Religious Brotherhoods Research Articles

Attempt at specifying the attribution of late medieval leather amulets From Central and Eastern Europe

We determine the function of the so-called leather amulets, of which we already know 50 specimens, mainly as identifiers of medieval messengers. In several cases, we managed to identify the connection between the amulets and document/letter cases and to specify other tangible attributes of messengers. Owing to the diversity of the iconographic programme and, occasionally, also of inscriptions, we were able to identify the issuers of these artefacts, albeit not without some reservations: rulers, the wealthy, municipal self-governments, trade organizations, minnesingers, bishops, religious fraternities, commanders of the Teutonic Order, and Jews. As for now, we know of only one workshop where the amulets and document cases were manufactured, specifically, in Nysa, Silesia; however, only part of the known products were made there. The origin of the amulets not discovered yet in Western Europe is still to be determined, along with specifying the function of love amulets and identifying coats of arms of commanders known from the amulets, as well as narrowing down the identification of the emblem of a mermaid with a specific trade organization.

The Central Role of Tuan Guru in the 19th Century Social Revolution Movement in Lombok

This research discusses the central role of Tuan Guru in the social revolution movement of Sasak people against colonialism in Lombok island in the 19th century. This research was combined research (blended research) in qualitative research and used social movement theory as a collective action that offers change or resistance to bring about new life. The Sasak social revolution movement was motivated by the prolonged commonality of the fate suffered by the annexation of local and global colonialism-imperialism. The central role of Tuan Guru in the social revolution movement of Sasak people in the 19th century in Lombok began with the unification of social stratification between the ruling aristocratic group and the ruling non-aristocratic group, bound by a specific fraternity, the fraternal brotherhood (shufi brotherhood). The religious fraternity which transformed into tarekat communities in Lombok, especially Tarekat Naqsyabandiyah Congregation and Qadiriyah wa Naqsyabandiyah reconstructed themselves into a religio-political system in moving social revolution against colonialism which gave birth to rebellions and tyranny which contradicted Islamic doctrine in general and the teaching of tarekat in a religious way special.

Evoking Heritage and its Impact on Establishing the Palestinian Right in Tamim Barghouti's poetry Poem (Fi Al-Quds)

This research attempts to reveal the extent of the appearance of heritage and its invocation in the poetry of Tamim al-Barghouti, whether this presence is historical, civil, national or religious, through some of his famous poem (In Jerusalem). In this poem, al-Barghouti employs heritage in a creative and significant way. The aim of this research is to show the significance of evoking heritage in al-Barghouti's poetry. The poet chose heritage to convey specific meanings to the recipients, and to express his own thoughts and feelings about Jerusalem. There is no doubt that the cultural and civilized means of defending rights have an important and effective role in combating colonial settlement, and in establishing the national rights of any nation. Islamic and Christian religious fraternity in Palestine represents a lofty state of civilization, and an important national force in resisting the colonial settlement and fighting its attempts to obliterate the cultural and civilizational identity of the Palestinian people.

Topography, Corporations and Everyday Life of Hertogenbosch in the 14th — 15th Centuries

Due to the local cult of the miraculous statue of Virgin Mary that emerged in the 14th century religious fraternities began to play a leading role in the daily life of citizens, attracting to the town famous architects, artisans, composers and artists (among them was Hieronymus Bosch). But besides religious communities, professional corporations were also important actors in the urban commune, uniting artisans of various specialties around one patron. The most significant guilds in Hertogenbosch were the communities of clothiers and blacksmiths, which formed the main articles of the town’s exports. Areas, in which those craftsmen settled, formed a specific topography of the inner-city space. The core of it was the market square with the houses of the richest members of commercial and administrative elite. Apart from the two main sites — the market and St. John’s cathedral, erected much later — in the urban landscape were present important monasteries and cloisters; belonging to fraternities of beguines and Brotherhood of Common Life. The economic, socio-political, religious and cultural activities of these numerous urban communities formed the environment in which the everyday activities of the inhabitants of Hertogenbosch took place during the 14—15th centuries.

