Relief Parameters Research Articles

Morphometric analysis of a badland affected portion of the Mandakini River sub-watershed, central India

Morphometric analysis has evolved as an important tool for basin management and to study the process performing in the basin. The trio of remote sensing, GIS, and morphometric analysis gives the best possible results in investigating, supervising, and understanding the basin. The present study comprises a detailed study of morphometric parameters in a badland affected sub-watershed of the Mandakini River. The sub-watershed is located in the northern foot slope of Vindhyan mountain range. The area consists of many structural and denudational hills, pediment, and pediplain complexes. Geologically soft sedimentary rocks are in the majority in this terrain and the area comprises a diverse range of gullies, in terms of shape and size. The intensity of the study is both macro and micro watershed level (up to the third and fourth sub-watershed level). The analysis is mostly based on derived parameters such as bifurcation ratio (Rb), drainage density (Dt), stream frequency (Fs), drainage texture (Dt), length of overland flow (Lg), and constant of channel maintenance (C), shape parameters such as circularity Ratio (Rc), elongation ratio (Re), form factor (Rf), and in relief parameter ruggedness number (Rn) and dissection index (Di). The analysis shows that low infiltration rate, i.e., a higher value of infiltration number (70.0), triggers high runoff and hence increases drainage density (4.5), drainage frequency (15.16), and drainage texture (25.23) and ultimately from an erosional setup in the sub-watershed and it is gradually deforming the land into a rugged terrain.

Soil erosion along a transect in a forested catchment: Recent or ancient processes?

Forested areas are assumed not to be influenced by erosion processes. However, forest soils of Northern Germany in a hummocky ground moraine landscape can sometimes exhibit a very shallow thickness on crest positions and buried soils on slope positions. The question consequently is: Are these on-going or ancient erosional and depositional processes? Plutonium isotopes act as soil erosion/deposition tracers for recent (last few decades) processes. Here, we quantified the 239+240Pu inventories in a small, forested catchment (ancient forest “Melzower Forst”, deciduous trees), which is characterised by a hummocky terrain including a kettle hole. Soil development depths (depth to C horizon) and 239+240Pu inventories along a catena of sixteen different profiles were determined and correlated to relief parameters. Moreover, we compared different modelling approaches to derive erosion rates from Pu data.We find a strong relationship between soil development depths, distance-to-sink and topography along the catena. Fully developed Retisols (thicknesses > 1 m) in the colluvium overlay old land surfaces as documented by fossil Ah horizons. However, we found no relationship of Pu-based erosion rates to any relief parameter. Instead, 239+240Pu inventories showed a very high local, spatial variability (36–70 Bq m−2). Low annual rainfall, spatially distributed interception and stem flow might explain the high variability of the 239+240Pu inventories, giving rise to a patchy input pattern. Different models resulted in quite similar erosion and deposition rates (max: −5 t ha−1 yr−1 to +7.3 t ha−1 yr−1). Although some rates are rather high, the magnitude of soil erosion and deposition - in terms of soil thickness change - is negligible during the last 55 years. The partially high values are an effect of the patchy Pu deposition on the forest floor. This forest has been protected for at least 240 years. Therefore rather natural events and anthropogenic activities during medieval times or even earlier must have caused the observed soil pattern, which documents strong erosion and deposition processes.

Changes in the Structure of Steel during Quenching in a Magnetic Field

The structure of martensite obtained by quenching steel under the action of a constant magnetic field was studied. The kinetic changes of the martensitic transformation, caused by the action of a magnetic field, are expressed in the structure by an increase in the dispersity of the transformation products. Samples of steels C45, 100CrMn6 and 30HGSA were investigated. Dispersity was evaluated statistically in images obtained on light and electron microscopes. The specific surface area was measured and the parameters of the surface relief caused by martensitic transformation were studied. Experimental data show that after quenching in a magnetic field, a decrease in the volumetric strain of the transformation, an increase in the dispersity of packets of martensitic crystals and components of the packets are observed. It is concluded that an increase in dispersion and a fragmentation of the structure of martensite are mainly the result of multiplicative nucleation.

