Religious Emphasis Research Articles

Intrinsic and extrinsic religiousness: genetic and environmental influences and personality correlates

AbstractThis report presents findings for the Intrinsic (IR) and Extrinsic (ER) religiousness scales from the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart. The scales were shown to be internally consistent, sufficiently distinct from the scales of the California Psychological Inventory and the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire and unrelated to a number of measures of response style to justify treating them as distinct traits. The I scales also showed considerable evidence of construct validity in its correlations with religious fundamentalism and authoritarianism as assessed by the MMPI and Altemeyer's Right-Wing Authoritarianism scale. Data on IR and ER from 35 pairs of monozygotic twins reared apart (MZA) and 37 pairs of dizygotic twins reared apart (DZA) were fitted to a biometric model and demonstrated significant heritability (0.43 and 0.39), with a model containing genetic plus environmental factors fitting significantly better than a model containing only an environmental component. Twin similarity could not be explained by placement on a self-reported measure of family Moral Religious Emphasis as measured by the Family Environment Scale.

A preliminary examination of the relationship between exposure to community violence and academic functioning.

This article provides a preliminary examination of the relationship between exposure to community violence and academic functioning in a group of 45 African American children (mean age = 12.8 years) living in an impoverished urban environment. In addition, the role of family achievement expectations and religion, two previously identified family compensatory factors related to academic resilience, were evaluated as moderators of the relationship between community violence and academic functioning. Results suggested that exposure to community violence had only a weak relationship with academic functioning in general, but that relationship was intensified under certain circumstances. Significant interactions between exposure to community violence, and both family achievement orientation and religious emphasis suggest that exposure to community violence may alter the role of previously identified compensatory factors. Children who perceived very high achievement expectations and a very strong moral-religious emphasis were most at risk for poor academic functioning as exposure to community violence increased, although children from these types of families displayed the highest academic functioning at lower levels of community violence exposure.

Sex and the Internet: An Israeli Perspective

Israel is a country of many polarities, producing a unique society and an interesting subject for behavioral sciences: it is a new state with a history of over five thousand years; it is secular but has a strong religious emphasis; it is Western in mentality but blends numerous, dominant ethnic groups. While known for social justice and equality, religious and political factors create numerous social twists. Also, while it is their home, modern medical, psychological, and educational systems must compromise with social reality. Sex education and therapy are professionally established but have relatively little social and educational impact. Israeli-operated general Internet sites and services are highly developed, and our review reveals that sex-related web sites have been established and apparently are extensively used. It emerges that Israeli sex-related Internet services, provided in Hebrew and/or in English, are very similar to those available in Western countries. The importance of quality empirical research in this developing area is highlighted.

Children and Community Service: Character Education in Action

Throughout the nation, schools are called upon to contribute to the formation of their students' character, especially in regard to civic virtue. This article reviews the literature on school-based community service programs. Then, based on the findings of an on-going national survey, it examines community service in urban Catholic elementary schools. Next, it describes the broad dimensions of community involvement and outlines community service programs in a representative school. Lastly, it concludes that a group of urban Catholic elementary schools, through their particular religious emphasis on public community, offer an important model for all elementary schools, private and public.

Saint Olaf's ‘cruelty’: Violence by the Scandinavian King interpreted over the centuries

At the end of 1730s the Regia Academia Aboensis of Turku published a dissertation, De Sancti Olavi Norwegiae Regis pravo religionis zelo. The work deals with the cruelty of Saint Olaf, King of Norway, 1015–1030, who was canonized after his death at the battle of Stiklestad. Thereafter, the Catholic Church spread the rex iustus ideology of Olaf throughout Scandinavia. Historians considered his violent methods of conversion justified. On the other hand, in the thirteenth century the Heimskringla represented the king's violence from heroic, secular and fatalistic-not only Christian-viewpoints. The Turku dissertation stood for a new interpretation of the Saint Olaf legend. In this example of the ‘era of freedom’ (1719-72), the author applied the theory of natural law which had been introduced into Swedish academic discussion, particularly by Samuel von Pufendorf, and he consciously broke with the Catholic portraits of the Saint. Since the Swedish universities paid particular attention to the religious emphases of natural law, sources like the Heimskringla were perhaps considered more religious than they actually were. In this atmosphere there could be only one definition for King Olaf's violence: cruelty.

Family environment predictors of outcome in schizophrenic patients in Spain: a nine-month follow-up study.

