Influence Of Religion Research Articles

How Can Religion Shape Pro‐Environmental Behavior in a Materialistic World? Contrasting Idealism With Realism Religious Epics

ABSTRACTDespite extensive research on the influence of religion on pro‐environmental behavior, little attention has been paid to the role of religious epics—that is, narratives that embody the core beliefs and moral values of religious traditions—as a mechanism for promoting such behavior. Using Hinduism as a case, this research seeks to bridge this gap by contrasting the orientations of idealism in the Ramayana with realism in the Mahabharata, offering a better understanding of how these distinct orientations in religious epics can shape pro‐environmental behavior. Utilizing belief congruence theory as a theoretical framework, this four‐study research examines altruism as a mediator and materialism as a moderator in understanding the role of religious epics in shaping pro‐environmental behavior. The findings suggest that the idealistic orientation of the Ramayana fosters stronger pro‐environmental behavior through heightened altruistic values, whereas the realistic orientation of the Mahabharata shows a less pronounced effect, which is further attenuated by materialism. These insights not only contribute to the theoretical discourse on consumer behavior, ethics, religion, and sustainability, but also offer practical implications for leveraging religious epics in fostering pro‐environmental behavior in a materialistic world.

Determinations of Antenatal Care Utilization Among Reproductive Age Women in Lumbini Province, Nepal

This study examines the factors influencing Antenatal care (ANC) utilization among women aged 15–49 in Lumbini Province, Nepal, using data from the 2021 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). Logistic regression analysis identifies significant determinants of ANC attendance, including age, birth order, education, and wealth. This study shows that in a similar meter from the previous, women in the age group of 20-24 years are at a risk of almost 4.78 times greater for attending ANC visits than women below it. The odds continue to increase as with an all-time high validation for women aged 30-49 years (OR = 11.75, p = 0.017). Where birth order sometimes negatively affects ANC usage, women with three or more children will less likely seek ANC (OR = 0.344, p = 0.063). There is a positive association between the ANC use and education because those women with better education are 2.83 more likely to access ANC services, although it is not very significant. Indeed, differences in the economics that do exist show that poorer women attend ANC as showed to by an OR of 0.384, which denotes that they are 0.384 times less likely to attend ANC compared to the poorest (OR = 0.384, p = 0.045): with wealth, indirect influences of religion, caste/ethnicity, and location using socio-economic factors being biased toward ANC use. It shows that, it should to improve ANC for young mothers, women with higher birth orders, and income. Addressing these gaps therefore needs a multi-faceted approach in terms of strengthening education, financial support, and healthcare infrastructure. The findings provide the much needed evidence and policymakers to strategize around maternal health equity and SDG pathways that give detail in regard to addressing maternal and child health issues in Lumbini Province.

Influence of Religion, Culture, and Education on Perception of Climate Change and its Implications: Applying Causal Inference in Statistics

Influence of Religion, Culture, and Education on Perception of Climate Change and its Implications: Applying Causal Inference in Statistics

(Re)viewing Postsecularity Through the Pragmatic Pursuits of New Religious Movements in India

In the contemporary postsecular context, where the influence of religion has become increasingly significant, this study explores the substantial influence of New Religious Movements (NRMs) in India. Focusing on Brahma Kumaris (BKs), a prominent NRM, this study examines their role as proponents of social change across various public spheres in modern society. The BKs’ deviation from traditional religious doctrines, their emphasis on self-transformation, and their capacity to adapt to contemporary challenges render them particularly relevant in the postsecular context. This study analyzes the pragmatic approach that BKs employ to engage with and assert their influence in contemporary public life. Specifically, it delineates five critical processes that underpin the organization’s pragmatic pursuits: detraditionalization, synergism, gender sensitization, agro-spiritualism, and digitalization. By subverting varied normativities and contesting the religious/secular dyad through their pragmatic pursuits, the BKs illuminate the shapeshifting edges and fluid integration of religion and secularity within the contemporary postsecular milieu.

