelligence (AI) tools such as ChatGPT in educational settings is vital for higher educational institutions (HEIs). This research adds to the theoretical intervention of investigating how personal morality and religion-related ethics interact with AI tools such as ChatGPT, which can add to ethical decision-making theories. The current study has significant implications for theory as well as for practice.

India’s Vaccine Diplomacy and Global Health Governance: A Soft Power Approach in the Context of Public Policy and Religious Values

Research Problem: India's vaccine diplomacy during the Covid-19 pandemic has not only emerged as a significant tool of soft power but also involves moral and ethical dimensions closely tied to religious values and public policy. In the midst of a global crisis, the interaction between India’s vaccine diplomacy and the religious and public policy frameworks of recipient nations requires deeper exploration. Research purposes: This article aims to analyze the role of India’s vaccine diplomacy in relation to public policy and religious values in recipient countries, examining how India’s global health initiatives influence moral and ethical perceptions of vaccine distribution, fairness, and international solidarity. Research methods: The study employs policy analysis through a comprehensive literature review, focusing on the relationship between vaccine diplomacy, public policy, and responses from religious communities in the recipient countries. It also explores the ethical and spiritual dimensions of India’s health diplomacy approach and its impact on public health policies. Results and Discussion: The findings reveal that India’s vaccine diplomacy, through initiatives like "Vaccine Maitri," not only strengthens political ties with neighboring and global countries but also interacts with religious value systems, influencing public acceptance of vaccines. Moral values such as solidarity and justice, integral to many religious traditions, reinforce positive responses to the vaccine initiatives. Additionally, in some nations, religious communities have played a significant role in promoting vaccine acceptance by framing the health response in moral terms. Research Implications and Contributions: This research highlights the importance of integrating religious values into public health policy, particularly in global health contexts. Vaccine diplomacy rooted in moral solidarity and universal ethical principles, aligned with religious values, has the potential to enhance international cooperation and reduce vaccine hesitancy. Thus, this study contributes to understanding how religion and public policy can collaborate effectively in addressing global health challenges.

Religious monoglossia/heteroglossia and discourses of women leadership in Pakistani higher education

A growing body of literature reveals how women in higher education are either excluded from leadership roles or face challenges when they take such responsibilities. The role of religion in Muslim societies is vital to understand Muslim women's sense of “self” and their academic leadership roles and engagement in social and political activities. This study uses Bakhtin's writings as well as a feminist perspective in Islam to unpack how religious discourses shape and construe Muslim women's leadership roles in a public university in Pakistan. Data in this study was drawn from two sources: (a) semi-structured interviews with women academic leaders and academics and (b) focus group discussions with postgraduate students. Findings suggest that discourse around women's leadership in higher education in Pakistan is influenced by a male-centric religious monoglossia characterized by discourses on the hijab, masculinist religious epistemologies, and male-centric divine imagery. In addition, the study points to heteroglossic de-centering of the religious monoglossia by suggesting heteroglossic fluidity in Pakistani religious ethics that favors women's roles as leaders in higher education. A heteroglossic fluidity is characterized by how Islam is viewed as a national project, interpreted along sectarian and gendered lines, and often misused to discourage women from assuming leadership roles.

Discovering Islamic marketing potential in shaping blockchain-­based halal logistic services: a bibliometric analysis

Purpose This paper aims to examine the Islamic marketing literature to uncover potential customer adoption behaviours and enhance the effectiveness of blockchain-based halal logistics services in catering to customer demands. The findings of this paper provide substantial contributions to the realms of both halal logistics services and Islamic marketing literature, delineating future paths for research. By delving into halal logistics practices, integration procedures and service provider performance, this paper assists stakeholders in enhancing halal logistics services to meet the changing demands of customers effectively. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses a systematic review incorporating bibliometric analysis to examine past and contemporary research topics, selecting and appraising contributions while analysing and consolidating data. A methodical approach has been used to identify, assess and incorporate pertinent studies on Islamic characteristics, traceability technology, blockchain integration and halal logistics practices. Findings After screening and analysing 139 selected documents with the VOS viewer, it is evident that among a 1,000 keywords, 15 stand out in terms of frequency and link strength. The research highlights the considerable academic interest in themes such as “blockchain”, “halal logistics” and “supply chain”, underscoring their importance. The findings of this paper help bridge the gap in Islamic marketing by linking technology with religious values. It suggests that the integration of blockchain technology in halal logistics enhances operational efficiency while aligning with both operational and Islamic marketing principles, promoting ethical conduct and transparency as key enablers. Practical implications The theoretical significance of this paper lies in establishing a correlation among three key research domains: technology, symbolised by blockchain; customer-centric operations, incorporating the halal supply chain and logistics within Islamic marketing. The outcomes reflect consumer behaviour and Shariah compliance. This integration has the potential to introduce innovative theoretical frameworks that encompass religious ethics in marketing, logistics and technological advancements. Originality/value This paper comprehensively analyses the intersection between blockchain technology, halal logistics, supply chain management and Islamic marketing. The paper has comprehensively analysed previous studies and outlined the future research path for blockchain technology in halal logistics and its application in Islamic marketing literature.