Description of the church and monastery of the Order of the Discalced Carmelite brothers in Berdyczów during the general inspection by Michał Pałucki, general inspector of the Kyiv Diocese in 1786. Source edition

The construction of the monastery of Immaculate Conception of BVM in Berdyczów was completed in 1642, but the warfare and conflicts with the founder’s heirs led to the destruction of convent buildings, and forced the Carmelites to leave Berdyczów several times. They permanently returned to the convent in the early 18th century, and rebuilt both the church and the monastery according to new architectural assumptions. The convent became an important religious, scientific, and cultural centre, while also holding a military function. In 1866, the monastery was dissolved pursuant to the dissolution decree issued two years earlier. Buildings from the time have not been preserved in their original shape, and there is no trace of the furniture. After the dissolution, the archives were scattered, and have been preserved in a small part only. Nevertheless, these few preserved archive documents allow us today to, at least partly, reconstruct the appearance, location, and furniture of both the church and the monastery of the Discalced Carmelites in Berdyczów. Description of the church and monastery of the Order of the Discalced Carmelite brothers in Berdyczów during the general inspection by Michał Pałucki, general inspector of the Kyiv Diocese in 1786 is one of the preserved sources presenting such information (about the foundation, furniture, and architecture of the monastery and the church, its relics, epitaphs, and tombstones at the church, as well as the printing shop). It also provides lots of other information referring to material and religious matters of the convent, as well as religious brotherhoods operating there, including the list of monks residing at the convent in 1786. This publication is limited to editing of just the part of the source providing information about the appearance and furniture of the church and the monastery, thus wishing to recall what has, unfortunately, been irreversibly lot from our material cultural heritage.

The Power of the People: Everyday Resistance and Dissent in the Making of Modern Turkey, 1923–38 by Murat Metinsoy

<i>The Power of the People: Everyday Resistance and Dissent in the Making of Modern Turkey, 1923–38</i> by Murat Metinsoy

Суфийские практики ингушских женщин: история и современность

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of women’s Sufi practices in Ingush society. This article shows how and under whose influence women could take part in the rituals of a loud zikr, how women come to the fraternity, the reasons and motives driving women in search of men-tal balance, age and social composition of the participants in the ritual. We considered how spir-itual practices changed at various stages of society, in which religious fraternities the participation of women in zikr rituals is permissible. How political processes influenced female religious activ-ity associated with the zikr ritual. The consideration of this topic in this vein allows not only to see the changes that have occurred in the religious life of women’s Sufi groups in Ingushetia, but also to show what role the ritual practice of zikr has in the life of society and the participants themselves. This article uses modern methods of historical and ethnological description necessary for a detailed consideration of the regional features of the ritual practices of Ingush women.

De la música de salón a la Semana Santa andaluza: Antonio de la Cruz Quesada (1825-1889) y los orígenes de la marcha procesional granadina

El presente trabajo pretende indagar en las primeras marchas procesionales dedicadas a hermandades de Granada, piezas que integraron el paisaje sonoro de la Semana Santa granadina a partir de la Restauración Borbónica. Al efecto, se ha procedido a realizar un estudio y catalogación de diferentes fuentes monumentales localizadas, realizando un análisis cruzado con prensa histórica y literatura científica pertinente sobre el particular. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que fue Antonio de la Cruz Quesada, compositor conocido por su producción a la música del salón, el pionero en dedicar marchas a cofradías de la ciudad de la Alhambra, constituyendo así el origen de la marcha procesional granadina.

Islamic Ethics as The Foundation of Religious Brotherhood (Study of Isma’il Raji Al-Faruqi)

This paper is part of the results of research on the thoughts of Isma'il Raji al Faruqi. The problem discussed is related to al Faruqi's concept of Islamic religious ethics, especially regarding the relationship between religious people. The purpose of this research is to find out the concept and its relation to conflict and how to rebuild religious fraternity. The data in this paper are obtained from the results of the literature review, both primary and secondary. From the results of this research, an understanding can be drawn that the religious ethics built by al Faruqi is sourced from normative Islamic values, but is integrated with universal humanism regarding humans and their status. In this way, the ethical values of religion can be measured and verified, not only in the realm of norms and discourses. Humans are really a measure of whether an act or policy addressed to him is called good or bad.