Influence of religion and spirituality on head and neck cancer patients and their caregivers: a protocol for a scoping review

IntroductionHead and neck cancers (HNC) are devastating, thus imposing a negative impact on the appearance of an individual as well as vital activities such as eating, swallowing, speaking, and breathing. Therefore, HNC patients undergo distress, while their caregivers become overburdened. Religion and spirituality can be helpful for patients and their caregivers from diverse cultural backgrounds to cope with cancer. Though well established in palliative care, religion and spirituality are rarely incorporated into usual early oncological care. Despite the availability of heterogeneous literature examining the influence of religion and spirituality on cancer patients, there is notably limited research on this topic across the HNC trajectory. Therefore, this scoping review attempts to answer “What is the influence of religion or spirituality on HNC patients and their caregivers in different contexts?” and will map the evidence on the influence of religion and spirituality on HNC patients and their caregivers in different contexts including geographical areas, cultures, health care systems, and different study settings.MethodsThis scoping review was formulated using the guidelines of Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) manual for evidence synthesis: scoping reviews and will be reported confirming to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR checklist). A comprehensive search strategy will include Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, and APA PsycINFO. The OPENGREU.EU and Google Scholar will be used as gray literature sources complimented by manual searches. Our eligibility criteria follow the population, concept, and context (PCC) framework. Patients aged ≥ 18 years diagnosed with HNC and their informal, nonpaid caregivers aged > 18 years will be included. The data will be extracted using piloted data extraction form on sociodemographic, disease-related, and treatment-related factors and outcomes, and the data will be analyzed through descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. The results will be narratively synthesized.Conclusions/discussionThis review will aim to explore existing literature and summarize the findings of studies that examine the influence of religion and spirituality among HNC patients and their caregivers and vice versa over a range of physical, psychological, and social outcomes including quality of life. We also aim to identify existing research gaps. The findings of this review would generate evidence to better inform health care providers in countries and cultures in the management of patients diagnosed with HNC in usual oncological care with due consideration to caregivers.

Coming Out as LGBTQ+: A Qualitative Study on the Mental Health Impact of Religious Responses to Disclosure

ABSTRACT Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, or Queer (LGBTQ+) individuals may experience judgment, exclusion, and rejection by religious environments. This mixed methods study focused on the impact of religion on sexual orientation disclosure/coming out. Through purposeful snowball sampling we had 429 participants. Three major themes were identified: influence of religion on mental well-being religious separation, and religious affirmation. The impact of religion was a factor in 254 (59.2%) participants in suppressing their sexual orientation. Participants expressed fear, shame, and rejection from religious organizations and their personal exit from religion/church. To improve the mental well-being of LGBTQ+ individuals, religious organizations can employ strategies to educate clergy leaders and communities to become welcoming and affirming.

The influence of religious institutional logic in frontline work

AbstractThis research analyses the influence of religion—as an institutional logic—on the work of frontline workers (FLWs) in hybrid public policy implementation contexts. We conducted semi‐structured interviews and used vignettes with 37 therapeutic communities (TCs) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, which provide care for individuals with problematic drug use. Through our analysis, we discovered variations in how FLWs from faith‐based and secular organisations categorise their clients and provide them with alternative services. These differences were evident in their perceptions of problematic drug use, desired outcomes for clients, and the methods they utilise to achieve these goals. In practice, faith‐based TCs prioritise behavioural categories and emphasise support from family and work as treatment alternatives, whereas secular TCs employ professional language and offer alternatives based on psychological and medical support. This study enhances the understanding of religion as an institutional logic and underscores the significance of analysing institutional logics to comprehend the actions of FLWs in cases of hybridity, particularly the role of faith‐based organisations in service delivery.Points for practitioners The religion of organisations can have an impact on the work of frontline workers (FLWs). This impact becomes especially clear in the categorisation process, as it shapes FLWs’ understanding of their work and the referrals they make based on that understanding.

Monster of the Night: Identifying Pakistani Gender-Based, Religious, and Cultural Influences on Sleep Paralysis Among University Students.