This study investigates the effects of perceived family environment on clinical outcome among patients in Spain who suffer from schizophrenia. Forty-five consecutively admitted DSM-III-R schizophrenic patients were assessed monthly with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale during a 9-month period. Patients and parents rated the family environment through the Family Environment Scale (FES). FES factors were considered separately for each family member, since parents' and patient's perceptions of the family environment were weakly correlated. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that patients' perceptions of family control and intellectual-cultural orientation predicted rehospitalization. Patients' and mothers' ratings of family control and fathers' scores of conflict and moral religious emphasis predicted psychotic relapse. However, fathers' scores of family cohesion predicted higher negative symptoms. Prior admissions, age of onset and use of depot medication tended to predict outcome in conjunction with the family variables.

BELIEF, PRACTICE, AND RELIGION

Abstract. How to reconcile belief in God with the worldview generated by modern science is a concern for those who see such belief as the essence of religion. Some religious traditions emphasize correct behavior, including observance of ritual, more than belief. Others stress individual pursuit of inner tranquility without prescribing particular beliefs or rituals by which that is to be achieved. Theological issues relating to “the God question in an age of science” are relevant to Christians, whose religious emphasis is on right belief as necessary to personal salvation; but science does not raise such issues for religion generally.

Perceived Family Environment of Black Adolescent Alcohol Users and Nonusers

The purpose of this study was to examine Black American adolescents' substance use (alcohol) and their perceptions of their family environments. Eighty-six participants between ages 12 and 19 from a large mid-Atlantic medical facility who reported exposure to alcohol use were asked to complete Moos' Family Environment Scale (FES). The participants were divided into users and nonusers. Users were described as those who drank at least once a week and used at least medium amounts per occasion. Nonusers were defined as those who did not drink or used less than once a year. Substance users were hypothesized to perceive family environment less favorably than nonusers. A t-test was conducted to compare means of groups on each subscale of the FES. The independent variable was alcohol use (yes/no). Dependent variables were the scores on the FES subscales. Analyses of the data indicated that users and nonusers differed significantly (p<.05) on five of the ten subscales, specifically Cohesion, Conflict, Achievement, Intellectual, and Moral Religious Emphasis.

Bulimia: A comparison of psychological adjustment and familial characteristics in a nonclinical sample

This study examined the relation of eating attitudes and behaviors to family dynamics and psychological adjustment in a nonclinical group of female university freshmen. Family dynamics variables, which were measured by the Family Environment Scale (FES), included Control, Cohesion, Conflict, Organization, Expressiveness, Independence, Achievement-Orientation, Intellectual-Cultural Orientation, Active-Recreational Orientation, and Moral Religious Emphasis. Psychological adjustment was measured by the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSC). Variables on this scale included Anxiety, Depression, Somatization, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Interpersonal Sensitivity. Eating attitudes and behaviors were measured by the Bulimia Test (BULIT), a 32-item self-report inventory. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated that bulimics, subclinical bulimics, and normals could be differentiated on the Hopkins Symptom Checklist. Univariate analyses revealed differences between the groups on all of the HSC measures and the Organization scale of the FES. The results suggest that conclusions about the causal relationships between maladaptive family patterns and bulimia presented in previous research should be viewed with caution.

Nutrient Intake Of Working Mothers: Relationships With The Family Environment

The relationships of family environment to frequency of food use and nutrient intakes were investigated among a purposive sample of working mothers in Min neapolis, Minnesota. The family environment scale which measured cohesion, expressiveness, conflict, intellectual‐cultural orientation, morals and religious emphasis, organization, and control in the family was used to measure the social environment of the mothers. A 24‐hour recall was used to estimate intake of calories, protein, calcium, iron, vitamins A and C of the working mothers. Data on frequency of food use were also collected and converted into food‐use fre quency scores. Nutrient adequacy was determined by percent RDA and an overall index of adequacy: mean nutrient adequacy ratio or MAR. Pearson corre lation coefficients were used to estimate the relationships among family environ ment, nutrient intakes, and food‐use frequency scores. The family environment scores indicated that mothers were from highly cohesive families and had a strong intellectual‐cultural orientation. Analysis of the data on nutrient intake indicated that 69 percent and 41 percent of the respondents consumed 66.9 per cent or less of the RDA for iron and calcium, respectively. Overall nutrient ade quacy (MAR) correlated negatively with moral and religious orientation of the family. Significant negative relationships were found among vitamin C intake and cohesion and expressiveness, while positive relationships occurred among vi tamin A intake and intellectual‐cultural orientation and organization in the family. The magnitude of the correlation coefficients was, however, small in all cases, indicating weak relationships. In addition, other investigated relationships were not significant.

