Religious Field Research Articles

Dinamika Perwakafan dalam tinjauan Fikih, Kompilasi Hukum Islam dan Hukum Positif Indonesia

Departing from the community's understanding of waqf, it is still traditional that what is called waqf are immovable objects such as land, madrasas, grave lands and others. Whereas in this modern era, community waqf is to produce innovations that are more beneficial for the benefit, both in the economic, social and religious fields. So, this article aims to provide knowledge about the dynamics of waqf in the perspective of fikih scholars and the laws and regulations. The method used by the author to describe this article is search-based. This is done by the author by looking for references related to waqf material either in books or also in book literature. Then the authors look at and read in this article. In addition, the references used cannot be separated from positive legal regulations in Indonesia regarding waqf. The results of this study indicate that waqf in terms of fikih, the legal basis and its implementation in Indonesia have a complementary and mutually reinforcing relationship. From these findings, it can be said that waqf as an instrument of philanthropy has a strong foundation in the view of fikih and positive law in Indonesia in order to provide the public benefit for the community.

Towards a Society of Stable Nones: Lifelong Non-Denominationalism as the Prevailing Pattern in East Germany

The increase in the number of people who do not belong to any religion (“nones”) has long been observed in many societies in the Northern hemisphere. This process is already well advanced in East Germany, where the proportion of “stable nones”, i.e., those who grew up without any ties to religion from childhood onwards, has become particularly large and will most likely form the majority in the near future. Given the sociocultural relevance of this group, it is worth taking a closer look at them. In this paper, we examine how far they differ in terms of their familial religious conditions of origin and their present-day religiosity from the nones who still grew up in a religious-denominational tradition (“leavers”), and also from those who still have ties to a denomination (“affiliates”). Finally, we discuss the consequences for the future development of the religious field that arise from the fact that the group of “stable nones” will constitute the majority.

I Often Came Across Rivers that House Gods

Abstract This study examines the question of how religious knowledge of the Umbanda religion is transferred from Brazil to German-speaking Europe in an interreligious network. Since the personalization of the Umbandistic spirits is not familiar in the cultural context in Europe, an emotional archive through the body becomes significant. In understanding the different aspects of religion in Africa, Brazil and Europe in relation to kinship, regionality, personality and nature, which are reflected in the sacred dimension, the focus is laid on the ontological understanding of the spiritual world and its understanding of nature and human beings. The argument of a shift of attention in the Umbanda religion to a stronger focus on nature in Central Europe is based on an observation of a change of the entanglements and borders of the religious field of Umbanda in German-speaking Europe integrating a great part of psychological aspects, especially a newly-founded therapy of nature.

Islamic Religious Education Teachers’ Strategies in Fostering Students’ Religious Values in Madrasah

The purpose of this study was to identify the strategies of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teachers in fostering students’ religious values in madrasas as well as to evaluate supporting and inhibiting factors experienced by the teachers. This study used literature study as the research method. Ten articles were taken as the data of this study. To analyze the data, content analysis was implemented. The findings reported that PAI teachers used expository strategies for developing students’ religious values in madrasas. The development of religious values is divided into three types, namely the formation of faith, the formation of worship, and the formation of morals. PAI teacher strategies in fostering religious values are in the form of doing religious activities, such as istighasah, dhuha prayer, reading prayers before and after studying, and reading the quran. Supporting factors for the strategy of fostering religious values in madrasas are the increasing interest of students in the religious field, cooperation between teachers, and well-functioning madrasa regulations.

The Limits of Religious Plurality: The Pentecostal Movement in Post-Stalinist Czechoslovakia

ABSTRACT This article examines the religious conditions in Post-Stalinist Czechoslovakia on the example of the Pentecostal movement. It enlarges the classical research scope done on a church-state axis by focusing on a minority religious group, which is not only oppressed by the system driven by atheistic imperatives but also must compete with the rival religious organization. By using the concept of the religious field, the study argues that the state socialist system was caught between two different roles. The state tried to diminish the belief in God, but also it was supposed to operate as a guarantor of religious life. The state division of roles enabled believers to take an active part in negotiating their religious independence and even when they failed, it shows that they were not passive objects controlled by the state, but active actors with an agency of their own.