The present study hasexplored the folk knowledge about the phenomenon of sleep paralysis in Pakistani society. The research aimed to gain a nuanced glimpse focusing on three major factors, culture, religion, and gender, that influence the lived experiences of those who face sleep paralysis. In this qualitative research,to have a holistic perception of indigenous knowledge about it, we selected both male and female participants who have experienced sleep paralysis. The findings indicate that there is an influence of Pakistani culture and religion regarding the experiences of the people with sleep paralysis, and gender is linked with the folklore on creatures that were linked to fairy tales and Islamic teachings. The study also revealed that Pakistani ethnic diversity has created a pool of versatility for identifying different experiences regarding sleep paralysis. These experiences were not just a part of the medical situation but portrayed the multicultural facets that are embedded in the individuals throughout their lives. Lastly, the study suggeststhat there is a complexity within the interactions between culture, religion, and gender on sleep paralysis. This needs to be further investigated to create culturally appropriate therapies that may have a favorable effect on both physical and mental health outcomes.

Exploring the Characteristics of Modern Korean Buddhist Education: Focusing on the Religious Studies Lecture Notes from the Buddhist Central Seminary (Pulgyo Chungang Hangnim, 佛敎中央學林)

This study examines the identity and characteristics of modern Korean Buddhist education through an analysis of the religious studies lecture notes of a student from the Buddhist Central Seminary (Pulgyo Chungang Hangnim, 佛敎中央學林), preserved at Songgwang-sa Temple. Established in 1915 and operating until 1919, the seminary introduced a significant shift from traditional scripture-centered monastic education to a modern academic system. Western and Japanese academic traditions, religious studies, philosophy, and the general educational system influenced its curriculum. The lecture notes provide insight into the adoption of modern academic disciplines within Korean Buddhist education, revealing the influence of Japanese religious studies and Western comparative religion. They also demonstrate the possibility of early introduction of religious studies as an educational field in Korea. The seminary played a dual role as a hub for national education and reflection of the colonial context, embodying the complexities of nationalism and colonial influence during Japanese occupation. This study underscores the need for further scholarly exploration to understand the multifaceted nature of modern Korean Buddhist education and its unique role within the broader historical context of East Asian Buddhist history.

Cross-Sectional Study on the Influence of Religion on the Consumption of Ultra-Processed Food in Spanish Schoolchildren in North Africa.

(1) Background: The consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) constitutes a public health problem given their high availability and easy accessibility among children and young people and their influence on the development of non-communicable diseases in the long term. In this context, culture and religion may be modulating factors for the consumption of processed food. The aim of this study is to assess the consumption of UPFs in Spanish schoolchildren living in Melilla (North Africa), together with the possible impact of religion on this. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional study of 590 Christian and Muslim schoolchildren aged 15-17 years was conducted. The NOVA food classification was used to identify UPFs. Associations between religion and daily consumption were identified using risk analysis (Odds Ratio). (3) Results: Muslim schoolchildren had a higher consumption of industrial juices [OR = 2.700, 95%CI = 1.830-4.037], milkshakes [OR = 2.925, 95% = 1.850-4.748], industrial pastries [OR = 2.217, 95% = 1.440-3.510], sweets [OR = 2.197, 95%CI = 1.437-3.541], chocolates [OR = 2.272, 95%CI = 1.482-3.606] and savory snacks [OR = 3.431, 95%CI = 1.844-6.579] compared to that observed among Christians. (4) Conclusions: Both Muslim and Christian schoolchildren had a high consumption of UPFs. Regarding the potential impact of religion on the consumption of UPF, we observed that Muslim schoolchildren consumed three to four times more UPF than Christian schoolchildren. These results show a shift away from a healthy eating pattern, especially among Muslim schoolchildren. Thus, it is necessary to implement nutritional education strategies in order to understand and control the consumption of UPF in adolescents, thereby reducing the occurrence of non-communicable diseases in the long term.

The Role of Religion as an Informal Institution in Shaping Corporate Environmental Responsibility: A SWOT Analysis of Publicly Listed Companies in Religiously Diverse Regions

This study examines the influence of religion on corporate environmental decision-making, particularly focusing on publicly listed companies in regions with varying religious contexts. The core issue addressed is how religion, as an informal system, can affect corporate behaviour in terms of environmental responsibility, especially in contexts where formal institutions or regulations are insufficient. To address this issue, the SWOT analysis method is employed. The problem is discussed from four perspectives: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The findings indicate a positive correlation between the intensity of regional religious influence and corporate environmental responsibility. Companies in regions with a strong religious presence are more likely to disclose environmental information, invest in sustainable practices and reduce pollution, particularly in high-pollution industries. Additionally, religion was found to foster higher corporate social responsibility (CSR) through its ability to shape managers ethical values. Based on these findings, the study suggests that companies should integrate religious or cultural values into their CSR strategies to enhance environmental management. Governments, on the other hand, could collaborate with religious organisations to supplement formal environmental policies, particularly in areas where regulatory enforcement is weak, thereby improving corporate adherence to environmental responsibility.