Sexuality and Medicine

A surprising foreword to this volume by Christie Hefner documents Playboy Enterprise's two decades of dedication to funding research in sexuality, including SIECUS, Masters and Johnson, and this volume. It was a fine investment. There is abundant food for serious thought and clinical application in this multiauthor collection of more than a dozen different essays on various aspects of sexuality. Modern technological fertility practice is now able to "disconnect" conception from coitus. This reality is given careful philosophical review. Past religious and current medical emphasis on the procreative purpose of sexuality may neglect the specifically human needs for emotional nurturance, pair bonding, closeness, trust, and intimacy that constitute loving through sexual exchange. One essay traces the changes in US sexual morality over the past 150 years, from the old and enduring attack on normal masturbation to the sexual permissiveness of the 1970s. Another good essay examines the family physician's role

A Typology of Progressive Catholics: A Study of the Delegates to the National Pastoral Congress

This paper describes an attempt to construct a typology of progressive Catholics using data obtained from a survey of the delegates to the 1980 National Pastoral Congress of English Catholics eighteen months after the Congress. Progressivism is regarded as the espousal of the new elements of religious ideology and pastoral emphases which have emerged since the Second Vatican Council. Following earlier attempts using smallest space analysis and factor analysis, this paper describes the use of cluster analysis to identify distinct groups of individuals and discriminant analysis to identify the separate dimensions which distinguish between the clusters. Seven clusters were identified in terms of six discriminant functions. An analysis of the social and religious characteristics of the seven types indicated that there was no simple unidimensional scale of progressivism. The paper concludes with some suggestions for a more comprehensive classification of progressive Catholics which might be explored in the case of other or more representative samples.

Religious life of schizophrenics.

We inquired into the religious beliefs and practices of groups of schizophrenic and normal subjects. In addition, we evaluated their parents' methods of rearing the subjects. We found that, in the schizophrenic's home, the religious emphasis was limited and based on obligation and threat, and that the father had less of a religious commitment than the mother. Concerning personal development, the schizophrenic's mother was seen as more domineering than the emotionally and geographically absent father. The schizophrenic saw his religious and developmental upbringing as lacking in nurture and paternal participation. The schizophrenic himself seldom indulged in personal religious practices.

The Religious Poetry of Christina Rossetti

Previous articleNext article No AccessThe Religious Poetry of Christina RossettiJerome J. McGannJerome J. McGann Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Critical Inquiry Volume 10, Number 1Sep., 1983Canons Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/448240 Views: 45Total views on this site Citations: 5Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1983 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Stephanie L. Johnson CHRISTINA ROSSETTI'S GHOSTS, SOUL-SLEEP, AND VICTORIAN DEATH CULTURE, Victorian Literature and Culture 46, no.22 (May 2018): 381–402.https://doi.org/10.1017/S1060150318000062Kevin A. Morrison Christina Rossetti, George Herbert, and the Uses of Devotional Wit, ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews 31, no.22 (Dec 2017): 88–92.https://doi.org/10.1080/0895769X.2017.1379380Michael O'Neill The Cambridge History of English Poetry, 2 (Jul 2011).https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521883061Virginia Sickbert “Beloved Mother of Us All”: Christina Rossetti's Eve, Christianity & Literature 44, no.3-43-4 (Jul 2016): 289–311.https://doi.org/10.1177/014833319504400304Lila Hanft The Politics of Maternal Ambivalence in Christina Rossetti's Sing-Song, Victorian Literature and Culture 19 (Oct 2008): 213.https://doi.org/10.1017/S1060150300003697

The status of women in the rural U.S.S.R.

Degree of sex equality in rural areas of the U.S.S.R. is assessed with reference to a multi-variable model which specifies demographic, technological, social, and ideological factors associated with sex stratification. Such analysis reveals that the emphasis in the U.S.S.R. on women's participation in production as the key to sex equality ignores other dimensions of sex stratification which are not changed using this tactic. In particular, rural traditions of higher birth rates, more authoritarian families, greater religious emphasis, and male scorn for women have kept the status of rural women even lower than that of their urban counterparts. Additionally, the agrarian techno-economic base and lack of institutional supports for childcare and housework help perpetuate sex stratification. Increasing sex differentiation is probably in store for the Soviet Union, because official pronatalist policies are likely to be facilitated by expanding the service sector, which will further increase the division of labor in the market.

Seventeenth-Century Adaptations of "The Church-porch"