Geomorphic diversity and landslide susceptibility in the Balason River Basin, Darjeeling Himalaya

This study attempts to assess the role of basin morphometric parameters in slope instability using a morphometric diversity (MD) model, as well as the role of drainage parameters and relief parameters in slope failure using drainage diversity (DD) and relief diversity (RD) models, respectively. For this, a total of 14 morphometric data layers were considered. The relationship of each data layer to landslide susceptibility was judged using a frequency ratio (FR) approach. Parameters like drainage density (Dd), drainage frequency (Df), relative relief (Rr), drainage texture (Dt), junction frequency (Jf), infiltration number (In), ruggedness index (Ri), dissection index (Di), elevation (E), slope (S), relief ratio (Rra) and hypsometric integral (Hi) were positively related with landslide potentiality while bifurcation ratio (Rb) and drainage intensity (Din) negatively correlated with S failure. The principal component analysis (PCA)-based weight assigned to each data layer in each model was multiplied with unidirectional reclassified data layers for each model using a weighted linear combination (WLC) approach to prepare landslide susceptibility maps. The receiver operating characteristics curve showed that the landslide prediction accuracy of the DD, RD and MD models were 71.4%, 73.9% and 76.3%, respectively. The FR plots of the aforesaid three models suggested that the chance of landslide increases from very low to very high in susceptible zones.

THE FORMATION OF SURFACE NANOSTRUCTURES ON As-S-Ge CHALCOGENIDE FILM AFTER E-BEAM EXPOSURE

Проблематика. Халькогенідні стекла формують унікальний клас матеріалів та є привабливими з точки зору їх різноманітних застосувань, що обумовлені їхніми непересічними властивостями та можливістю утворювати поверхневий рельєф. Взаємодія цих матеріалів з електронним променем становить інтерес через різноманітність фізичних явищ, спричинених у халькогенідних плівках лазерним опроміненням. Мета дослідження. Дослідження прямого (без селективного травлення) формування поверхневого рельєфу періодичних наноструктур на плівці As 3 S 77 Ge 20 товщиною ~8,3 мкм, виготовленій вакуумним термічним випаровуванням, із використанням електронно-променевої літографії. Вивчення зміни висоти і форми поверхневих наноструктур залежно від дози опромінення. Методика реалізації. Хімічний склад плівки визначали за допомогою енергетично-дисперсійного аналізу рентгенівських променів. Плівку опромінювали електронним променем за допомогою скануючого електронного мікроскопа. Було досліджено вплив опромінення електронним пучком на аморфну халькогенідну тонку плівку As 3 S 77 Ge 20 . Поверхневий рельєф плівки сканували атомно-силовим мікроскопом. Результати дослідження. Доза експозиції G варіювалась від 12 мКл·см - 2 до 12 Кл·см - 2 . Було виявлено формування конусів із гаусовим профілем на поверхнях плівок після локального опромінення електронами. Встановлено залежність висоти одержаних поверхневих наноструктур від дози експозиції. Видно, що для G 2400 мКл·см - 2 вона зменшується. Було знайдено початкову та інверсійну дози формування поверхневого рельєфу. Для матриць із відстанню між точками опромінення d = 6,6 мкм початкова доза становила G 0 = 9,60 мКл·см - 2 , а інверсійна – G i = 31,18 Кл·см - 2 . Для d = 10 мкм ці параметри дорівнювали G 0 = 6,98 мКл·см - 2 і G i = 36,19 Кл·см - 2 . Залежності у зростаючому інтервалі дози (від 16 до 1200 мКл·см - 2 ) для d = 6,6 мкм і d = 10 мкм було апроксимовано експоненційними функціями. Висновки. Зміну форми та параметрів отриманого рельєфу поверхні на плівці As 3 S 77 Ge 20 можна пояснити моделлю акумулювання заряду. Наші дослідження показали, що вивчена композиція As 3 S 77 Ge 20 придатна для запису електронним променем та може бути використана для виготовлення оптичних елементів.