Re-imagining Funerary Rites in the Context of Covid-19

Covid-19 has brought about unsuspected possibilities and death on a large global scale since its advent on the shores of the global community in early March of 2020. The novel pandemic has undoubtedly challenged and changed the normative operations of the social, political and economic activities all across the globe. Religious fraternities and activities have experienced challenging dynamics in how fellowship and worship are practised. Businesses and the entertainment industry have their share of suffering and enduring the suspending effect that has since been forcefully occasioned by the strategic global lockdown. The labour market metrics have realised a drastic decline due to companies closing down owing to the challenges that Covid-19 has rendered against their financial fragility and profit share. Academic institutions have also seen drastic challenges and a need for change in how they perform their curricula duties in the unpredictable context of Covid-19. Evidently, the advent of the Coronavirus has pointedly offered the nations of the world an opportunity to re-imagine a number of issues and social conducts. With millions of people dying across the globe, funerals have taken a new, strange turn in how the rites of passage for the deceased are practised. In light of this, the current essay presents the argument around re-imagining funerary rites in the Covid-19 context. The paper adopts Victor Tuner’s theoretical assumptions of ritual purported in his text entitled The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure, so as to theoretically problematise the idea of re-imagining funerary rites in the undesirable ‘new normal’? situation of Covid-19.

Sztuka w kręgu bractw religijnych w Skalbmierzu. Addenda

This paper is an analysis of the religious brotherhoods of Skalbmierz and their Early Modern furnishings. The article discusses both the preserved objects and those known from written sources, with particular emphasis on the recent discoveries made during the restoration works. In the Early Modern era, Skalbmierz was classified as a medium- sized city in Lesser Poland, but due to the collegiate church and the school there, it was an important centre in the region. This is visible, for example, in the case of religious brotherhoods, whose number and activity are impressive, considering thesize of the city. The oldest brotherhoods are the craft guilds that have been listed in Skalbmierz since the mid-15th century. The only remnant of their activity is an altar from around 1700 with images of Saints Cryspin and Cryspinian. The literary brotherhood, listed in 1546, had also an altar in the collegiate church. Unfortunately, both the retable and its settings are known only from brief references in the inventories. The dynamic development of the confraternities in the city took place at the beginning of the 17th century. In this time, the confraternities of the Passion and of St. Anne were established. The first, modelled on the Kraków Archconfraternity of the Passion, had an altar with the image of the Crucifixion in the church (in mid-18th century it was replaced by the present one by provost Antoni Stanclewicz) and a crypt decorated with paintings. The frescoes show brethren in costumes identical to those worn by the Kraków confraternity. The 17th-century chalice belonging to the confraternity, funded by one of the townspeople, has also been preserved. The 17th-century equipment of the brotherhood of St. Anne is known only from written sources and included the altar, paraments and liturgical books. In the mid-18th century, the brethren’s retable was rebuilt, including a picture modelled on the image in the main altar of St. Anne church in Kraków. In the second half of the 17th century, the brotherhood of Our Lady of the Rosary was established, modelled on the confraternity at the Dominican Church in Kraków. The image of Our Lady of the Snow was associated with the brotherhood altar, dated to the mid-18th century. Its careful examination, which was possible thanks to the removal of the silver robe for conservation purposes, indicates that the painting was modelled on the image from the Kraków’s church of The Holy Trinity. A lost painting of Infant Jesus, belonging to the second Rosary brotherhood, was discovered in the same altar. The image contains a complex iconographic program with the Eucharistic meaning, likewise the feretory belonging to the same confraternity with an image based on the Book of Ecclesiastes. In the summary, attention is paid to drawing inspiration from Kraków, which included the transfer of both organizational and artistic patterns, and to the role of the canons who were responsible for the complex iconography and ideological meaning of the works. It is also significant that the equipment was funded by both brethren, townspeople who did not belong to the brotherhoods and canons, which indicates the significant role that the organizations played in the life of the city.