The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church in the Context of State Reformation

Abstract There was a historical and political intimacy between the Ethiopian Tewahido Orthodox Church (EOTC) and the Ethiopian state until their relationship was profoundly modified after the 1974 Revolution and the secular rupture connected to that. This was followed by political reforms by successive governments, which have had a leveling effect on the religious field. The country's religious minorities—Muslims and Protestants—have been engaged in recognition politics progressively attaining rights on par with the EOTC. This rebalancing is perceived to have come at the expense of the EOTC—from the decoupling of the Ethiopian nation from Orthodoxy, a continuous decline in the number of members of the Church, to a feeling of being persecuted and the siege mentality connected to that. While responding to these external challenges, the EOTC has also experienced internal rifts that pose existential threats not only to maintain its historically constituted hegemony but also continue to exist as a united church. This contribution critically appraises the political journey of the EOTC in the long longue durée and with a relational lens, i.e., from its trajectory from being at the center of the Ethiopian state and an established religion, to the various external and internal challenges the Church has faced in the context of the process of state reformation and how it has sought to regain and maintain its hegemony, or at least negotiate its decline through the deployment of various strategies.

LAJNAH TARBIYAH: INSTRUMEN PENGEMBANGAN NALAR KEAGAMAAN DAN KARAKTER RELIGIUS DI RAUDLATUL ULUM ARRAHMANIYAH SAMPANG

The Raudlatul Ulum Arrahmaniyah Islamic Boarding School has an attractive education system known as Lajnah Tarbiyah Asasiyah, which is an education level devoted to new students to mature knowledge in the field of religion as well as to strengthen religious character. The purpose of this study is to reveal the extent of the contribution of Lajnah Tarbiyah in the development of Islamic scholarship and the character of students. The research succeeded in finding that the planning of the new santri intensive program was carried out through deliberation between the administrators and teachers at Lajnah Tarbiyah. The implementation of this program is realized through salaf schools, learning the basics of religion, especially in the field of fiqh, through studying the yellow book and learning to read and write Arabic. Meanwhile, the results of the intensive program are summarized in two aspects, namely the development of the potential for the religious field of new students and the development of the religious character of new students, such as istiqomah worship and accustomed to morality.

Lateral Relations in World Politics: Rethinking Interactions and Change among Fields, Systems, and Sectors

Abstract Scholarship drawing from a wide array of perspectives including field theoretical and functional differentiation approaches has shed increasing light on the sectoral dimensions of world politics. In contrast to dominant approaches emphasizing hierarchy and power in relations between global fields, this article offers a novel interpretive framework for understanding how diverse fields, systems, or sectors may interact and facilitate change in world politics beyond the operation of established hierarchies and power dynamics. Taking forward the previously underutilized concept of symbolically generalized media of communication, this article elucidates two processes of international political change by which different fields, systems, or sectors may transform world politics. The first process, lateral retreat, is illustrated with reference to the case study of the Protestant Reformation, in which internal changes in the religious field facilitated the development of an increasingly autonomous political domain. The second process, lateral penetration, is illustrated with reference to the international political response to the climate change and Covid-19 crises, in which the scientific sector contributed toward transformed political priorities and associated hierarchies, at least in the short term. These diverse cases are used to indicate the broad potential scope of application of the concept of symbolically generalized media of communication to enrich relational theorizing in the study of international relations, and to improve understanding of diverse dynamics of international political change missed in traditional power- (and anarchy-) centric accounts.

Investigating the relationship between moral and ethical: Does extrinsic and intrinsic religiosity improve people’s mental health?

This study examines how religion affects people’s ethics and morals in both extrinsic and intrinsic dimension. In order to validate how religion and mental health are related, it also considers people's ethics and morals as mediator variables. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to validate the research hypotheses after recruiting 570 articipants. The result of this study showed that religiosity play important role on peoples’ ethics and morals, which subsequently influences their mental health. Additionally, people’s ethics and morals, as mediator play a beneficial effect in bridging the relationship between religion and mental health. It gives practitioners and scholars a chance to observe how religion and mental health interact with one another. Society and regulators also need to enhance communication and interaction. as well as educating people on the importance of ethics and moral principles from the social and religious fields. The recent study also contributes to literature in social and behavioral contexts towards religion, ethics, and the sociology.

