Relief Program Research Articles

The Discrepancy between The Programs and Disaster Management Policy in Klapanunggal District, Bogor, West Java

Bogor regency consists of 40 districts, 23 are prone tonatural disasters. Klapanunggal district is listed in 10 districts declared as most vulnerable to natural disasters. Natural disasters could lead to loss of property and infrastructure damage and will affect the food security in the region. Food shortages is one example of the condition which causes food insecurity. The aim of this research is to analyze the government's food security strategy in anticipation of disaster with a case study of food insecurity in Klapanunggal district. The analysis suggested that; 1) FSVA is an appropriate program to identify food shortage areas, 2) Food Shortage Relief Program (Program Penanganan Daerah Rawan Pangan-PDRP) is the optimal efforts in reducing food shortages in the region, 3)The mismatch between FSVA indicators and Food Shortage Relief Program makes Klapanunggal district difficult in achievingfree status food-shortage. Based on the analysis, it is suggested that the implementation of Food Shortages Relief Program could be carried out based on the priority issues and implemented with integrated coordination and assistance among stakeholders. Such priority issues, integrated coordination and assistance are fully analyzed in this study.

Bank bailouts and corporate insider trading during the financial crisis of 2007–2009

Abstract Jagolinzer et al. (The information content of insider trades around government intervention during the financial crisis. Working paper, 2014) examine insider trading at banks that were bailed out by the U.S. taxpayers. They provide evidence that insiders of bailed-out banks profitably purchased their banks’ shares over a 9 month period after the Troubled Assets Relief Program (TARP) was announced in October 2008. They find that the purchases were profitable for up to 12 months after the purchases. However, Liu et al. (J Bank Finance 37:5048–5061, 2013) find that shareholder gains at the bailed out banks occurred only after the banks paid back the TARP funds, which in most cases occurred after 2010. In this paper we extend Jagolinzer et al.’s (2014) analysis to financial institutions that did not receive TARP funding as well as to non-financial firms. We find that insiders of the non-TARP financial and the non-financial firms traded their shares profitably after the TARP program was announced. Insider share purchases at these firms were highly profitable for up to 12 months after the purchases. However, insider purchases at the bailed-out banks were slightly profitable only for a month after the purchases, after which the shares that were bought declined in value. Our results for the TARP banks do not corroborate Jagolinzer et al.’s (2014) results, but are consistent with the evidence in Liu et al. (2013) and several other papers that examine the wealth effects of TARP program announcements and fund repayments.

Analysing the interaction of factors for resilient humanitarian supply chain

Emergencies and disasters place an exceptional demand on the managerial skills of the humanitarian aid community. Most of the developing countries lack in such kind of resilience and effective humanitarian supply chain. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to identify and analyse the factors to develop the resilience in the humanitarian supply chain. Based on the literature review, total 12 factors related to resilient humanitarian supply chain have been identified. Some of these factors are process oriented and some are result oriented. Interpretive structural modelling with Fuzzy MICMAC analysis is used to develop structural relationships among these factors and to find the driving and the dependence power of these factors. Government support, strategy and capacity planning; and continuous assessment of project progress have emerged as the major drivers for the development of resilient humanitarian supply chain. By managing these driving factors, humanitarian aid programme can be made resilient and agile. The findings will be useful for the humanitarian aid agencies to develop effective and sustainable aid relief programme.

Nvestigating Older Persons and NGOs Flood Preparedness to Reduce Vulnerabilities Associated with Ageing: A Case Study

The impact of natural disasters on the older population is unlikely to diminish in the years to come due to the increasing number of older persons in Malaysia. Recent trends with respect to management of natural disasters have highlighted the role of NGOs in all phases of disaster management namely preparedness, response, recovery and mitigation. Research showed a notable difference emerged between the perceptions of the older persons, and those of the respondents from aid agencies (government and NGO) dealing with emergencies. In this research paper, information on specific needs and problems faced by older persons during the 2014 flood as well as the NGOs perceptions towards them were identified. It also studied the impact of flood disaster on older persons. Their preparedness to face emergencies and the suitability of the relief programs organized by NGOs were investigated. A mix method approach was adobted in this research which include qualitative (Focus Group Discussion) and quantitative (face-to-face interview) survey. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Based on findings from the FGDs conducted, there was no Standard Operating Procedure on flood relief for the older persons adopted by the NGOs. There is a clear need for SOPs to ensure proper guidelines and procedures in meeting the special needs of the older persons in times of disasters.