From cameral system to the double-entry method

The paper aims to analyse the role of accounting as a tool of government action, considering the function of the relationships established by the Santissima Annunziata Hospital in Chieti. Governmentality, intended by Michel Foucault as “governmental rationality”, attributes power and control to those who exercise it even though power is not to be understood as a steady property, but rather as a product of strategic conflicts between subjects. “Power”, however, had to enable the rulers to prepare actions oriented to social welfare and happiness (Rose and Miller, 1992: 174). The accounting of the Hospital of Chieti, which establishes power relations aimed at influencing internal governance, moves towards perspective. The Hospital, managed by different power groups, represented an example of alternation of powers. This charitable institution was run by religious brotherhoods, submitted to the ecclesiastical power and then to public leaders, who were, in their turn, subject to the power of the state. The paper analyses the accounting system used by these two kinds of power that administered the hospital as well as the ways to achieve social control over the people who were considered internal and supportive to each reference category. The study also uses primary sources, documents from the Chieti State Archives for the foundation and organization of the Santissima Annunziata Hospital in Chieti, and accounting books to verify the assistance activity, considering the application of two different accounting systems, from cameral system to the double-entry method.

Посвята хоругви Корпорації пекарів Львова у 1893 році

The work aims at publishing a previously unknown Act of the Dedication of the Banner of Lviv Corporation of Bakers on 18th of June 1893, found in the fonds of Vasyl Stefanyk National Scientific Library in Lviv, analyzing the images and symbols on the Banner, and research the dedication motives through the prism of the historiographical concept of «the invention of tradition». Scientific novelty is to introduce a new historical source useful for studying the history of crafts on Ukrainian territories and iconography of the banners of artisan guilds and the XIX-century religious practices. The methodology of the research involves the application of the principles of historism and objectivity. The methods of iconography as a special historical discipline were applied for the analysis of the guild banner as well as the comparative method to determine the typicality of its images. Publication of the document is based on the modern principles of archeography. From the perspective of further studies, it is necessary to locate the analyzed banner in Ukrainian and foreign archives and museums, find similar dedication acts to study a broader context of banner dedication as a religious practice, and to compare symbols and images on the banners. Conclusions. Elimination of artisan guilds by the Habsburg authority in 1859 did not stop the development of artisan corporations in Western Ukraine. With the adoption of the «Law on societies» in 1867, Lviv craftsmen resumed their activity and unions. The Corporation of Bakers was one of them. They resumed their work not only as an artisan union but also as a religious fraternity. The Act of Dedication of the Banner, which has been analyzed in the research, can be used as evidence. Images and symbols on the banner of Lviv bakers are typical for guild banners on Ukrainian territories. The Act of Dedication that took place on 18th of June 1893, should be regarded as «the invention of tradition». The goal was to establish a connection with the past – the guild eliminated three decades ago.

Congo, Congado, Congadas

O presente artigo está inserido no campo da história social, com viés para as manifestações culturais associadas ao Congo, ao Congado e à s Congadas. Objetiva-se desse modo, problematizar questões inerentes à essa prática, sem desconsiderar nessas discussões, o processo histórico no qual estão envolvidos os sujeitos que são protagonistas desse fazer e viver sociocultural. A problemática central está em refletir sobre a permanência do racismo na cidade de Uberlândia, que perpassa pelas relações sociais, culturais e religiosas, nas relações de lazer, de trabalho e de poder. Entre as documentações de suporte ao texto, destacam-se estatutos e atas de irmandades religiosas, jornais de época e outras fontes provenientes de relatos orais. Nesse aspecto, faz-se uso de aportes teóricos que contribuem para pensar sobre representações, temporalidades, resistências e memórias A temática proposta, de igual modo, perpassa pela compreensão das noções de identidades e suas complexidades, procura estabelecer uma relação entre as táticas de vivências, como estratégias de enfrentamento ao racismo, por meio da manifestação cultural e religiosa nos tempos da festa da Congada, quando as práticas racistas surgem de maneira mais acentuada e explícita. Trata-se igualmente essa abordagem, de pensar a ancestralidade, conectada ao presente, um passado que se funde à contemporaneidade e aponta caminhos para o futuro, e, desse modo, ver essa manifestação afro-brasileira de descendência africana, como presença histórica, social e cultural na cidade de Uberlândia e em muitas regiões do Brasil.