Lithic devotionality and other aesthetic strata: Buddhist garden shrines in rural Java

In this article I explore the contemporary practice of establishing garden shrines in Buddhist rural Java. While on the surface the placement of shrines follows the demands of environmental upgrading and beautification strategies, often in accord with eco-tourist imaginaries, the practice reveals a complex aggregation of material and discursive threads. The article situates the project, ethnographically, as a sensorial practice in which environmental awareness and a sense of “atmosphere” are directly involved. This perceptual domain, particularly the relationship of the villagers to the Sakyamuni statuettes, is simultaneously articulated in continuity with the religious field of Javanese Buddhism, as it encompasses notions of sacralization and rituality. I recover the idea of aesthetic practice in order to bring these sensorial stems on a common platform. In blending discursive and materialist approaches, the article converses with the idea of strata as devised by Deleuze and Guattari as a pivotal image in their work on rhizomes. Through the concept of stratification, I argue, it is possible to apprehend Buddhist shrines as cultural formations in which “everything is involved,” that is, as multiplicities in which layers of materiality and discourse are intertwined in meaningful and generative ways.

A Monument to Medieval Syrian Book Culture: The Library of Ibn ‘Abd al-Hadi

A Monument to Medieval Syrian Book Culture: The Library of Ibn ‘Abd al-Hadi

THE VALUES OF HUMANISM IN CONFUCIANISM

Confucianism is the name of one of the schools of Chinese philosophy. The founder of Confucianism was named Confucius. In an age when division, turmoil and constant wars are rampant, Confucius wants to restore the order of heaven (Tianming) so as to unify China and bring peace and prosperity to the people. The humanistic teachings of Confucianism developed into one of the most important things in Chinese civilization. Confucius' most profound teachings lay in his emphasis on self- development or self-civilization, moral example and the ability to make well-trained decisions rather than knowledge of natural laws. His ethics then, is more of a benevolent ethic. The concepts of humanism introduced in Confucianism are: Zhengming (justification, upholding one's name), Yi (virtue), Ren (human kindness), Xiao (respect), Li (ritual), Tianming (sky order). In Chinese terms, Confucianism refers to two meanings: Ju Chiao which refers to religious teachings and Ju Chia which refers to philosophical schools. As Ju Chiao in the religious field the term T'ien or Tian is the main spiritual factor. In the Confucian teachings about Tianming or the orders of the sky, the content is that T'ien gives the power of a country to people he chooses, namely those who are deemed capable of leading a country. Keywords: Humanism, Confucianism, Confucius

YOUTH EMPOWERMENT THROUGH THE BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAM (DIKLAT) AT THE HADAIDA TECHNICAL CENTER BEKASI JOB TRAINING CENTER

Research Objectives: To find out and obtain an overview of the stages and results of Youth Empowerment through the Basic Mechanical Engineering Education and Training Program by the Hadaida Technical Center for Job Training. Research method: Qualitative. Results: The empowerment stages carried out by the Hadaida Technical Center were considered successful, because they were directly proportional to the results obtained by empowered education and training alumni, not only in terms of mechanical engineering, but also in the religious field. So that the alumni become better than before. The composition of education and training at the Ahadaida Center is 75% practical and 25% theory. The stages used are the awareness stage, the ability transformation stage, and the intellectual ability improvement stage

Desain Kurikulum Saintifikasi Pada Matapelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam di Sekolah Dasar Al Azhar Syifa Budi Solo