New Deal for Minorities During the Great Depression

During the Depression years, minority groups in the United States suffered more than the other segments of the American society. Yet, they were not the focus of New Dealers. One may wonder why and how were the lives of women, African Americans, and Indian Americans impoverished by the Great Depression enhanced under the New Deal. At the outset, NIRA codes emphasized women’s inferiority to men since they reinforced traditional long-range place in the labor arena. African Americans, too, suffered more because of the NIRA. Likewise, the AAA and the CCC were administrated in segregationist manners. It was until 1935 onwards that things changed in favor of those minorities. Federal relief programs and agencies like the FERA, the WPA, and the NYA; and many other acts and executive orders contributed significantly in enhancing minorities’ conditions of life during the Depression years.

ДОПОМОГА США БІЖЕНЦЯМ В ПЕРІОД КОРЕЙСЬКОЇ ВІЙНИ (1950 – 1953 рр.)

The article reveals a set of measures taken by the United States of America to assist “the refugees of war” in the context of local conflict in the Korean Peninsula. It is underlined that securing assistance to hundreds of thousands of Korean refugees has become a unique experience for the United States and the international community in providing financial support, assistance programs, combat operations, and organized troop deployment. Particular attention was paid to the decisions and actions of the US Armed Forces Command aimed at avoiding panic among refugees from the North, evacuating civilians, setting up and operating Refugee Camps. The unprecedented scale of the Hungnam rescue operation carried out during the offensive of the Chinese and North Korean troops in December 1950 is examined. The first exampled experience was the work of the United Nations Civil Aid Command in Korea, whose field teams distributed clothing, supplies, consumer goods and large-scale vaccinations against smallpox and typhoid during the second half of 1950. In addition, it reviewed the work of UNCURK, which was to help rebuild the country. As part of the program, Korean refugees received rice, used clothing and shoes, and medical equipment. At the same time, the establishment and activities of the UNKRA, to whom the United States has been the major donor, have played a leading role in assisting the forced migrants. The relief programs subsequently became a significant factor in the Westernization and economic revival of the Republic of Korea. It has been shown that in the context of the military conflict in Korea, US assistance to refugees was provided not only through a profile UN agency but also through the active involvement of US military structures and non-governmental organizations. The role of volunteer organizations and private initiatives of the American public in support of the Korean Refugee was noted.

New Deal for Minorities

During the Depression years, minority groups in the United States suffered more than the other segments of the American society. Yet, they were not the focus of New Dealers. One may wonder why and how were the lives of women, African Americans, and Indian Americans, impoverished by the Great Depression, enhanced under the New Deal. At the outset, NIRA codes emphasized women’s inferiority to men since they reinforced traditional long-range place in the labor arena. African Americans, too, suffered more because of the NIRA. Likewise, the AAA and the CCC were administrated in segregationist manners. It was until 1935 onwards that things changed in favor of those minorities. Federal relief programs and agencies like the FERA, the WPA, and the NYA; and many other acts and executive orders contributed significantly in enhancing minorities’ conditions of life during the Depression years

A Comparative Analysis of the Asset Management Corporation of Nigeria and the Troubled Asset Relief Program of the United States