Urdu-22 Problems and Solutions in Contemporary Da'wah Analytical review in the light of Sirah-e-Tayeba

Having chosen Islam as a religion, Allah orders to act upon it, and to preach it. Moreover, the standard for the propagation of religion is same as ordered by Allah, and as acted by Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H). He (P.B.U.H) used to beautifully invite the people to Islam with wisdom, sincerity, sympathy and compassion. If there was a need of warning anyone or greeting anyone coming during the conversation, it would be in a tactful way in order to maintain the attention of the listener. While inviting to the religion, He (P.B.U.H) would talk according to the wisdom of the addressee, and would be careful of the circumstances. The sentiments of the listeners were not hurt, rather they were treated in a pleasing manner. He (P.B.U.H) would invite the people on the dinner and serve them with a food; in this way a message of Islam was also spread, and people were also served with love. These are the commendable attributes that are important for the caller. The invitation to the religion is only possible if the host has these qualities. Along with it, It is a necessary to uproot those actions that are the cause of destruction for society, and due to which the publication of religion is not possible. As the Holy Quran strictly prohibits transgression, and creating disharmony in the society is the worst form of transgression which not only disturbs the peace of society but also harms Islam. Moreover, the peace of religion, eradication of sectarianism, and application of the Holy Quran's decree is the need of an hour. So that a religious, political, and societal fraternity could be promoted in true letter and spirit.

The Religious Fraternities and Brotherhoods of Seville: Servant Leadership in Social Action.

The religious fraternities and brotherhoods of Seville, Spain, are among the major agents of the social aid carried out in that city. Knowing the characteristics of the servant leadership that have been established by authors such as Greenleaf (1997), we interviewed several representatives of these institutions to determine if they would meet those characteristics and to what extent they configure their teams in charge of carrying out that social aid. Our aim was to verify, through the Rivera and Santos questionnaire (2015), which has been modified to refer to a legal person, if the characteristics that have been assigned to the concept of leader-server and that normally apply to a natural person can also be identified in such corporations. Moreover, we sought to take the opportunity to investigate this structure of work in social action and identify the common characteristics, if any, that make the fraternities and brotherhoods of Seville different from other private agents fighting against poverty.

THE FORMATION OF THE CHRISTIAN OUTLOOK OF THE STUDENT YOUTH IN VOLHYNIA PROVINCE (19th ‒ early 20th century)

KARPENKO Oresta – PhD hab. (Education), Associate Professor, Professor of General Pedagogy and Preschool Education Department, Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, 24 Ivan Franko Str., Drohobych, 82100, UkraineE-mail address: ochepil@gmail.com ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1841-882X ResearcherID: https://publons.com/researcher/2354981/oresta-karpenko/To cite this article: Karpenko, O. (2020). The formation of the Christian outlook of the student youth in Volhynia province (19th ‒ early 20th century). Human Studies. Series of Pedagogy, 10/42, 113‒121. doi: https://doi.org/10.24919/2413-2039.10/42.198829 Article historyReceived: February 5, 2020Received in revised form: March 6, 2020 Accepted: March 11, 2020Available online: April 28, 2020Journal homepage:http://lssp.dspu.edu.ua/p-ISSN 2313-2094e-ISSN 2413-2039© 2020 The Author. Human studies. Series of Pedagogy published by Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University & Open Journal Systems. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/). The article examines the main aspects of children and young people upbringing in the Christian spirit in the Volhynia province. The author analyzed a lot of archival documents. It is explained that in the schools of that region schoolchildren studied the Scripture, children were involved in church worship, pursued Christian education activities. It is substantiated that representatives of public associations and religious fraternities were involved in the education of children and young people. The role of the representatives of the Volhynian clergy in the formation of the Christian outlook of the young generation was investigated. It is explained that many scientists have studied the problem of religious education. The author analyzed in detail the works of G. Yermak, G. Kotlomanitova, I. Myshchyshyn. It has been found that the primary purpose of the spiritual institutions of the past was to form a special type of thinking ‒ the sacred one. The upbringing of children in Christian morality in Ukraine goes back to the times of Kievan Rus when in 988 Prince Vladimir proclaimed Christianity the main religion of the state. It gave a great impetus to the development of education, sciences and arts. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries when the Volhynia province became a part of the Russian state the religious education, and therefore up-bringing in the spirit of Christianity, continued to develop. Orthodoxy was the main religion in the Volhynia province. The religious education was provided in class and after school. The younger generation read the Bible and books on moral and ethical topics. Students’ books had texts about compassion, charity, love and tolerance. The children sang in the church choir. The church fraternity representatives opened elementary schools and Sunday schools, held moral conversations. The largest church organizations were in Lutsk, Kremenets, and Ostroh. The Christian education is in tune with the modern humanistic orientation of the education. So the principal ways of introducing the Orthodox pedagogy into the modern educational institutions are determined in the article.Acknowledgments. The author is grateful to the staff of the Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine.Funding. The author received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Turning crisis into opportunity? The Syrian refugee crisis and evolution of welfare policy for refugees in Turkey from a public choice theory perspective