DELINEAMENTO DE ÁREAS COM POTENCIAL EROSIVO PARA A BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO RIO PARANAÍBA (PN1-IGAM)

A identificação do potencial erosivo de uma área antes que ele se manifeste é de grande importância para mitigar impactos ambientais negativos e evitar prejuízos econômicos ao uso do solo. Assim esse trabalho teve como objetivo identificar as áreas com maior potencial de sofrer processos erosivos na Bacia Hidrográfica PN1 (o Instituto Mineiro de Gestão de Águas dividiu a área da Bacia do Rio Paranaíba, em MG, em: PN1, PN2 e PN3). Por meio do emprego do Sensoriamento Remoto e de Sistemas de Informação Geográficas, foram feitas a identificação das áreas mais suscestíveis a um processo erosivo, bem como a manipulação das variáveis inerentes a esse processo, que atuam na bacia. Foram avaliados os tipos de solo, uso da terra, relevo e outros parâmetros necessários ao entendimento da dinâmica erosiva na bacia e calculada Equação Universal de Perdas de Solos (EUPS) para os diferentes cenários de uso do solo. Para obtenção dos resultados foram elaborados mapas de erodibilidade e erosividade que permitiram dar uma indicação das principais áreas de risco erosivo em cada cenário de uso. Os resultados apresentados para o potencial erosivo, foram abordados de forma qualitativa, com cenários onde se empregam e onde não se empregam práticas conservacionistas.
 Palavras-Chave: Bacia Hidrográfica; Solo; SIG; Conservação do solo; Erosão.

Algorithmic presentation of light-sensitive layers printing monitoring in-process

In the study the in-process monitoring algorithm for the flexible printed LED-pixels production at the light-sensitive layers formationstage is presented. The light-sensitive layers are based on either polymethine dyes complexes or luminophores. The both chemical and electrostatic interaction between the light-sensitive compounds and the bottom functional layer affected on crystallization conditions as well as the previous layer relief and thermal postprocessing parameters including next layers formationare most significant production factors. The production layers defects are determined. The optimal stages of optical properties monitoring are defined. The in-process optical properties monitoring technique is offered.

Revisiting the Urge to Operate: One-year Neurophysiological Follow-up in Severe CTS

Background and Aim: Several approaches have been proposed for the treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) based on its severity. The aim of this study is to determine the optimal management for severe CTS. Methods and Materials/Patients: This cross-sectional study was conducted for 22 months from August 2017 to June 2019 in a referral rehabilitation clinic in southern Iran. A total of 117 hands diagnosed with severe CTS were included in 78 patients according to Electrodiagnostic Study (EDX) reports (considering Sensory Proximal Latency (SPL) >3.6 msec, Sensory Distal Latency (SDL) >5.3 msec, Sensory Nerve Conduction Velocity (SNCV) <30 m/sec, Distal Motor Latency (DML) >6.5 msec as being severe) who refused to undergo surgery. Boston questionnaire was filled out and conventional EDX was carried out at the first and the 1-year follow-up visits. Results: In patients with a detectable Sensory Nerve Action Potential (SNAP), motor amplitude (P<0.002) and latency (P<0.01), SPL (P<0.003) and SNCV (P<0.006), and Boston parameters improved significantly in the one-year follow-up visit compared with the results at the first visit. However, improvement in patients with absent or low amplitude SNAP at the first visit was only observed in proximal sensory latency (P<0.005) and amplitude (P<0.003). Conclusion: There is a considerable chance for non-surgical improvement of patients with severe CTS in terms of symptom relief, hand function, and EDX parameters in those with detectable SNAP at the first visit; however, patients with undetectable SNAP have little, if any, the chance for improvement with conservative measures.