Religion and the Identity of Independent Indonesia: A Study on Religious Narratives According to the Founding Fathers

This article analyzes the speeches, works, and views of some Founding Fathers of Indonesia - Supomo, Muhammad Yamin, and Sukarno - as well as other key figures like Mohammad Hatta, K.H. Wahid Hasyim, Johannes Latuharhary, and Hoesein Djajadiningrat. It will explore their perspectives on the role of religion in Indonesia's political and social spheres. In Indonesia, where religion has significantly shaped the country's politics and society, politicians and elites largely agreed that religion is crucial to forming national identity. The main difference between nationalist and Islamist leaders was the extent of religion's influence on the new nation-state, not whether it had a role at all. Some argued for integrating faith into state affairs, while others favored separating the two. The enduring debate reflects the ongoing negotiation of competing visions of Indonesian nationhood, wherein religion is a significant axis of political and cultural expression. Moreover, the "religious state" concept encapsulates Indonesian leaders' nuanced approach to navigating the diverse religious landscape while maintaining a sense of national unity.

Religion as Determinants of Male Child Parenting Among Married Adults in Kwara State

Parents' religious inclination has been reported as a major determinant of rearing children. The study examined religion and psychological well-being as determinants of male-child parenting in Kwara State, Nigeria. The research aims to investigate the influence of religion on male child parenting among married adults in Kwara Central and determine its contribution to this issue. Two corresponding research questions and hypotheses guide the study. A descriptive survey of correlation was used. The study was conducted among male-child parents in Kwara Central. The population under scrutiny in this research comprises all wedded adults in Kwara Central with a projected estimate of 965,000 (National Population Commission, 2018). The study involved 384 married adults with male children from three Local Government Areas in Kwara Central, selected using the Kredjcie and Morgan table, specifically from Ilorin West, Ilorin South, and Ilorin East LGAs. The research instrument was a self-designed “Religion as Determinants of Male Child Parenting Scale (RDMCPQ). Experts assessed The RDMCPQ for its content, construct, and content validity. Its reliability was established through pilot testing and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient Statistics (PPMS), with a reliability index of 0.86. The findings show that religion has no significant relationship with male child parenting (F.cal.=5.32, p>0.05). Based on the findings, religion only explains about 11.7% of male child parenting in Kwara Central. The study recommended that married adults emphasise religious practice, especially for their male children. This will assist in enhancing the moral development of the children.

Influence of gender and religion on public perception of counter-terrorism efforts in Northeast Nigeria

This study examines the influence of gender and religion on public perception of counter-terrorism efforts in Northeast Nigeria, a region grappling with persistent terrorism and its devastating impact on communities. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study investigates whether gender and religious affiliations shape public opinions on counter-terrorism strategies. Finding from the study revealed that there is no significant difference between males and females in their perception on the influence of terrorism in the North Eastern Nigeria. The study also submitted that there is a statistically significant difference between Christians and Muslims in their perception on the influence of terrorism in the North Eastern Nigeria. Based on the finding the study therefore recommended that Northeastern government should address socioeconomic issues of poverty, unemployment, and lack of education that both genders identify as root causes of terrorism, to reduce vulnerability to radicalization, while ensuring trauma and rehabilitation programs for victims of terrorism are accessible to both men and women without bias. The study also opines that government and faith-based institutions should highlight common socioeconomic challenges; poverty, displacement, and unemployment faced by both Christians and Muslims as a unifying factor, as such will counter extremist narratives, and advocate for cooperation with security agencies.