Seventeenth-Century Adaptations of "The Church-porch" by Raymond A. Anselment Although "The Church-porch" holds only marginal interest for most modern readers, Herbert's lengthy introduction to The Temple was in the seventeenth century his most often cited poem. Most of these allusions and quotations, it is true, amount to little more than cursory attention to the lines "A verse may finde him, who a sermon flies, /And turn delight into a sacrifice" (II. 5-6); but not all of the references are so perfunctory.' Several hitherto unexamined adaptations reveal that a wide range of seventeenth-century readers valued the practical as well as religious emphasis of the poem's epigrammatic verse. A sermon, a children's book, and a pamphlet on how to gain wealth adapt Herbert's poetic maxims with the assurance that his seemingly homely, sententious lines appeal to diverse audiences willing to "Hearken unto a Verser." John Bryan exploits the didactic intention of "The Churchporch " most fully in the fifth of eight sermons published in 1670 under the title Dwelling with God. Addressed to those who have the "assurance that the Lord is your Habitation," this sermon defines their proper conduct or "reference" towards others. In a section dealing with profane people who are "without God in the World," Bryan singles out individuals not entirely unlike Herbert's "sweet youth" and advises his listeners, If you finde that any of these have not as yet commenced Dogs and Swine, but are as yet Undergraduates, and in the Devil's Academy, and that you shall not provoke them to Blasphemie, nor aggravate their rage against you thereby, allure them to go with you into Divine Herbert's Church Porch, and then sprinkle them with his Holy Water-stick."2 In place of the perirrhanterium Herbert offers his readers, Bryan then quotes twenty-four of the 462 lines in "The Church-porch." 63 Raymond A. Anselment The passage offers a succinct epitome of "The Churchporch ." By quoting the initial words, the first line, or the opening couplet of seventeen stanzas, Bryan outlines the counsel Herbert develops in seventy-seven stanzas. Missing from the catalogue are the poem's humanistic emphasis on the value of education and its lengthy prescription fora moderate comportment with others; Bryan also minimizes Herbert's stress on the social dangers of the traditional deadly sins. The aphoristic quality of "The Church-porch" particularly suits a hortatory tone, and Bryan's admonitions become even more pointed and direct when he reduces an already terse poetry to a series of staccato statements: Slight those who say among thy sickly health, Thou livest by rule, — Be thrifty, but not covetous; — Play not for gain, but sport: — Be sweet to all, — Catch not at Quarrels. — Laugh not too much — Pick out of mirth, Prophaneness, filthiness, abusiveness.3 In Herbert's poetic alternative to a sermon, Bryan apparently valued the moral precepts and not the wit and craftsmanship that together with the sententiousness "turn delight into a sacrifice." The "Youth's Alphabet: Or, Herbert's Morals" appended to the British edition of Thomas White's A Little Book for Little Children is also predominantly moralistic rather than artful.4 Appealing to a younger audience than that of Bryan's sermon, White's book offers directions, examples, and maxims designed to guide young children along the path towards salvation. The advice found in this very popular work is unambiguous: readers of the eleven editions published in the seventeenth century are told in no uncertain terms that "little Children that Swear, or Lie. or break the Sabbath, playing upon the Lords day, or live in any other sin, shall go to Hell."5 White also has no sympathy for "Ballads and foolish Books," and he encourages "Gods Children" to turn to Dent, Baxter, Mead, Vincent, and 64 ADAPTATIONS OF "THE CHURCH-PORCH" Foxe as soon as they can read. His own illustrations of holy children, which range from the behavior of youthful Origen to that of a contemporary minister's fourteen-year old son, depict at length lurid details of martyrs' deaths as well as edifying maxims culled from the lives and readings of exemplary youths. The addition of "Herbert...

A Textbook of the Genteel Tradition: Henry Ward Beecher'sNorwood

By the outbreak of the Civil War, the kind of highbrow psychological romance that Hawthorne and Melville had brought to a brilliant consummation in the 1850s had clearly lost favor both with critics and with the reading public. At the same time, middlebrow domestic fiction with a religious emphasis in the manner of Susan B. Warner'sThe Wide, Wide World(1850), and the “sensation novel” of physical adventure aimed at an even less literate audience, were gaining more and more readers. During the 1860s the field of American fiction was dominated by weekly story papers serializing this popular fiction, and the closely related series of dime novels published by the firm of Beadle & Adams and its competitors. Such material was ground out according to formulas in an essentially industrial process; it had little bearing on the development of serious literature.

Revisionary Theology in Popular FormThree Issues in Ethics. John MacQuarrie

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsRevisionary Theology in Popular Form Three Issues in Ethics. John MacQuarrie Van A. HarveyVan A. Harvey Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Religion Volume 51, Number 4Oct., 1971 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/486276 Views: 10Total views on this site Copyright 1971 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Varieties of Community Development

AbstractA classification scheme for multitudes of community development enterprises is proposed. The basis for this classification is found in the purposes: that motivate the instigators of community development processes. These are: Improvement of environment, descriptive studies, political emphases,. religious emphases, and educational processes. Several of these items over-lap, but this should be honestly noted by those who carry on the enterprises. Furthermore, it would help the candid reader of community development literature if writers would acknowledge the existence of other kinds of work in the field and draw contrasts between their own point of view and that of other contributors. Some such scheme of classification needs to be adopted if community development is to become an applied behavioral science, as it should.

An Improved Religious Emphasis

An Improved Religious Emphasis