This article is a comparative analysis of the Asset Management Corporation of Nigeria (AMCON) with the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP), in the US. AMCON is an institution which was created to purchase non-performing loans of Nigerian banks due to their exposure to the oil and gas sector and the capital market. AMCON acquires these toxic loans of both distressed and sound banks, and then converts the loans to equities and sells them off. Banks that wish to sell their toxic loans to AMCON sustain losses since the average purchase price is 40% of the cost of the loan. Once AMCON purchases the toxic loans of banks, it issues seven-year Federal Government guarantee bonds to the banks. TARP, on the other hand, was established under the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act, 2008, to ameliorate the effects of the 2007 global financial crisis on the US economy. Its primary focus was on addressing the impact of the crisis on financial institutions as a result of their exposure to subprime mortgages. TARP later incorporated automobile companies into its program, as the failure of these companies, at the time, would have had a more significant impact to the US economy. The Secretary of the Treasury is responsible for the purchase of troubled assets, the management and sale of the assets and the remittance of the revenue from the sale to the US Treasury. TARP is encompassing and has the Financial Stability Oversight Board, the Congress, the Congressional Oversight Panel, the Comptroller General of the US, Judicial Review and Special Inspector General to help the Secretary in the performance of his duties. These checks and balances are lacking in AMCON; hence, the tendency of abuse of power is high under AMCON. While TARP has succeeded in stabilizing the US economy, AMCON is still struggling to stabilize the Nigerian banking sector. On further examination of these two institutions, this paper finds that there are a number of factors which hinder the realization of AMCON’s objectives. Primarily, this paper finds that there are no favourable government policies to complement AMCON. The absence of such policies, is challenging for the sustainability and regulation of the Nigerian banking system. This article concludes that similar to TARP, AMCON must be further developed and strengthened, and contain a more exhaustive system of checks and balances. In addition, it must incorporate more favourable government policies in order to be a success story.

Urban Warfare Ecology: A Study of Water Supply in Basrah

This article assesses the impact of armed conflict on the drinking water service of Basrah from 1978 to 2013 through an ‘urban warfare ecology’ lens in order to draw out the implications for relief programming and relevance to urban studies. It interprets an extensive range of unpublished literature through a frame that incorporates the accumulation of direct and indirect impacts upon the hardware, consumables and people upon which urban services rely. The analysis attributes a step‐wise decline in service quality to the lack of water treatment chemicals, lack of spare parts, and, primarily, an extended ‘brain‐drain’ of qualified water service staff. The service is found to have been vulnerable to dependence upon foreign parts and people, ‘vicious cycles’ of impact, and the politics of aid and of reconstruction. It follows that practitioners and donors eschew ideas of relief–rehabilitation–development (RRD) for an appreciation of the needs particular to complex urban warfare biospheres, where armed conflict and sanctions permeate all aspects of service provision through altered biological and social processes. The urban warfare ecology lens is found to be a useful complement to ‘infrastructural warfare’ research, suggesting the study of protracted armed conflict upon all aspects of urban life be both deepened technically and broadened to other cases.

Unintended Consequences of Government Bailouts: Evidence from Bank-Dependent Borrowers of Large Banks

Using the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) as a laboratory, this paper examines the impacts of bank bailouts on bank-dependent clients. We find that large TARP recipient banks reduce credit supply to dependent borrowers in the post-TARP period. Such effect is more pronounced when recipient banks hoard more liquidity ex-post. We further show that a large fraction of credit supply reduction is due to regulatory uncertainty. This negative shock via credit channel causes dependent borrowers to become more constrained financially. Ex-ante analysis also reveals a significant valuation loss for these borrowers around the announcements of their main banks’ TARP approvals.

Caregiver Burden in Medical versus Psychiatric Patients: A Cross-sectional Comparative Study.