Religion, gender norms and fertility in Muslim post-communist economies

ABSTRACT In this paper, we examine the relationship between religiosity and conservative gender role beliefs, as well as how these beliefs influence fertility decisions. We also test the hypothesis that exposure to gender-progressive political regimes and ideologies can weaken this chain of effects by diminishing either the influence of religion on gender roles or the impact of gender beliefs on fertility. Our empirical analysis is based on World Value Survey (WVS) data for five Ex-USSR Muslim countries compared to seven non-post-Soviet Muslim countries in neighbouring regions. Results indicate that higher religiosity is associated with more traditional gender roles in both groups; however, this link is significantly weaker among individuals from former communist countries who spent their formative years under Soviet rule. Additionally, more conservative gender beliefs do not lead to a higher number of children in Muslim Ex-USSR republics, whereas the opposite is true for the other group of Muslim countries.

RELIGION, NATIONALISM, AND CITIZENSHIP: Religion Majoritarian Approach (RMA) in Southeast Asia

The majority religion in Southeast Asian countries transcends the realm of personal belief and holds significance beyond individual privacy. Hence, the objective of this study is to examine the influence of the predominant religion in each Southeast Asian country on the development of distinct patterns of religion, nationalism, and citizenship. This article uses a qualitative research method based on literature study. The approach used is RMA (Religion Majoritarian Approach). This study demonstrates the presence of three distinct typologies of state relations and majority religion in Southeast Asian nations. The initial categorization of the majority religion served as the foundation for civil identity and nationalism in countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, Myanmar, Cambodia, and Thailand. The second typology refers to the imposition of limitations on the majority religion and its alignment with the objectives of the state, as exemplified by the cases of Laos, Vietnam, and Singapore. The third typology, dominant faiths assume the role of an informal institution that also governs the state, as exemplified by the Philippines and Timor Leste, where the Roman Catholic Church holds significant influence.

Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Profile Characteristics in Religious Discourses

This article presents the results of an interdisciplinary study on respondents' linguistic profiles in relation to their ethnic and religious identities. The research focuses on how ideologemes about religion are perceived in a multilingual and multiethnic society. Since the 1990s, with the onset of sovereign development, societal values related to cultural mapping have shifted. Multilingualism, multiethnicity, and religious diversity contribute to a range of perspectives, leading to both consensus and disagreement. Discussions and communication practices reveal diverse views on key social developments, including the role and influence of religion. The study aimed to identify the linguistic and sociolinguistic profiles of respondents in their perception of religious ideologemes. Conducted at the intersection of sociolinguistics, religious studies, and sociology, the research analyzed sociological survey data and established correlations (using SPSS) between respondents’ connotations of religion and their complex self-identification (ethnic, linguistic, and religious) (N = 1800). Demarcations in understanding religion’s influence and its role were identified in both public and expert consciousness (N = 107). The study employed interdisciplinary sociocultural methods, including discourse analysis, content analysis, correlation analysis, census data analysis, comparative methods, and theoretical reconstruction. This approach allowed the researchers to establish links between the connotations of religion and respondents' multidimensional self-identification, while identifying their linguistic and sociolinguistic typological profiles and value-based distinctions. The findings may be of interest to researchers in contemporary sociolinguistics, the sociology of mass consciousness, and identity studies.

Exploratory Qualitative Study to Investigate Factors Influencing Men's Utilization of Sexual and Reproductive Health Services in Kwa-Zulu Natal.

Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) is essential for men's health, but a large body of research has indicated that the underutilization of most SRH services by men is a persistent issue that needs to be addressed. Men's reluctance to access sexual and reproductive health services is one of the factors that leads to high morbidity and mortality rates among men, although their diseases may have been prevented or cured. This study aimed to explore factors that influence the decision of men who resided in men's hostels and who accessed urology clinics in KwaZulu-Natal to seek help for their sexual and reproductive health issues. An exploratory qualitative approach was adopted using focus group discussions. We interviewed seventy-two men of ages above 15 years. The data were analyzed thematically. The Biomedical Research Ethics Committee (BREC) of UKZN granted ethical clearance (BE 347/19). Of the 72 interviewed men, thirty-three men attended urology clinics in the selected hospitals, and thirty-nine men resided in the hostels around Durban in KZN. Seven themes (lack of awareness of SRH services; participants' reluctance to access SRH services; influence of culture and religion; lack of financial resources; influence of relationship dynamics; perceived low risk of individual sexual behaviors; and healthcare factors that discourage men from accessing SRH services) emerged from the data that were identified as barriers to SRH service utilization by men, whilst three themes (healthcare enabling factors; access to general information on SRH services; and personal motivational factors) emerged as factors that encouraged the participants to access these services. The participants' reluctance to access SRH services was attributed to the lack of awareness of available SRH services, the influence of culture and religion, lack of financial resources, relationship dynamics, the perceived low risk of sexual behaviors for individuals, and healthcare workers' negative attitude towards men requiring SRH services. The availability of healthcare resources, the appointment of more male healthcare workers, and more positive attitudes among healthcare workers will encourage men to utilize SRH services. The exposure of various barriers to SRH service utilization by this investigation warrants urgent attention from the government to impart knowledge about this phenomenon to men.