The Turkish Government is under pressure to accommodate the Syrian population in its territories. Several strategies including devolution, co-production of public services and finally institutionalisation of social welfare for non-citizens have been employed by the Justice and Development Party (AKP) to respond to the needs of nearly four million Syrian refugees. This article explores political discourses in the presentation of these strategies from a public choice theory perspective. Accordingly, the main question is how social policy for refugees is justified to the public by the AKP. It is found out through a discourse analysis that instrumental interest to sustain political power is the driving force of policy making for refugees rather than humanitarian concerns in Turkey. The AKP continues populism in welfare policy formation for Syrian people and this is evident in its rhetoric evolving from religious fraternity to economic opportunism. In that context, this article brings the contradictory dynamics of social policies for Syrian refugees into light and uncovers the twists and turns of relevant political discourse.

Późnośredniowieczne testamenty z małopolskich miast górniczych

The article discusses the results of the analysis of late-mediaeval testaments of burghers recorded in the oldest books of the mining towns in Lesser Poland: Bochnia, a salt-mining town, Olkusz, a lead mining centre, and Chrzanow, a town whose development at the turn of the early-modern era crucially depended on lead mining. The testaments came from the years 1424–1526; half of them from 1424–1455. The analysis concerned 79 records, all in Latin. The sources indicate that in the period in question a testament had not yet become a fre-quently used method of transferring property in the towns under scrutiny.The ulimae voluntatis records include various types of unilateral and bilateral deeds: testa-ments, pious legacies and spouses’ mutual bequests. The form was not complex; its greatest part was reserved for dispositions concerning property. Bequests concerned both immovables — houses, gardens, in Bochnia breweries and in Chrzanow malt barns — and movables, espe-cially furniture and clothing. Only three bequests related to mining were found; they were made in Bochnia and concerned a salt well, two work plots in the mine and nine salt mine workers.The testaments analysed often included bequests to spouses; another important though less common category were charitable legacies to parish churches or religious brotherhoods. As to the general characteristics of the group of testators, it included 41 men and 16 women, two of them widows. Most of the testators were artisans. The testaments analysed were mostly written down by members of the town elite; women were also active in this respect. Only a few testators were professionally connected with mining: there were three salt miners (one of them an elder of the salt miners guild, another being also a shoemaker), a saltern worker, a former salt mine guard and a lead trade middleman. Among the testators there were also representatives of the municipal authorities: incumbent and former councillors and aldermen.

Cosmovisión e identidad de las cofradías de Izalco y su relación con las condiciones socioeconómicas de sus participantes

La presente investigación tuvo por objetivo identificar la relación que existe entre la cosmovisión e identidad de las cofradías de Izalco con las condiciones socioeconómicas de sus participantes. Se implementó el método cualitativo con un enfoque etnográfico a través del cual se realizó un acercamiento a la comunidad, el cual permitió conocer el sistema económico que predomina en las cofradías, así como también la cosmovisión de los sujetos que participan en ellas. Los hallazgos de campo evidenciaron el apego de los participantes hacia las raíces indígenas presentes en su identidad cultural, las cuales hacen posible la pervivencia de la tradición de las cofradías, conservando el sistema económico basado en el don a través del cual aseguran su sobrevivencia.