Accepting or criticizing religion in the process of globalization

Religion, a belief system closely linked to social life, is the subject of research analyzing religious tolerance and criticism in the struggle for human rights. The issue of religious tolerance and criticism will be clarified based on human rights and religious rights. In addition, the relationship between personal ethics and religious ethics is also different, in which the method of combining humanistic philosophy and social philosophy is used to clarify the complex relationships between religion, people, and society, especially the power and role of individuals in religious communities. Research shows that religion influences behavior and shapes people's value systems and rules of life. However, these value systems sometimes lead to discrimination and conflict. From there, the article concludes that religion is a product of human beings, and its existence can be both a positive and an opposing force in society, depending on specific historical conditions. Studying religious tolerance or criticism is essential to building a harmonious society. People must respect the diversity of beliefs and seek common values in reclaiming human rights in globalization.

Ethics of Teacher and Student Educative Interaction in The Book Tazkiratu Al-Sami'i Wa Al-Mutakallimi Fi Adabi Al-Alimi Wa Al-Muta'allimi By Imam Ibnu Jama'ah

This study aims to reveal the ethics of educational interactions between teachers and students in the bookazkiratu al-Sami'i Wa al-Mutakallimi Fi Adabi al-Alimi Wa al-Muta'allimi worksImam Ibn Jama'ah and the relevance of the contents of the book to the dynamics of teacher and student interaction in today's education. This research method is a qualitative research with a type of literature review research and a pragmatic approach. The data analysis uses content analysis. The results of the study show that 1)The ethics that must be adhered to by teachers towards students in educational interactions in the book include: being sincere in educating and teaching, reflecting a close relationship, not being stingy in providing knowledge, not hitting, being sensitive to the environment, and being fair. 2) The ethics that must be adhered to by students towards teachers in the book include: being politeḍu', not arrogant about the knowledge they have, adorn themselves with good morals, be serious in learning, be patient and steadfast in seeking knowledge. The relevance of today's dynamics is that teachers are continuously required to develop creativity in the learning process, so that the interaction between teachers and students always creates a harmonious, humanistic atmosphere, and is full of religious and eastern moral ethics.

Upaya Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Peserta Didik PAK dengan Model PBL pada Materi Yesus Mengajarkan Pengampunan Kelas V Fase C SD Negeri 5 Cinta Maju

This study aims to improve learning outcomes in Catholic Religious Education and Budi Pekerti subjects by using the Problem Based Learning (PBL) learning model for class V SD Negeri 5 Cinta Maju in the 2024/2025 school year. This type of research is Classroom Action Research (PTK) which is carried out in two cycles with 1 meeting in each cycle. Each cycle consists of several stages, namely planning, implementation, action, observation and reflection. The first and second cycles discussed the material Jesus Teaches Forgiveness. This study aims to determine whether there is an increase in student learning outcomes with the help of the PBL learning model on the material of Jesus Teaches Forgiveness in class V in the subject of Catholic Religious Education and ethics at SD Negeri 5 Cinta Maju. This PTK also aims to determine how much the increase in learning achievement targets with the help of the PBL method on the material Jesus Teaches Forgiveness in class V in Catholic religious education and character education subjects at SD Negeri 5 Cinta Maju. Based on the results of observations of student learning activities, teacher activities, and student learning outcomes tests that the Problem Based Learning learning model can improve the activities and learning outcomes of Catholic Religious Education and Ethics in class V Phase C students of SD Negeri 5 Cinta Maju, Sitiotio District, Samosir Regency.

Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Peserta Didik Kelas VIII SMP Negeri 2 Tarabintang melalui Metode Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning

This study aims to improve the learning outcomes of eighth-grade students at SMP Negeri 2 Tarabintang in the subjects of Catholic Religious Education and Ethics through the implementation of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model. This method was chosen as a solution to the low interest and learning outcomes of students, especially in understanding the material of the Church as a Sign and Means of Salvation. This study employs a Classroom Action Research (CAR) approach conducted in two cycles. Each cycle involves the stages of planning, action implementation, observation, and reflection. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of the PBL model successfully improved students' learning outcomes in the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects. In the first cycle, the average value of student test results reached 76, which increased to 85 in the second cycle. In addition, students' active participation in group discussions increased significantly, as seen from the observation results that showed an increase in students' ability to identify problems, provide alternative solutions, and appreciate the perspectives of others. In conclusion, the implementation of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model has proven effective in improving students' learning outcomes, both in terms of knowledge and social skills. The application of this model not only increases students' understanding of the material taught but also enhances students' active participation and motivation to learn. It is recommended that teachers continue to apply this method in teaching, especially in subjects that require active student involvement in problem-solving.

Upaya Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa SD Negeri 1 Parapat Melalui Model Problem Based Learning (PBL) pada Pendidikan Agama Katolik

of Catholic Religious Education and Ethics aims to shape students into individuals who have faith, piety, and noble character. This research focuses on increasing the spiritual potential of students through the introduction and cultivation of religious values. However, the lecture method that has been used has resulted in low motivation and student learning outcomes. This research was conducted at SD Negeri 1 Parapat with the application of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) Model to improve student independence and learning outcomes. The research method used is Classroom Action Research (PTK) which is carried out in two cycles. The results of the pre-test showed that only 2 out of 6 students were complete. In the first cycle, there was an increase in the average score to 76.7 with classical completeness of 70%. In the second cycle, the average grade increases to 100%, with 100% of students achieving completion. This study concludes that the PBL method is effective in improving student learning outcomes, independence, and creativity. The advice for teachers is to apply the PBL method consistently, for students to actively seek learning resources, and for schools to recommend PBL methods in each subject. This research emphasizes the importance of further development in the application of PBL for religious education.