Ландшафтно-бассейновый подход в экологической оценке малонарушенных лесов Онежского полуострова

The article deals with consequences of intensive clear-cuts of old-growth boreal forests within modelled net of small river basins (Straler’s 3–4 order). Resulting from cluster analysis of parameters of relief and rivers, 7 types of small basins play different roles in water and sediment discharge processes were described. Accordingly, consequences of intensive clear-cuts are also different due to the basin types. In basins where discharge accumulation is the main trend, one can predict intensive elevation of ground-water level that will impede reforestation for a long time. Where discharge transit prevails, strong soil erosion is highly expected, and this will bring such negative consequence as eutrophication of rivers and lakes in these basins and also in downstream-situated basins which unload discharge into sea. In the last ones, mostly situated within the national park “Onezhskoe Pomorie”, the rivers are important as water sources for local villages and as places of fish breeding, so the damage will be very sufficient from the eutrophication induced. Conclusion is produced that basins, where discharge-transit process prevails, are key places for nature conservation because of either their strong impact on downstream basins or the largest percentage (42%) of old-growth forests with rare species of flora and fauna localized within such transit basins.

Возможности и ограничения метода контактной профилометрии при определении перепада высот для контроля топологических элементов и толщины слоев

The work shows specific examples of the possibilities and limitations of the contact profilometry method for measuring the relief of micro and nanostructures formed on substrates during the production of microelectronic devices. The requirements to the relief parameters of microelectronic structures are formulated, which make it possible to use contact profilometers for their measurement and control. Methods of forming steps for measuring the thickness of films by contact profilometry are described, and their advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. The method of contact profilometry with optical profilometry and atomic force microscopy is compared.

Study of the working face of a flexible grinding tool

The technology of grinding with a flexible abrasive tool is a rather complicated process, the characteristics of which are interconnected with the relief parameters of the surface abrasive coat of a tool. However, when forming the relief of the surface abrasive coat of a flexible grinding tool by popular methods, an unnecessary expenditure of expensive abrasive material occurs and the working face is obtained with randomly arranged abrasive grains, the processing performance of which can be assessed only taking into account some average values. As a result, some grains arbitrarily located on the surface of a tool partially or completely do not participate in the cutting process. The article is devoted to the issue of the study of the working face of a flexible grinding tool. Comparative tests of existing and developed methods for determining the number of abrasive grains on the tool face are presented. Experimental data on the influence of the angle of orientation of abrasive grains on their distribution density are presented.

MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SATY USING THE GIS-TECHNOLOGIES

The problem of exodynamic processes occurring in the mountain regions of Kazakhstan is particularly acute. These processes that occurred on the territory of the village of Saty in April 2018 demonstrated that they not only pose a threat to tourist routes laid to mountain lakes but also have serious social, economic and environmental consequences for the lives of people and the security of the economic infrastructure. To determine and predict such processes, it is necessary to know the relief features of the studied area and evaluate both its quantitative and qualitative indicators. To determine the morphometric relief parameters using modern GIS technologies and open access sources, the village of Saty was chosen as an object. In the course of the work, ASTER-GEM images with a resolution of 30 m and ArcGIS software were used. As a result of the study, maps of the slope of the terrain and the exposure of the relief were constructed. It was determined that most of the territory belongs to the area with an average steepness (35%) and steep (30%). The results of the work can be further applied to determine the stability of the slopes to the manifestation of exogenous processes, as well as during landscape zoning and planning in the mountainous regions of the country. Also when assessing environmental risk.