This study is motivated by the emergence of the phenomenon of moral degradation in elementary school children, which is expected to have a negative impact in the future. Al Azhar Syifa Budi Solo Elementary School is a national school with an international perspective that uses a spiritualization and education science system. The purpose of this research is to determine (1) the design of the scientific curriculum for the education subjects of Al Azhar Syifa Budi Solo Elementary School, and (2) the implementation of the scientific curriculum for Islamic religious education subjects at Al Azhar Syifa Budi Primary School Solo. The research method used in this study was qualitative descriptive research. The research was conducted at Al Azhar Syifa Budi Elementary School in Solo, from June to August 2021. In the field of curriculum, the subjects were members of the central Al Azhar Syifa Budi Balitbang and deputy principal of Al Azhar Syifa Budi Solo Elementary School. Daily implementers, principals, and PAI subject teachers at Al Azhar Syifa Budi Elementary School Solo were the study's informants. Data collection methods rely on observation, interviews, and documentation. Meanwhile, triangulation technique is used for data validity. Data collection techniques, data reduction, data presentation, and verification are all used in the data analysis technique. The study's findings indicate that: (1) the scientific curriculum in Islamic religious education subjects at Al Azhar Syifa Budi Elementary School Solo is designed to use the scientific method approach, namely using a scientific or scientific approach in religious learning (Qur'an, hadith, or wisdom from both). (2) At Al Azhar Syifa Budi Elementary School, the scientific approach to Islamic religious education subjects is implemented both inside and outside the classroom. (3) Students are supervised through control books such as the iqro report book, obligatory prayer implementation report book, prayer and tadarus report book, general skill requirement book (SKU) in the religious field, and link book in order to support and assist the school in overseeing the program that has been created.

Development of Religious Activities Through Cultural Transformation in Hindu-Muslim Multicultural Educational Institutions

Plurality is an undeniable fact in Indonesia. This plurality can have good and bad impacts, such as social disunity or social capital for nation-building. The natural source of this dispute cannot be separated from the domination of values and partial truth claims by each group, although various practical interests serve as catalysts. The purpose of this study was to analyze and provide an interpretation of the development of students' religious activities through the transformation of school culture in multicultural educational institutions at Tengger Children's Nature School, Pasuruan. The research method used is qualitative with the type of case study research. Data collection by in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation. Data analysis by presenting data, condensing data, and drawing conclusions. As for checking the validity of the data, researchers do this using credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. This research resulted in the finding that the development of a culture of mutual collaboration within the Hindu Muslim community at Tengger Children's Nature School was carried out through activities that prioritized politeness in interactions, besides that all school members were involved in cohesive activities through the school community association, also through organizational activities in traditional event committees. This is a superior value possessed by multicultural educational institutions in the cultural transformation to develop the quality of education, especially in the religious field, where mutual respect can be achieved.

The Impacts of Shia Policy of Iran in South Africa: Al-Jihad and Qıbla Mass Movements

ABD’nin Sovyetlere karşı önemli bir müttefiki olan İran için 1979 yılında yaşanan devrim Batı ile ilişkilerinde kırılma noktası mahiyetindedir. Aynı zamanda İsrail kaynaklı güvenlik endişeleri Tahran’ı Ayetullah Humeyni’nin velayet-i fakih projesine sadık kalarak iç-dış siyasetinde mezhep temelli politikalar izlemeye itmiştir. Diğer yandan üzerindeki ekonomik ambargoları kırma gayesiyle Güney-Güney işbirliğine yönelen İran’ın Afrika politikasında siyasi, ekonomik, güvenlik ve dini alanlarda izlediği siyaset birbirinden bağımsız değildir. Dolayısıyla Afrika kıtasının en güçlü ekonomisi Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti’nde Şiî Müslümanların var olup olmadığı merak konusu haline gelmiştir. Bu kapsamda araştırmalarımız sonucunda İran devriminden etkilenerek Şiî karaktere bürünen el-Cihad ve mevzu bahis devrimden 12 yıl sonra ortaya çıkan Kıble Hareketi’nden haberdar olunmuştur. Bu çalışmada söz konusu iki oluşuma yakından bakılarak İran İslâm Cumhuriyeti’nin izlediği mezhepçi politikaların Afrika’nın en güneyine erişip erişmediği hakkında fikir edinilebilecektir.

Penididikan Anak Dalam Surah Luqman (Kajian Tafsir Tematik)

At this time Indonesia still has problems in the education of children in the religious field. Because Indonesia has a multicultural nation so that there is a tug of war on the concept of education and forcing education policy holders must be able to accommodate educational concepts that are in accordance with the character of the nation. In addition to the influence of globalization and digitalization also has an impact on the character of children's education. To answer this problem, researchers try to conduct research using thematic interpretation methods. The results of this study concluded that Surah Luqman offers an educational concept for a child. The concept of education offered by the surah is the role of the family, especially a father must be involved in the education of children with the method of mauidhah or advice. In addition, surah Luqman also offers the main themes in educating children, namely teaching about tawhid, prayer, patient gratitude, filial piety to parents and good ethics in society.