Background:An informal care-giver is generally an unpaid individual who looks after the personal and medical needs of the patient. India being a country of traditions and family values, this informal care-giver is usually a family member. These care-givers, being untrained in this job undergo tremendous stress. Available research studies the burden individually in the relatives of chronically medically ill patients and those of psychiatrically ill patients. Furthermore the previous research targets the burden in individual diseases. This study stands out as it makes a comparison between the two broad groups, taking into account almost all possible chronic diseases in each group.Methods:This is a cross-sectional analytical descriptive study that was conducted on the family caregivers of chronically medically ill and psychiatrically ill patients, using the Caregiver's Burden Scale. Data were analyzed by SPSS 20 statistical software and Pearson correlation coefficient tests. Significant difference between area of caregiver burden of medicine and psychiatric patients was tested using relative deviate “Z” of SEDM test at 5% level of significance.Result:There is a significant difference between each category of Caregiver's Burden Scale among chronically medically ill and psychiatrically ill patients. (P < 0.05).Conclusion:The outcome of this study may help the health care providers in designing stress relief programs for primary care-givers. Overall this study may help better delivery systems of care for both the chronically medically ill as well as psychiatrically ill patients, by proper specific framing and psycho education programs for the caregivers of specific chronic illnesses.

Pelatihan Manajemen Bencana Bagi Anggota Padjadjaran Nursing Corps (PNC)

The high and varied disasters occur in Indonesia, requiring the government and the whole community to be ready for disaster. In the Faculty of Nursing Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad), there is a group of students who do extracurricular activities to provide health aid called PNC. Training needs to be done to enhance the role of PNC as well as increasing the participation of students in the disaster relief program. This training resulted in increased knowledge and attitudes of PNC members on disaster management, and also increased the knowledge and attitude related to the role and function of students in disaster management effort. In addition, other additional results related to the effectiveness of training methods for PNC members successfully obtained. The methods compared were lecture and discussion (LD) compared with LD plus simulation and FGD methods. It is measured by using the quasi experimental method with pretest-posttest control group design. Data analysis used Mann Whitney test. The result showed that there was no difference in knowledge and attitude (p = 1,000) in both treatment groups (p = 0,424). Which means that there was no difference between LD method and LD plus simulation and FGD method. Keywords: Training, Disaster Management, Padjadjaran Nursing Corps (PNC)

News Briefs

Consumers Energy Foundation awards $1 million for scholarship program. JPMorgan commits $40 million to Chicago revitalization effort. Philip Morris pledges $1 billion for anti‐smoking efforts. Salesforce.org awards over $12 million for San Francisco–area schools. Salvation Army appoints new national leaders. Publix Super Markets awards $5 million for hunger relief programs. Pacific Life Foundation awards $500,000 for marine science research and preservation. Internet companies pledge a combined $300 million for computer science education.

Anti-Homosexual Legislation and HIV-Related Stigma in African Nations: What Has Been the Role of PEPFAR?

Background: Gay men and other men who have sex with men are disproportionately burdened by HIV infection. Laws that penalize same-sex intercourse contribute to a cycle of stigma, homonegativity and discrimination. In many African nations, laws criminalizing homosexuality may be fueling the epidemic, as they dissuade key populations from seeking treatment and health care providers from offering it. Objectives: We analyzed the ways in which policies and practices of the US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) program addressed pervasively harsh anti-homosexuality laws across Africa. Given the aim of the US PEPFAR program to reduce stigma surrounding HIV, we explored how PEPFAR may have used its influence to reduce the criminalization of homosexuality in the countries where it operated. Methods: We assessed homosexuality laws in 21 African countries where PEPFAR funding sought to reduce the HIV epidemic. We examined PEPFAR Policy Framework agreements associated with those countries, and other PEPFAR documents, for evidence of attempts to reduce stigma by decriminalizing homosexuality. Results: We found 16 of Africa’s 21 PEPFAR-funded countries had laws characterized as harsh in relation to homosexuality. Among the top eight PEPFAR-funded countries in Africa, seven had harsh anti-homosexuality laws. Most (14) of the 16 African ‘Partnership Framework’ (PEPFAR) policy agreements between African governments and the US State Department call for stigma reduction; however, none call for reducing penalties on individuals who engage in homosexual behavior. Conclusions: We conclude that while PEPFAR has acknowledged the negative role of stigma in fueling the HIV epidemic, it has, so far, missed opportunities to explicitly address the role of the criminalization of homosexuality in feeding stigmatizing attitudes. Our analysis suggests mechanisms like PEPFAR Partnership Framework agreements could be ideal vehicles to call for removal of anti-homosexuality legislation.