Pine Forests in Moscow Region: History and Perspectives of Preservation

Features of the structure and composition of forests with admixture of pine (Pinus sylvestris) were studied in central, northern, and western parts of Moscow region, a central part of the East European plain. Pine stands and mixed pine and spruce forests comprise around 16% of the total area of woodlands within the studied territory. This study addressed a possibility of conservation of indigenous pine communities in Moscow region and considered landscape conditions where it could most likely occur. In order to assess the prospects for pine regeneration in various types of communities, the dynamics of its coenopopulations was analyzed. It was found that various types of pine communities are associated with relief parameters (altitudes, slopes, varying curvatures, and lighting) and localization in physical–geographical provinces. The spatial structure of groups of pine forest associations was characterized using landscape and ecological metrics. These data improve the understanding of the phytocoenotic structure of pine communities. Their composition is indicative of succession stage (1), domain-specific features of vegetation cover of the region (2), and associations with landscape elements (3). Pathways of secondary successions on watershed surfaces involve active demutation of spruce forests and, in some cases, mixed woods. This will limit the occurrence of pine and pine–spruce communities in Moscow region after several decades. Only a small part of pine forests will remain on steep river banks.

Prioritization of Sub-Watersheds for Soil and Water Conservation in Parts of Narmada River through Morphometric Analysis Using Remote Sensing and GIS

ABSTRACT GIS-based prioritization of sub-watersheds of Hoshangabad and Budhni industrial area, Madhya Pradesh, India were carried out to describe the importance of morphometric parameters in the field of water and soil conservation. In the study, four subwatersheds were prioritized through geomorphologic analysis for soil and water conservation. Topographic maps 55 F/9, 55 F/10 and 55 F/13 on scale 1:50,000 were used to evaluate the drainage characteristics of watershed. SRTM DEM data has been processed for slope analysis and delineation of sub-watersheds. LISS-III, IRS data was processed for land use/ land cover analysis. Soil map has been generated by processing of NBSS & LUP soil map. The various morphometric parameters evaluated in each sub-watershed includes drainage network, drainage geometry and texture analysis and relief parameters in ArcGIS. Each sub-watershed has been prioritized by assigning ranks using compound parameter. After prioritization, land use, soil type and slope classes of each subwatershed were integrated to propose suitable soil and water conservation structures at appropriate places. It has been suggested that the proposed soil and water conservation structures must be executed on priority basis to reduce the adverse effect on the land and environment. The study shows that classification and prioritization of sub-watersheds are very relevant, supportive and useful in the watershed, where there is high diversity in agricultural practices, soil texture and land cover. Thus, priority wise execution of the proposed soil and water conservation structures will not only reduce the soil erosion but also increase the surface and groundwater availability in the area. Therefore, prioritization of these sub-watersheds is found very helpful for soil conservation and management of groundwater in the watershed.

The study of relief parameters of fluorocarbon coatings antiadhesive to microorganisms formed on polymer materials

The problems of the formation of fluorocarbon coatings in a plasma-forming mixture CF4 + C6H12 on the surface of polyethyleneterephthalate and polytetrafluoroethylene by ion-plasma technology are considered with the aim of increasing mushroom resistance, in particular, the relief parameters of the formed coatings (root-mean-square deviation of the roughness, average high heterogeneity peaks, average distance between peaks) and their influence on mushroom resistance

Assessment of geomorphological and hydrological variations in Bhagirathi River Drainage sub-basin with the help of morphometric studies

ABSTRACTInterpretation of geomorphic features and drainage characteristics of Bhagirathi River sub-basin was carried out with the help of morphometric analysis. Various, areal, linear and relief parameters were calculated to assess drainage basin characteristics quantitatively, determine infiltration and surface runoff behavior control of drainage. The drainage network was analyzed using IRS-PAN satellite data and Survey of India toposheets. Findings show that the Bhagirathi sub-basin from Gaumukh to Chirbas exhibits dendritic to sub-dendritic drainage patterns and is characterized by third-order streams up to Chirbas. Stream segments development in the basin is controlled by local relief and slope. The bifurcation ratio indicate disparity of bifurcation between the different stream orders owing to structural control and circularity ratio indicates sub-elongated shape of basin. This study will be helpful for making soil erosion prevention strategies and its conservation and facilitate the understanding of water retention function in river basins.