Models of Ecumenical Dialogue in the Discourse of the Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate

The article is devoted to the models of ecumenical dialogue in the Russian context on the example of the Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate. The wide-spread and flourishing discussions about ecumenism in the religious studies and theological fields constitute the problem of this study. The author investigates the problem with the aim to identify existing models of an ecumenical dialogue. Following from this purpose the most significant and discussed concepts of ecumenical dialogue in Russia are noted. The emphasis is placed on the widespread concept of two ecumenisms, most fully disclosed by A. V. Shishkov, and related discussions in the scientific and theological fields. Also, a discussion in the church discourse was revealed, which is based on the concepts of representatives of the Russian Orthodox Church: prot. M. Kozlov, mitr. Hilarion (Alfeyev), fr. Georges Florovsky, archm. Sophronia (Sakharova) and others. To outline the broad picture, there was established the position of the Roman Catholic Church as well as its messages addressed to Orthodoxy. In addition, three main trends in the Russian Orthodox Church in relation to ecumenism are identified and described. The first is anti-ecumenism, its members are against any dialogue with non-Orthodoxy. The second is moderate ecumenism, where participants advocate the idea of acceptable and unacceptable forms of ecumenism without making edits to the Church doctrine, and the third are modernist ecumenists who are ready for changes in the teaching of the Church for the sake of the dialogue. Then, there was a transition to the term ecumenism in the context of modern conceptions about the phenomenon and also in the context of the history of the ecumenical movement of the 20th century. The author makes a conclusion about a fundamental importance of the idea of the unity of Christians for the identification of models of ecumenical dialogue. The unity can be determined as unity in one Church, as well as unity within a common space of communication without crossing borders and making one united church. It is noted that the existing concepts and terminology do not reflect this aspect, thus the author suggests the possibility of using such terms as adaptive and integrative dialogue, and lays out prospects for solving the problem.

Experience in the Study of the Religious Field: Reflection on the Example of Republic of Tatarstan

The article presents a research’s reflection on entrance and working in the religious field, description of physical context of the research and the researcher's frame in a particular case, through the main aspects: researcher's identity (gender, age, nationality), personal research position, determined through the correlation of insidership and outsidership. The author draws attention to the fact that the researcher's position cannot be clearly defined through the categories of insider and outsider, each participant of the study has a complex system of identities, cultural and social markers that will certainly have points of contact, intersections and divergences. The article reveals the features of the empirical part of the study devoted to the life strategies of young Muslims, in particular, the issues of research organization, establishing communication with the research field, and conducting interviews.

Kuliah Kerja Nyata Ramadhan dan Penguatan Spiritualitas Komunitas Masyarakat Di Desa Tambang, Ponorogo

The purpose of this KKN activity is to improve the religious experience of the community in order to support spiritual quality and at the same time foster motivation in solving various life problems through a religious approach. Based on the survey and situation analysis, the following problems can be identified: 1) The people of the Mining Village have minimal religious knowledge because the number of religious teachers is still lacking. 2) The education level of the younger generation is low because the interest and ability to continue to a higher level of education is lacking. 3) Agricultural and livestock products are abundant but selling prices are low due to the lack of marketing strategies. As a result, the income of the population is low. The general assumption of this KKN activity is that the target community of KKN will be empowered by the KKN programs offered. The KKN activity program includes: (1) in the religious field, KKN participants provide examples and guidance to the younger generation to become imams of fardu prayers and terawih prayers in mosques and prayer rooms, provide guidance and role models after the terawih prayers and dawn prayers, provide training and role models to become Friday prayer preacher, providing training on teaching reading and writing of the Qur'an at the TPA. 2) in the field of education, KKN participants motivate the younger generation to continue their education to the tertiary level, 3) in the economic field, provide training on processing pure cow's milk into cakes, and provide training on marketing and packaging methods of agricultural products.