Quantifying an Adherence Path-Specific Effect of Antiretroviral Therapy in the Nigeria PEPFAR Program

ABSTRACTSince the early 2000s, evidence has accumulated for a significant differential effect of first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral load suppression. This finding was replicated in our data from the Harvard President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) program in Nigeria. Investigators were interested in finding the source of these differences, that is, understanding the mechanisms through which one regimen outperforms another, particularly via adherence. This question can be naturally formulated via mediation analysis with adherence playing the role of a mediator. Existing mediation analysis results, however, have relied on an assumption of no exposure-induced confounding of the intermediate variable, and generally require an assumption of no unmeasured confounding for nonparametric identification. Both assumptions are violated by the presence of drug toxicity. In this article, we relax these assumptions and show that certain path-specific effects remain identified under weaker conditions. We focus on the path-specific effect solely mediated by adherence and not by toxicity and propose an estimator for this effect. We illustrate with simulations and present results from a study applying the methodology to the Harvard PEPFAR data. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.

The Unanticipated Consequences of Purposive Political Action

526 Review Essays and Institutional Contradictions.’’ In The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Haedicke, Michael A. 2016. Organizing Organic: Conflict and Compromise in an Emerging Market. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Krippner, Greta R. 2007. ‘‘The Making of U.S. Monetary Policy: Central Bank Transparency and the Neoliberal Dilemma.’’ Theory and Soci- ety 36(6):477–513. Lamont, Miche`le. 2012. ‘‘Toward a Comparative Sociology of Valuation and Evaluation.’’ Annual Review of Sociology 38(1):201–221. doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-120022. Lamont, Miche`le, Jessica S. Welburn, and Crystal M. Fleming. 2016. ‘‘Responses to Discrimina- tion and Social Resilience Under Neoliberal- ism.’’ Pp. 143–76 in New Perspectives on Resilience in Socio-Economic Spheres, edited by A. Maurer. Wiesbaden: Springer Fach- medien Wiesbaden. doi:10.1007/978-3-658- Meyer, John W., and Brian Rowan. 1977. ‘‘Institu- tionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony.’’ American Journal of Soci- ology 83(2):340–63. doi:10.1086/226550. Murray, Fiona. 2010. ‘‘The Oncomouse That Roared: Hybrid Exchange Strategies as a Source of Distinction at the Boundary of Overlapping Institutions.’’ American Journal of Sociology 116(2):341–88. doi:10.1086/653599. Stark, David. 2011. The Sense of Dissonance: Accounts of Worth in Economic Life. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. The´venot, Laurent. 2015. ‘‘Certifying the World: Power Infrastructures and Practices in Econo- mies of Conventional Forms.’’ Pp. 195–226 in Re-Imagining Economic Sociology, edited by P. Aspers and N. Dodd. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Weber, Max, Guenther Roth, and Claus Wittich. 1978. Economy and Society: An Outline of Inter- pretive Sociology. Berkeley: University of Cali- fornia Press. The Unanticipated Consequences of Purposive Political Action H EATHER A. H AVEMAN University of California-Berkeley haveman@berkeley.edu We all know about the very physical legacy of Franklin Roosevelt’s Works Progress Administration (WPA): Dealey Plaza in Dallas, the Fort Peck dam in Montana, LaGuardia Airport in New York City, Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles, the Merritt Parkway in Connecticut, Midway Airport in Chicago, the River Walk in San Antonio, and over 100,000 roads and bridges, water- works, schools, libraries, hospitals, post offices, dormitories, auditoriums, stadiums, and recreational facilities in towns and cities across the nation. But most of us don’t know about the cultural legacy: the American Guides, a series of travel-cum-local-color books, one for each state, penned by unem- ployed writers around the country. It is this cultural legacy that Wendy Griswold investi- gates in American Guides: The Federal Writers’ Project and the Casting of American Culture. The arts project was the first one proposed by the WPA. It focused on finding employ- ment for creative people in four fields: art, music, drama, and writing. In the face of intense criticism and contestation among Contemporary Sociology 46, 5 American Guides: The Federal Writers’ Project and the Casting of American Culture, by Wendy Griswold. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016. 361 pp. $35.00 paper. ISBN: 9780226357836. writers’ associations, the architects of the WPA’s writers’ project chose a seemingly innocuous task for writers to tackle: develop travel guides to the 48 states, two territories (Alaska and Puerto Rico), and several cities. To explain how this came about, Griswold guides us through a history of the WPA, put- ting it in context with other state and federal relief programs, and then dissects the seven- year (1936 to 1943) life of the writers’ project in particular. To ground these developments in their cultural context, she tours the history of guidebooks, starting with antiquity and continuing up to the twentieth century. She next explores the history of travel, tourism, and vacations.