Modeling of Phase Shifts of Light in Orders of Diffraction Gratings of an Interference Linear Displacement Sensor

Phase shifts of light in orders of diffraction grating for the interference linear displacement sensor are considered. Using the phase diffraction grating with given geometric parameters of the surface relief allows one to stabilize phase relations in optical signals and in resulting signals outputted from the displacement sensor. Based on the mathematical simulation data, technically feasible parameters of the grating relief are proposed for creating the required phase shifts between diffracted beams leading to quadrature modulation. It helps reaching the required measurement accuracy with nanometric resolution.

Geospatial Approach for Quantitative Drainage Morphometric Analysis of Varuna River Basin, India

Abstract An assessment of Varuna river basin of India was performed to study the various drainage parameters in GIS platform. The delineation of drainage network is possible either physically from topographic sheets or with the help data of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) by methods for calculation techniques. Extraction of the basin and sub-basins, stream network has been produced to evaluate the drainage characteristics in the study zone. The entire Varuna river basin has been subdivided into 3 sub-watersheds and 41 morphometric parameters have been computed under four broad categories i.e. drainage network, basin geometry, drainage texture, and relief characteristics. The morphometric analysis has been performed and different parameters have been correlated with each other to understand their underlying connection and their role over the basin hydro geomorphology. The study discloses different types of morphometric analysis and how they influence the soil and topography of the basin. The investigation and estimation of basin morphometry and relief parameters in GIS will be of massive utility in catchment area advancement, understanding the watershed for natural resource evaluation, planning and administration at any scale. The outcomes thus generated equip us with significant knowledge and may also provide an input that are essential in decision making for watershed planning and drainage development of the watershed.

GIS-based approach for development of the “natural basis” for thematic mapping

Abstract. A special approach for creating of natural basis for thematic mapping is described based on the developed semi-automated technique of spatial analysis of multisource data in GIS. Proposed approach using objective quantitative parameters of environmental factor and relief allows dividing natural continuum of vegetation cover into discrete parts.

Morphometric Analysis on Two Contrasting Litho-units of a Southern Part of West Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya, Based on Some Derived Aerial and Relief Parameters: Inferences on Neotectonism

The present study area, occupying a major south-central part of the Jadukata river basin of the West Khasi Hills District of Meghalaya, predominantly comprises two contrasting litho-units viz., the Precambrian gneissic unit (PGU) towards the north of the study area and the Mahadek Formation constituted of sedimentary rocks (MFS) in the south. Derived areal and relief morphometric parameters have been analysed on five sub-basins two of which are in the PGU (Umlang and Umkyrtha) and the other three (Umsophew, Wah-Phodthra, and Khandow) predominantly in the MFS. The drainage density (Dd) and stream frequency (Fs) values are relatively lower for the sub-basins of PGU suggesting higher overland flow. This is substantiated by higher values of the constant of channel maintenance (C) and length of overland flow (Lg). The relief ratio (Rr) and ruggedness number (Rn) are higher for the sub-basins of MFS implying more dissection. High hypsometric integral (HI) and pseudo-hypsometric integral (PHI) suggest youthful stage and neotectonic rejuvenation with a tilt towards the west as indicated by asymmetry factor (AF) and topographic profile. Association of distinct knickpoints of longitudinal profiles with prominent lineaments indicates active fault. Preferred orientation of lower order streams in the PGU sub-basins suggests neotectonism. Deep incision by Umsophew, Wah-Phodthra, and Khandow rivers, forming V-shaped valleys through the MFS is the result of neotectonic uplift which has been further substantiated by very low valley floor-to-height ratio (Vf) at nearby locations of the confluence of these rivers with the Kynshi.