The influence of religion and belief on mental healthcare professionals’ compassion satisfaction, resilience and coping styles

ABSTRACT Mental Health Professionals (MHPs) may experience a range of stress reactions including Compassion Fatigue (CF), Burnout (BO), and Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS), due to the demands of caring for others. This study aimed to assess Compassion Fatigue (CF), Resilience, Coping Styles, and the extent of Belief/Faith among Mental Health Professionals (MHPs), with a focus on comparing differences based on age groups and religious identification. The research also aimed to investigate the relationships among CF, Coping Styles, Resilience, and Belief/Faith extent. A convenient sampling method was employed to collect data from 415 MHPs aged between 23 and 40. Respondents completed demographic surveys and three scales: (ProQOL), (Brief-COPE), and (CD-RISC-10). Results revealed higher levels of Burnout, Secondary Traumatic Stress, and Avoidant coping styles among MHP’s aged 23–30. Additionally, individuals who did not identify with any religion/faith exhibited higher levels of Burnout and Secondary Traumatic Stress. A positive correlation was found between extent of Belief/Faith and Compassion Satisfaction, Resilience, and Emotion-Focused Coping. Conversely, extent of Belief/Faith showed a negative correlation with Burnout and Secondary Traumatic Stress. In conclusion, Belief/Faith appears to have a protective effect against Burnout and Secondary Traumatic Stress, while fostering positive aspects such as Compassion Satisfaction and Resilience.

Law and Political Religion: the Theology of Soviet Law

That paper is one of my works, in which I try to apply the concept of political religion to Soviet law studies. Many political philosophers and scholars use this concept for describing the nature of totalitarian regimes, for which metapolitical goals (achieving communism, Nation defense etc.) and the tasks of their own legitimacy strengthening and increasing the control of society presuppose the usage of means which are religious by their nature. Political studies of political religion are quite developed, but legal theory pays almost no attention to such concept. So, in the paper I am trying to answer the question: if Soviet political regime can be defined as political religion, what does it means for law? In this paper I pay significant attention to Soviet law theology, that is the development of Marxism-Leninism dogmas in legal realm, which I call the “symbol of faith” of Soviet Law. I show how the “symbol of faith” guided Soviet legal studies, what philosophical and legal problems they raised and the ways Soviet scholars solved them. I mean such problems as connection between law and economics, law and state, law and factual social relations, the role of law in achieving communism. In 1920s there were different versions of Marxist legal theory (Evgeny Pashukanis, Mikhail Reysner, Pyotr Stuchka, and others), but at the beginning of 1930s the unification of approaches was being made (the 1938 narrow-normative definition of law by Andrey Vyshinsky became its). The Vyshinsky’s definition was partly rejected during post-Stalin era, the new attempts to substantiate the broader understanding of law by connecting it with legal conscience and legal relations appeared. Though these conceptions were formally substantiated as attempts to find “the right one” Marxist understanding of law, their authors were rather trying to reconcile their own vision of law with official ideology. In the paper I also delineate how Soviet law theology influenced Soviet law system. By using some examples, I argue that this theology was not just the set of ideas far from legal practice. For example, Soviet ideological dogmas determined the development of the socialistic legality doctrine as the key doctrine of Soviet legal order. At the same time Soviet legal system has never been developed exclusively under influence of Soviet political religion; it always was a mixture of influences, including Marxist-Leninist teachings, civil law tradition, political reasons etc.