No deal

The impact of the New Deal has been a topic of ongoing historical investigation, with, in the past few decades, substantive research in New Deal relief programs on Americanist archaeology by disciplinary historians. The application of resources newly available through relief programs varied considerably geographically however, and this article uses Kansas as a case study of a state in which there was no federal New Deal archaeology. The article explores archaeological research conducted in the state during this era by the Smithsonian Institution as well as an attempt to secure funding for systematic investigations by the University of Kansas. The article highlights several factors that forestalled use of relief funding for archaeology.

CEO compensation and banks’ risk-taking during pre and post financial crisis periods

This study examines the impact of CEO compensation on banks’ risk during both pre and post-financial crisis periods. Our results suggest a negative relationship between CEO bonuses and banks’ risk in the pre-financial crisis period. Similarly, restricted shares and options granted to CEOs in the post-financial crisis period also appear to decrease banks’ risk. In contrast, we observe a positive influence of the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) on banks’ risk. Our results also show that the length of time to maturity of options influences banks’ risk-taking behavior. Our findings have useful implications for formulating and regulating CEO compensation structure.

Anthropologists in Unexpected Places: Tracing Anthropological Theory, Practice, and Policy in Indians at Work

ABSTRACTDuring the 1930s, anthropologists were frequent contributors to the periodical, Indians at Work, published by the Office of Indian Affairs (OIA). While the magazine's primary purpose was to chronicle American Indian participation in federal relief programs, it also served as a larger forum for publishing and reprinting ethnographic works authored by anthropologists about American Indian communities. As such, it was a key site for mid‐twentieth‐century disciplinary debates, particularly in regard to establishing the subfield of applied anthropology. The varied contributions expose differences regarding the purpose and goals of the discipline as well as growing tensions between anthropologists and the OIA about the application of disciplinary knowledge to governmental policy. These struggles reveal the difficulty anthropologists had in locating contemporary American Indian communities within the larger US nation‐state. Critically, the magazine also provided a space for tribal members as well as Indigenous anthropologists to engage in debates regarding ethnographic (mis)representation. [history of anthropology, anthropological practice, Indigenous studies, United States]

Giving to poverty relief charities: the impact of beliefs and misperceptions toward income redistribution in a real donation experiment

Many Americans hold erroneous beliefs regarding the level of inequality in the United States and the efforts by the federal government to alleviate poverty. In general, they overestimate the extent of poverty relief undertaken by government. Given that poverty relief programs are a public good and likely underprovided, overestimation of the level of income redistribution is likely to exacerbate this under-provision by reducing giving to private charities. This paper considers if this misperception affects giving to poverty-relief charities. We report a real-donation experiment investigating links between contributions to poverty-relief charities and perceptions of federal transfers to low income households. We also ask participants to self-identify political affiliation, religiosity, race, and gender. We find that donations to our poverty relief charities are inversely related to the perceived transfers made to the poorest quintile. Donations are approximately $0.20 less for each $1000 of perceived transfers. Interestingly, we find little correlation between giving and political beliefs.